Rye Straw Research Articles

시설재배지 토양에서 유기자재 투입이 염류활성도에 미치는 영향

In Korea, salt stress is one of the major problems limiting crop production and eco-environmental quality in greenhouse soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of organic residues (Chinese milk vetch, maize stalk, rice straw, and rye straw) for reducing salt activity in greenhouse soil. Organic residues was incorporated with salt-accumulated soil (EC, 3.0 dS <TEX>$m^{-1}$</TEX>) at the rate of 5% (wt <TEX>$wt^{-1}$</TEX>) and the changes of electrical conductivity (EC) was determined weekly for 8 weeks under incubation condition at <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>. The EC, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and water soluble ions in soil was strongly affected by C/N ratio of organic residues. After 8 weeks incubation, the concentration of water soluble <TEX>$NO_3{^-},\;Ca^{2+}$</TEX>, and <TEX>$Mg^{2+}$</TEX> was significantly decreased in organic residues having high C/N ratio (maize stalk, rice straw, and rye straw) incorporated soil compared to organic residues having lower C/N ratio (Chinese milk vetch) incorporated soil. The EC value in Chinese milk vetch incorporated soil was higher than control treatment. In contrast, maize stalk, rice straw, and rye straw amended soil was highly decreased the EC value compared to control and Chinese milk vetch applied soil after 4 weeks incubation. Our results indicated that incorporation of organic residues having high C/N ratio (>30) could reduce salt activity resulting from reducing concentration of water soluble ions.

Nitrogen and Sulphur Transformations in Composts Containing Chicken Feathers

Chicken feathers composted with pine bark and rye straw are subject to intensive mineralisation and biotransformation with efflux of water-soluble components: N-NH4, N-NO3 and S-SO4. The content of N-NH4, N-NO3 and S-SO4 in water extracts of the studied composts was positively correlated with the time of composting. The release of those components reached a maximum after 15 weeks of composting feather wastes. The highest amounts of soluble forms of nitrogen and sulphur were recorded in composts enriched with straw, especially those with C/N=25, and the lowest in composts without straw, with C/N=25. It was also demonstrated that changes in the concentration of N-NH4 were correlated with increase in the concentration of N-NO3 and S-SO4 in water extracts of the composts. Increase in the content of N-NO3 and S-SO4 in extracts from the compost mass, with simultaneous decrease in the level of soluble N-NH4, may be used as a reliable indicator in the estimation of the maturity of composts containing waste feathers.

Short-chain n-alkanes (C 16–20) in ancient soil are useful molecular markers for prehistoric biomass burning

The incorporation of plant biomass into soil usually leads to long-chain n-alkanes with a relative predominance of odd carbon numbered homologues. Contrastingly, an increase in short-chain even carbon numbered n-alkanes was found in charred biomass with progressing temperatures. We applied lipid analysis to buried ancient topsoils that contained charred organic matter and to corresponding control soils, which were characterized by a lighter color and lower contents of charred materials. Commonly, the proportion of lipid extracts was found to be lower in the ancient soil than in the control samples, which indicated an enhanced degradation of organic matter, e.g., by thermal degradation. All samples displayed a particular pattern of short-chain and even carbon numbered n-alkanes (maximum at n-C 16 or n-C 18). The ratios CPI (carbon preference index) and ACL (average chain length) for the investigated soil samples matched the ratios found for maize and rye straw charred at 400 °C or 500 °C, respectively. These molecular ratios indicate the presence of charred biomass. The predominance of short-chain and even carbon numbered n-alkanes was a result of thermal degradation of biomass. The degradation products were preserved in ancient soils and could be applied as molecular markers in archaeological or palaeoenvironmental research.

