Rye Inbred Lines Research Articles

Heterosis in Primary Hexaploid Triticale with Heterozygous Wheat or Rye Genome*)

AbstractTwelve primary hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), synthesized from, three lines of tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum L., T. turgidum L.) and four inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.), were used to produce 18 crosses with homozygous wheat and heterozygous rye genome and 12 crosses with heterozygous wheat and homozygous rye genome. Parents and crosses of triticale, wheat, and rye were tested for two years (rye for one year only) in two‐replicate block designs with 1 m2‐plots. Data were assessed for plant height, grain yield and for yield‐related traits.Performance of triticale crosses was considerably lower than that of the wheat and rye crosses. The amount of heterosis varied greatly between years. Positive and mainly significant heterosis was revealed in triticale generations F1 and F2. The average values were closer to those in wheat than to those in rye. For most characters a high level of heterosis was retained in tnucalt1 generation F2. Heterozygosity of the wheat and rye genome both contributed to heterosis in triticale. However, gene action of the rye genome strongly depended on the homozygous wheat background: one wheat line almost completely suppressed and another greatly stimulated the heterotic effect of the rye genome. In the later case, the amount of heterosis was related to that in rye per se. Information from hybrid rye breeding may therefore be used when establishing gene pools for hybrid breeding in triticale.

Variability of β-amylase isoenzymes within a collection of inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.)

Within one collection of 18 inbred rye lines, seven distinct isoenzymatic patterns of β-amylase were found, and five of them formed a group of similar patterns shifting to distinct positions in the gel. It was proved that the shift of the pattern was due to genetic factors. In crossed immunoelectrophoresis, drastic differences were shown in the quantity of the different β-amylase constituents. No antigenic differences could be demonstrated between the analyzed isoenzymes.

Histological studies on the infection of triticale, wheat and rye byPuccinia recondita f.sp.tritici andP. recondita f.sp.recondita

The reaction of eight triticales and of the respective wheat and rye parental lines to infection by the leaf rust fungi of wheat and rye were studied in the seedling stage. The histological observations indicated that wheat and triticale showed a typical nonhost reaction to the leaf rust of rye: sporelings of this fungus were arrested after the formation of primary infection hyphae and before the formation of extensively branched mycelium, mostly without necrosis of plant cells. The rye inbred lines were all susceptible to the rye leaf rust. The reaction of wheat and triticales to the wheat leaf rust was susceptible or resistant. The reaction of resistant lines could be early or late and complete or incomplete, but was associated with substantial necrosis of plant cells, and therefore entirely different from the nonhost reaction to rye leaf rust. In their reaction to wheat leaf rust the rye lines were similar to the resistant wheat and triticale lines. They did not show an important degree of nonhypersensitive early abortion as would be expected in a nonhost species. It appeared that genes for hypersensitive resistance in triticale may be contributed by either the wheat or the rye parental line. A screening of sixty wheat, rye and triticale lines confirmed the nonhost status of wheat and triticale to rye leaf rust and the hypersensitive or moderately susceptible reaction of rye to wheat leaf rust.

Genetics of α-amylases from rye endosperm

Fifteen inbred lines of rye, F1 and F2 progenies from crosses between lines were studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Conventional genetic analysis of α-amylase zymograms showed that the 19 bands detected in the endosperm of germinating caryopses were controlled by three linked structural loci and one independent modifying locus, which influenced the electrophoretic mobility of isozymes. Two codominant alleles were found at the α-Amy1, α-Amy2 structural loci and the M-α-Amy modifying locus while the α-Amy3 locus had three alleles. Double-banded expression of the α-amylase alleles was probably due to the simultaneous presence of modified and unmodified forms of isozymes on the zymogram.

Variation of Telomeric Heterochromatin Among Inbred Lines in Diploid Rye (Secale cereale L.)

