Rye Chromosome Arm Research Articles

Chromosomal locations of phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase structural genes in different rye cultivars

Phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase isozymes have been studied in 'Chinese Spring' – 'Imperial', 'Holdfast' – 'King II', and 'Kharkov'–'Dakold' wheat–rye addition lines using starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The analyses were conducted with different parts of dry kernels (embryo plus scutellum, and endosperm), leaves, and roots. In all cases the zymogram phenotypes obtained were the same, independent of the tissue analysed. Germination and maturation processes were also studied. One locus involved in the production of phosphoglucomutase isozymes was located on chromosome 4R of 'Dakold' and on 4RS of 'Imperial' and 'King II' cultivars. Evidence was obtained that one locus controlling the phosphoglucose isomerase isozymes is located on chromosome 1R of these three rye cultivars analysed, specifically on the short arm of chromosome 1R in 'King II'. Also, three loci controlling the glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase isozymes have been placed on chromosomes 7R, 6R, and 3R of the rye cultivars analysed, and more exactly, on 7RL of 'Imperial' and 'King II' and on 6RL of 'King II'. Biochemical evidence of homology between chromosome arms of the different cultivars of rye analysed, and homoeology between chromosome arms of wheat and rye is reported. Germination and maturation processes support the hypothesis that the expression of rye isozymes studied in dry kernel, leaf, and root, and during germination and maturation, is controlled by the same chromosome arms.Key words: wheat–rye addition lines, isozyme structural genes, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucose isomerase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase.

Metaphase I bound arms and crossing over frequency in rye. IV. Triticale-rye hybrids

The correspondence between the number of metaphase I associations (bonds) and the chiasma frequency of specific chromosome arms of rye has been analysed in the meiosis of Triticale-rye hybrid plants. These plants were heterozygous for prominent telomeric C-bands in the two arms of chromosome 1R. From the frequency of bound arms at metaphase I and the frequency of recombined chromosome at anaphase I in the arms considered, estimates of chiasma frequency can be made under the assumption that at least one chiasma per bond was formed. However, these estimates lead to the absurdity of negative chiasma frequencies. The discrepancy between metaphase I and anaphase I results, due to an excess of anaphase I parental chromosomes, can be explained on the assumption that some of the bonds appearing at metaphase I are achiasmate and a remnant of prophase pairing.

Isoenzyme als biochemische markerfaktoren für roggenchromosomen

Summary The alcohol dehydrogenase, amylase and esterase zymotypes in endosperm and the aspartate aminotransferase, endopeptidase, esterase, glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, NAD- and NADP-dependent aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase zymotypes in leaves of Triticum aestivum cv. “Holdfast”, Secale cereale cv. “King II”, 8x-triticale “Holdfast-King II” and in 17 disomic or ditelosomic “King II” chromosome addition lines to “Holdfast” were determined by disc electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, respectively. The results confirm informations on the localization of structural genes involved in the production of several isoenzymes on specific rye chromosomes or chromosome arms. Additionally the genetic control of multiple forms of glucosidase, leaf-esterase, NAD- and NADP-dependent aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase by three rye chromosomes is determined. The analysis of isoenzyme markers demonstrated chromosome changes in 5 of 17 addition lines. The modifications of rye chromosomes are less surprising than the occurrence of telosomic wheat chromosomes. These findings explain the necessity of a permanent control in maintaining and propagating such plant material. The analysis of isoenzymes can be used as a valuable tool for this control.

Identification of the chromosomes involved in a wheat-rye translocation using isozyme markers

SummaryMonosomic and disomic substitutions of Imperial rye chromosome C for 4A of Chinese Spring wheat were analysed for two enzyme markers, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD). The gene(s) coding for ADH and 6-PGD were located on the short and long arms of rye chromosome C respectively.Isozyme analyses revealed that the substitute chromosome was a translocation involving alpha arm of wheat chromosome 4A and long arm of rye chromosome C. Pairing behaviour of the substitute chromosome with rye and wheat chromosomes in hybrids with rye addition line C and ditelosomic 4A (alpha) confirmed this.

Metaphase I bonds, crossing-over frequency, and genetic length of specific chromosome arms of rye

Using a Giemsa C-banding procedure three chromosome pairs (3, 6 and 7) have been identified in meiosis of the F1 of a cross between two rye inbred lines. Two of these chromosome pairs (3 and 7) were heterozygous for a prominent telomeric heterochromatic band. The comparison between the frequencies of the different meiotic configurations at metaphase I, anaphase I and metaphase II presented by these two chromosome pairs has allowed the estimation of the chiasma frequency and the genetic length of the chromosome arms 3 short and 7 long.

Linear differentation of cereal chromosomes

The BSG test was used in an investigation of the linear differentiation in rye variety 'Zhitkinskaya', common wheat variety 'Aurora' and two secondary Triticale namely AD-196 and F-1239.Chromosomes of 'Aurora' variety and wheat chromosomes within Triticale may be easily divided into "constant" and 'variable' chromosomes as described previously (lordansky et al. 1977; Zurabishvili et al 1977).It is necessary to emphasize that the diversity of "variable" chromosomes underlies karyotypical polymorphism within wheat and Triticale species. The polymorphism observed exists in parallel with strict homomorphism of homologous chromosomes.In IB chromosomes of 'Aurora' variety, the short arm is substituted by the rye chromosome arm. The karyotype of Triticale AD-196 consists of six pairs of rye chromosomes and fifteen pairs of wheat chromosomes.