The Influence of pH of Nutrient Solution On Yield and Nutritional Status of Tomato Plants Grown in Soilless Culture System

The Influence of pH of Nutrient Solution On Yield and Nutritional Status of Tomato Plants Grown in Soilless Culture System The aim of the studies conducted in the years 2004-2006 was determination the influence of nutrient solution of different pH on the yield and nutritional status of tomato plants grown in soilless culture in organic and inert medium. Tomato plants were grown on slabs made of shredded rye straw and on slabs of peat and rockwool. The plants were fertilized with standard nutrient solution of different pH: 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5. Nutrient solution pH and the kind of applied growing substrates were exerted significantly influence on the height of total and marketable yield of tomato cv. Blitz F1. Early yield was not depended on pH of nutrient solution and the kind of using substrates. The highest total and marketable yield was observed in tomato grown in rockwool slabs. For all the growing media, the highest yield of tomatoes was obtained after feeding the plants with the nutrient solution of pH 5.5. The kind of growing substrates and pH of nutrient solution were significantly differenced the nutritional status of tomato plants. Despite of considerable differentiation of means concentration of mineral nutrient in tomato leaves, the plant growth and development were proper. Concentration of mineral nutrients was comprised at the optimum range of nutritional status of tomato plants. The pH of nutrient solution at the range of 4.5-6.0 was not exerted significantly influence on nutritional status of tomato plants with nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. With the increase of the pH nutrient solution the average phosphorus, iron and manganese content was decreased. The higher concentration of nitrogen, calcium and magnesium was occurred in tomato plants cultivated in organic substrates than in rockwool. The phosphorus and manganese content was higher in the leaves of tomato plants grown in rockwool compared to those in the organic media. Tomato plants grown in the straw substrate contained lower concentrations of potassium and iron and more calcium in comparison to peat.

Semi-continuous liquid hot water pretreatment of rye straw

This article is based upon the findings of our recent publication dealing with the liquid hot water (LHW) hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials (LCM) in different reactor types [T. Rogalinski, T. Ingram, G. Brunner, Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass in water under elevated temperatures and pressures, J. Supercrit. Fluids (2008), doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2008.05.003.]. As an advancement of these results, semi-continuous fixed-bed reactors were constructed aiming at the efficient hydrolysis of rye straw at elevated temperatures as a pretreatment process for bioethanol production. The temperature range between 170 °C and 230 °C was found to be most suitable for the thermal pretreatment of rye straw. The resulting liquid hydrolyzates as well as the solid residues were enzymatically converted to monomeric sugars (xylose/glucose) using cellulases and xylanases from Penicillium janthinellum. Ninety-five percentage of the initial xylan and 92% of the glucan was converted using a pretreatment temperature of 200–215 °C. The solubilization of the biomass in the fixed-bed reactor could be described by a reaction model following first-order kinetics. For that reason, the λ max-factor was introduced, which describes the maximum ratio of biomass that can be hydrolyzed at a certain temperature, related to the initial mass. The usage of a fixed-bed reactor combines several advantages compared to other reactor types, namely high solid-to-water-ratios, the prevention of degradation product formation, and considerable energy savings since no biomass comminution is necessary.

Straw lignins: Hydrodynamic and conformational properties of the macromolecules

The hydrodynamic and conformational properties of the macromolecules of lignins derived from Secale sp. rye straw and Hordeum sp. barley straw were examined in dimethylformamide solutions. The molecular weights, centrifugal sedimentation coefficients, translational diffusion coefficients, and intrinsic viscosities of the polymers were determined. The fractal dimensions and Mark-Kuhn-Houwink scaling indices were calculated.

Effect of ozonolysis pretreatment on enzymatic digestibility of wheat and rye straw

Wheat and rye straws were pretreated with ozone to increase the enzymatic hydrolysis extent of potentially fermentable sugars. Through a 2 5–1 factorial design, this work studies the influence of five operating parameters (moisture content, particle size, ozone concentration, type of biomass and air/ozone flow rate) on ozonization pretreatment of straw in a fixed bed reactor under room conditions. The acid insoluble lignin content of the biomass was reduced in all experiments involving hemicellulose degradation. Near negligible losses of cellulose were observed. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields of up to 88.6% and 57% were obtained compared to 29% and 16% in non-ozonated wheat and rye straw respectively. Moisture content and type of biomass showed the most significant effects on ozonolysis. Additionally, ozonolysis experiments in basic medium with sodium hydroxide evidenced a reduction in solubilization and/or degradation of lignin and reliable cellulose and hemicellulose degradation.

Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass in water under elevated temperatures and pressures

The hydrolysis of rye straw and rye silage in liquid hot water (LHW) as a pretreatment process for the utilization of lignocellulosic material (LCM) was investigated. Two different types of reactors, a batch autoclave (BA) and a continuous-flow (CF) apparatus, were used in this work. For both setups a certain time was needed to heat the reactor up to the desired temperature. The temperature profiles for both reactors were calculated and accurately predicted in order to assure comparable and defined operating conditions. For this purpose, a modified severity factor was used that accounted for the different temperatures during the heat-up phase in the reactors. The experimental results show that high degrees of biomass solubilization are possible using LHW, however, the yield of undesired degradation products increases with treatment severity as well. The particle size of the biomass and the substrate concentration seem to have no influence on the solubilization. The solubilization of rye silage seems to be easier compared to rye straw as parts of the protecting hemicellulose–lignin matrix have already been degraded by lactobacilli. The glucose formation and decomposition from rye straw were investigated using a simplified model according to the pattern of a single consecutive reaction following first-order kinetics and the results were compared to literature data dealing with the LHW treatment of starch as well as pure cellulose. Taking into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of the reactor types used, an optimal reactor concept is proposed for future investigations.

Cellulose degradation in rye straw by micromycetes and their complexes

Cellulose degradation in rye straw by micromycetes and their complexes

Hemiceliuliozės destrukcija rugių šiauduose mikromicetais

Hemiceliuliozės destrukcija rugių šiauduose mikromicetais

Direct and secondary effect of liming and organic fertilization on cadmium content in soil and in vegetables

A direct and secondary effect of liming and organic fertilization on the cadmium content in soil and in vegetables was examined. Celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum) was cultivated in the first year after lime application and organic fertilization whereas leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. porrum J. Gay) was grown in the next year. Soil was limed with a calcium carbonate fertilizer at the rate of 2.0 t CaO/ha. The following were applied as organic fertilizers: farmyard manure (60 t/ha), rye straw (4 t/ha), rye and winter vetch, both the plants cultivated as winter catch crops for green manure. Liming significantly reduced the available cadmium content in the soil in the first and second year after its application. Also, it significantly reduced the cadmium content in celeriac and leek compared with no-liming cultivation. Organic fertilization, especially farmyard manure and straw, significantly reduced the soil available cadmium content as compared to the untreated control (without organic fertilization). The aforementioned factor significantly reduced the cadmium content in the examined vegetables. Cadmium lowest content in celeriac leaves and leek was recorded after the application of farmyard manure. A combined application of liming and organic fertilization in the form of farmyard manure most beneficially influenced celeriac leaves with respect to their cadmium content.

Potential bioethanol and biogas production using lignocellulosic biomass from winter rye, oilseed rape and faba bean

To meet the increasing need for bioenergy several raw materials have to be considered for the production of e.g. bioethanol and biogas. In this study, three lignocellulosic raw materials were studied, i.e. (1) winter rye straw (Secale cereale L), (2) oilseed rape straw (Brassica napus L.) and (3) faba bean straw (Viciafaba L.). Their composition with regard to cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives and ash was evaluated, as well as their potential as raw materials for ethanol and biogas production. The materials were pretreated by wet oxidation using parameters previously found to be optimal for pretreatment of corn stover (195 °C, 15 min, 2 g l−1 Na2CO3 and 12 bar oxygen). It was shown that pretreatment was necessary for ethanol production from all raw materials and gave increased biogas yield from winter rye straw. Neither biogas productivity nor yield from oilseed rape straw or faba bean straw was significantly affected by pretreatment. Ethanol was produced by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid material after wet oxidation with yields of 66%, 70% and 52% of theoretical for winter rye, oilseed rape and faba bean straw, respectively. Methane was produced with yields of 0.36, 0.42 and 0.44 l g−1 volatile solids for winter rye, oilseed rape and faba bean straw, respectively, without pretreatment of the materials. However, biogas productivity was low and it took over 50 days to reach the final yield. It could be concluded that all three materials are possible raw materials for either biogas or ethanol production; however, improvement of biogas productivity or ethanol yield is necessary before an economical process can be achieved.