AbstractThe amount of Telomeric C‐heterochromatin was investigated in 20 inbred lines of rye and their open‐pollinated source cultivars. In this short communication only the banding pattern of the chromosomes in the lines is presented. The inbred lines had an amount of heterochromatin similar to the source cultivars. Both groups carried some chromosomes with small telomeric C‐bands. The individual source cultivars were composed of 2—4 karyotypes having different amounts of telomeric heterochromatin. Most karyotypes were also identified in the respective inbred lines. Results suggest that the in breed in i: process was not related to a reduction of telomeric C‐hetrerochromatin in rye chromosomes.

C-banding analysis of gamma-radiation-induced chromosomal interchanges in rye

Gamma-radiation-induced chromosomal interchanges in two inbred lines of rye were analyzed by using the C-banding technique. Neither the doses of radiation nor the time elapsed between radiation and cytological observation influenced the contribution of individual chromosomes to the observed interchanges. Dicentric are more frequent than monocentric interchanges. Neither the individual chromosome contribution to interchanges nor the chromosome combinations fit a random distribution. Chromosomes 6(5R), 4(4R) and 7(1R) of the inbred line Pool and 6(5R), 5(6R) and 4(4R) of line Riodeva, which are carriers of large amounts of heterochromatin, are much more frequently involved in interchanges than expected. Likewise, they are involved in the most frequent combinations observed (6-4, 6-7, 4-5, 4-7 and 6-3 (2R) in line Pool and 6-5, 6-4, 4-5 and 6-7 in line Riodeva). The role of C-heterochromatin in radiation-induced chromosomal interchanges is discussed.

THE INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE IN RYE TO Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis and f. sp. tritici

The inheritance of seedling resistance to isolate RLR 213/78 of rye leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis) and race 30 of wheat leaf rust (P. recondita f. sp. tritici Rob.) was investigated in six inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale). Inbred line UM8116 was used as the susceptible parent in crosses. Inbred lines UM8003, UM8071 and UM8301 each have a single gene and UM8336 and UM8340 each have two genes for resistance to rye leaf rust. For resistance to wheat leaf rust UM8071 has a single gene, UM8003 and UM8340 each have two genes and UM8301 and UM8336 each have three genes. UM8295 is heterogeneous for reaction to both rusts. One of the genes in UM8340 may condition resistance to both rusts. The genes for resistance to RLR 213/78 appear to be independently inherited while some of the genes conferring resistance to race 30 may be identical or very closely linked. The potential of rye as a source of disease resistance for wheat and triticale improvement is discussed.Key words: Secale cereale, disease resistance, wheat leaf rust

Chiasma distribution in rye chromosomes of diploid rye and in wheat/rye addition lines in relation to C-heterochromatin

In five genetically different inbred lines of rye and in the seven 'Chinese Spring'/'Imperial' wheatrye addition lines, chiasma distribution in rye chromosomes was studied with respect to the amount and position of constitutive heterochromatin (Giemsa C-bands). In all inbred lines, rye chromosomes with one primary terminal band were more frequently found as univalents than those with primary bands on both telomeres. These chromosomes were most probably 5R and/or 6R. In the addition lines a highly significant reduction in the number of arms bound by chiasmata was found for rye chromosomes 5R and 6R. Because of the similar chiasma distribution in the inbred lines and in the rye chromosomes of the addition lines, no effect of the wheat genome on the number of chiasmata in the rye chromosomes can be ascertained. However, a relationship between chiasma frequency and chromosome arm length seems to exist, since under reduced chiasma conditions the two shortest arms of the rye complement, those of chromosomes 5R and 6R, frequently fail to form a chiasma. No effect of the large blocks of constitutive heterochromatin in the telomeres of the rye chromosomes on the position of chiasmata within a bivalent could be established.

Parental effects on crossability, embryo differentiation and plantlet recovery in wheat x rye hybrids

One hexaploid wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivem) and two tetraploid wheat lines (T. durum) were crossed with seventeen inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale). Seed set, degree of hybrid embryo differentiation at the time of excision for in vitro culture and recovery of amphihaploid plantlets from various embryo categories were studied. Degree of embryo differentiation was predominantly determined by maternal wheats, paternal rye genotypes appearing to be of minor importance. T. aestivum x rye hybrid embryos were superior to those produced from T. durum for degree of differentiation. The proportion of plantlets developing from differentiated embryos was high for all wheat parents, whereas undifferentiated embryos were mostly unsuitable for plantlet production. The results revealed that cross-incompatibility in hexaploid wheat x rye crosses was due to failure of fertilization, while in tetraploid wheat x rye crosses it was caused by lack of embryo differentiation. Correlation analyses showed that seed set provided a criterion to predict the amphihaploid plantlets to be expected from a particular wheat x rye combination.

Linkage relationships of esterase loci in rye (Secale cereale L.)

Genetic analysis of esterase polymorphism in rye inbred lines with isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide flat gels yielded evidence for the existence of at least ten esterase loci, Est 1-Est 10. The loci can be attributed to four different linkage groups (Est 1/ Est 2/Est 3/Est 5/Est 6/Est 7), (Est 4), (Est 8/Est 9), and (Est 10). Loci Est 5/Est 6/Est 7 and Est 8/Est 9, respectively, are tightly linked with a maximum recombination frequency of 0.2% and can therefore be regarded as compound loci which possibly originated in tandem duplications.

The effect of rye genotype on wheat–rye crossability and on the development of F1 seed

Five inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) and an open-pollinated rye cultivar were used to pollinate wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of differeing crossability. No hybrid seed was produced with the cultivar of low crossability, but with the highly crossable cultivar an average seed set of 65% was obtained. Significant differences in terms of seed set and weight of F1 seed were detected among the inbreds.

Crossability and embryo development in wheat-rye hybrids

Crossability and embryo development were studied in the crosses of one Triticum aestivum and three T. durum genotypes with nineteen rye inbred lines. Parental wheat and rye genotypes exerted a significant influence on the characters seed set, number of seeds containing embryos and viable plantlets obtained from embryo culture. It was established that the common winter wheat cultivar Gotz is of intermediate crossability. The rye inbred lines varied substantially in their capacity to fertilize several wheat genotypes. Interactions between wheats of different crossability classes and their seed set with rye lines were detected. Significant correlations were obtained between seed set and viable plantlets recovered in vitro.

Cereal ?-amylase: Immunochemical study on two enzyme-deficient inbred lines of rye

Two inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L), the kernels of which displayed a very low level of β-amylase activity (1-3% of the levels generally found in rye), were investigated in comparison with a third normal line. An anti-wheat β-amylase immune serum which cross-reacted with the rye enzyme was used in this study.The anti-wheat β-amylase immune serum absorbed the β-amylase activity in the three lines which were investigated. Comparably small amounts of enzymatic antigen corresponded to the small levels of activity detected in the enzyme-deficient lines. The three inbred lines were equally able to germinate. One of the enzyme-deficient lines was further investigated and neither the level of activity nor the amount of enzymatic antigen were notably changed upon germination.The results indicate that the reduced activity is due neither to the presence of an inhibitor nor to the production of inactive enzymes. Germination can proceed normally without late production of β-amylase.

Rye genetic resources evaluation in the Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw

The new Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of Sciences was established in 1974 as an institution dedicated to collecting, conserving, and evaluating crop genetic resources and their wild progenitors. The main object of this research is rye (Secale L. spp.) — the cereal of great importance to Poland. The genetic resources of rye are preserved in living field collections, as well as in a seed stock bank. The living collection contains 1.193 taxa, including 12 species ofSecale and 788 different rye cultivars. The seed bank stores 773 taxa of rye kept in glass containers (in vacuum, neutral gases or with silica gel) with optimum low moisture content in the seeds. Biochemical, physiological and genetical investigations are carried out for the estimation of safe and suitable conditions of seed dehydration and long term storage. These genetic resources of rye serve as material for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies, as well as for the evaluation of their selected breeding properties, especially seed protein content and its nutritional value. The taxonomic studies are performed using the isoenzyme technique and numerical methods. The enzymatic variation within the rye species, cultivars and inbred lines, are analysed. For the protein resources evaluation, different techniques are applied: the histochemical staining of seed slices. scanning electron microscope observations, and the chemical analyses of the entire amino acid composition of seed proteins. These results are used to select the most valuable taxa, which are then proposed to be used in the rye breeding programme.