06/01792 Dilute acid pretreatment of rye straw and bermudagrass for ethanol production: Sun, Y. and Cheng, J. J. Bioresource Technology, 2005, 96, (14), 1599–1606

06/01792 Dilute acid pretreatment of rye straw and bermudagrass for ethanol production: Sun, Y. and Cheng, J. J. Bioresource Technology, 2005, 96, (14), 1599–1606

Enzymatic lignin degradation in rye straw by micromycetes

Galactomyces geotrichum and Myrothecium verrucaria were grown on rye straw and phenol oxidase activity (peroxidase, laccase and tyrosinase) and after 20, 30 and 60 days lignin degradation was investigated. The amount of lignin in rye straw was reduced more by G. geotrichum than M. verrucaria (48% vs. 42% relative to controls). For the former, the greatest peroxidase activity was recorded after 60 days and tyrosinase after 30 days.

Comparative study of cellulose isolated by totally chlorine‐free method from wood and cereal straw

AbstractHighly purified cellulose preparations were obtained by pretreatment of dewaxed barley straw, oil palm frond fiber, poplar wood, maize stems, wheat straw, rice straw, and rye straw with 2.0% H2O2 at 45°C and pH 11.6 for 16 h, and sequential purification with 80% acetic acid–70% nitric acid (10/1, v/v) at 120°C for 15 min. The purified cellulose obtained was relatively free of bound hemicelluloses (2.3–3.2%) and lignin (0.4–0.6%) and had a yield of 35.5% from barley straw, 39.6% from oil palm frond fiber, 40.8% from poplar wood, 36.0% from maize stems, 34.1% from wheat straw, 23.4% from rice straw, and 35.8% from rye straw. The weight‐average molecular weights of the purified cellulose ranged from 39,030 to 48,380 g/mol. The thermal stability of the purified cellulose was higher than that of the corresponding crude cellulose. In comparison, the isolated crude and purified cellulose samples were also studied by Fourier transform IR and cross‐polarization/magic‐angle spinning 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 322–335, 2005

Dilute acid pretreatment of rye straw and bermudagrass for ethanol production

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials provides an alternative energy production system. Rye and bermudagrass that are used in hog farms for nutrient uptake from swine wastewater have the potential for fuel ethanol production because they have a relative high cellulose and hemicellulose content. Dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of rye straw and bermudagrass before enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated in this study. The biomass at a solid loading rate of 10% was pretreated at 121 °C with different sulfuric acid concentrations (0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5%, w/w) and residence times (30, 60, and 90 min). Total reducing sugars, arabinose, galactose, glucose, and xylose in the prehydrolyzate were analyzed. In addition, the solid residues were hydrolyzed by cellulases to investigate the enzymatic digestibility. With the increasing acid concentration and residence time, the amount of arabinose and galactose in the filtrates increased. The glucose concentration in the prehydrolyzate of rye straw was not significantly influenced by the sulfuric acid concentration and residence time, but it increased in the prehydrolyzate of bermudagrass with the increase of pretreatment severity. The xylose concentration in the filtrates increased with the increase of sulfuric acid concentration and residence time. Most of the arabinan, galactan and xylan in the biomass were hydrolyzed during the acid pretreatment. Cellulose remaining in the pretreated feedstock was highly digestible by cellulases from Trichoderma reesei.

Comparative Study of Hemicelluloses Isolated with Alkaline Peroxide from Lignocellulosic Materials

Treatment of dewaxed oil palm frond fiber; fast‐growing poplar wood; maize stems; and barley, wheat, rice, and rye straws with 2.0% H2O2 at pH 11.6 for 16 hr at 45°C solubilized 85.7%, 49.5%, 78.2%, 79.7%, 87.1%, 92.7%, and 79.4% of the original hemicelluloses and 72.1%, 24.9%, 87.3%, 70.9%, 85.7%, 88.6%, and 89.8% of the original lignin, respectively. The results indicated that hydrogen peroxide at pH 11.6 had a significant effect on the release of hemicelluloses and delignification from oil palm frond fiber and cereal straws such as maize stems and barley, wheat, rice, and rye straws under the condition used. All the hemicellulosic preparations were much lighter in color and had relatively lower amounts of associated lignin than those obtained using traditional alkaline extraction in the absence of peroxide from the corresponding lignified materials. Xylose is the dominant sugar component in the hemicellulosic preparations isolated from oil palm frond fiber, fast‐growing poplar wood, maize stems, and barley, wheat and rye straws, whereas the hemicelluloses obtained from rice straw are rich in glucose and xylose. The seven hemicellulosic samples were also studied by fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR} and 1H‐ and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermal analysis.

Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils and Rye Plant Tissues in a Field Study

The organochlorine pesticides are lipophilic and persistent and tend to accumulate in soils and growing plants. The contamination of growing plants occurs by adhesion of volatile substances from the air to the plant surface and by the migration of contaminants through xylem in inner ascendant transport. Persistent organochlorine pesticides (HCB, alpha,gamma-HCH, pp'DDE, op'DDT, pp'DDT) levels were determined in soils and rye plants. The aims of the study were the monitoring of organochlorine pesticide concentrations and the comparison of these levels among soil, rye straw, and rye grains. Fifty soil samples and 50 rye plant (50 straw and 50 grains) samples were taken. The GLC-ECD chromatographic results indicated the following contamination levels distributed among soil, straw, and grains: HCB (0.7-1.2-0.7 microg.kg(-1)), alpha-HCH (0.6-3.4-1.2 microg.kg(-1)), gamma-HCH (1.8-27.3-4.4 microg.kg(-1)), Sigma-HCH (2.5-30.7-5.6 microg.kg(-1)), pp'DDE (1.0-7.8-5.5 microg.kg(-1)), op'DDT (16.1-20.4-17.0 microg.kg(-1)), pp'DDT (38.0-41.7-49.6 microg.kg(-1)), and Sigma-DDT (54.2-63.2-72.1 microg.kg(-1)). The study verified the presence of organochlorine pesticides in the Mexican agricultural environment and their migration from soil to the growing rye plants. However, DDT has been banned since 1999 for sanitary reasons, and Lindane is applied only in some cases as a seed dresser. The determined organochlorine pesticide levels in rye plants are low, at residual levels that are below Codex Alimentarius Commission maximum residue limits.

Situation of the Straw Plaiting Cottage Industry in the Carpathian Basin in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

Research on cottage industry in the Carpathian Basin has not paid very much attention to work with straw. In peasant self-sufficiency, in addition to wickerwork and rush weaving, plaits made of wheat and rye straw were among the main materials used for agricultural and household storage containers. In some areas the making of straw hats as an income-supplementing activity carried out together with agricultural work also acquired special importance. In the 19th century with the expansion of trade this cottage industry in places rose to the level of a manufacturing industry. At the turn of the century the movements promoting domestic industry and the trade exhibitions gave special impetus to this activity. It flourished right up to the Trianon decision of 1920. As a consequence of the dictated peace Hungary lost around two-thirds of its territory and economic ties were suddenly severed. In some parts of the Great Plain, e.g. in Hajdunanas (today Hajdu-Bihar County), and especially in the villages of the Sze...

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MULCHING METHODS FOR WEED CONTROL IN ORGANIC GREEN BEAN AND TOMATO

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MULCHING METHODS FOR WEED CONTROL IN ORGANIC GREEN BEAN AND TOMATO