Aluminum Tolerance of Spring Rye Inbred Lines1

Three hundred seventeen spring rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred lines, 15 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and three lines of triticale (✕ trlticosecale Wittmack) were tested for Al tolerance. The seedlings were grown in solution‐paper medium and the roots were exposed for 48 hours to Al at different concentrations. The ability of roots to regrow after Al treatment was assessed. Approximately 75% of the rye lines tested showed root regrowth after exposure to Al concentrations of at least 30 ppm. The irreversible inhibition of root growth at a particular level of Al concentration in nutrient solution was associated with a significant increase in Al concentration in roots. The more tolerant rye lines were able to tolerate a significantly higher concentration of Al in their roots than those less tolerant. Variability in the reaction to Al was found within some inbred rye lines even though thye were S5 to S8 inbreds. No rye lines showed a greater tolerance to Al than the most tolerant wheat cultivars. Alumininm concentration in roots of tolerant wheat cultivars was lower than in rye lines. Two of the three triticale lines tested were highly tolerant to Al. The screening method is suitable for selecting homozygous tolerant lines.

THE GENETICS OF FERTILITY RESTORATION IN CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILE RYE

Three inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) known to be capable of restoring fertility to a cytoplasmic male-sterile line were crossed with the sterile line. The proportions of male fertile, partially male fertile and male sterile plants in F2 and backcross progenies indicated that three dominant restorer genes were present in each line. These were designated Rf1, Rf2 and Rf3, their relative expressivity was Rf1>Rf2>Rf3. Expressivity was dependent upon environment. Partial fertility occurred when certain genotypes carried two of the three alleles as dominant, but was dependent upon genotype and environment.

Metaphase I bonds, crossing-over frequency, and genetic length of specific chromosome arms of rye

Using a Giemsa C-banding procedure three chromosome pairs (3, 6 and 7) have been identified in meiosis of the F1 of a cross between two rye inbred lines. Two of these chromosome pairs (3 and 7) were heterozygous for a prominent telomeric heterochromatic band. The comparison between the frequencies of the different meiotic configurations at metaphase I, anaphase I and metaphase II presented by these two chromosome pairs has allowed the estimation of the chiasma frequency and the genetic length of the chromosome arms 3 short and 7 long.

GENETIC CONTROL OF CHIASMA FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION IN RYE SECALE CEREALE

In inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale L.) a close negative correlation was found between mean chiasma number and their between-cell variance. No correlation was detected between mean chiasma number or chiasma variance and the positional distribution of chiasmata within the bivalents, that is, terminal or interstitial. It is concluded, therefore, that while the between-cell variance of chiasmata is a direct consequence of the mean chiasma frequency, the positional distribution of chiasmata within bivalents is probably subject to an independent control system.

Relationships between frequency, localization and errors in chiasma formation in desynaptic rye

Four inbred lines of rye (Secale cereale) and the F1 and F2 from the cross between two of them have been studied. The results indicate that the genotypes used show variation in chiasma frequency, chiasma error frequency and chiasma localization. Significant correlations between these characters have been found: as chiasma frequency decreases both chiasma error frequency and distal localization increase. These correlations lead us to the assumption that these anomalies are in fact secondary effects of the failure of some preconditions for exchange. It is suggested that one such exchange precondition may be effective pairing.

Univalent behaviour at anaphase I in desynaptic rye

The Anaphase-I behaviour of univalents produced by desynapsis has been studied in four inbred lines of rye. — The analyses show that the distribution of numbers of equationally dividing univalents per cell at anaphase-I does not conform to the statistical expectation of randomness. The pattern of this distribution leads us to the assumption that two types of univalent pairs are present at metaphase I: in type I both members of the pair can divide equationally or reductionally, independent of one another. In type II both members of the pair always divide reductionally. Under this assumption a theoretical model was made which fits the observed distribution of the number of equationally dividing univalents per cell. — It is suggested that the difference of anaphase-I behaviour between these two types of univalent pairs is determined by the moment of metaphase I at which they are formed.