Russian Vowels Research Articles

Using Formant Characteristics of Russian Vowels and Consonants for User Authentication

The article proposes a method for user authentication based on formant characteristics. A biometric image has been developed consisting of the formant characteristics of 46 sounds of the Russian language (6 vowels, 4 diphthongs and 36 consonants). An authentication system architecture based on formant characteristics and frequency of the leading formant of vowels and consonants is proposed. A Module for extracting the formant characteristics of vowels and consonants has been developed. A block diagram of the Module for extracting the formant characteristics of vowels and consonants and block diagrams of its submodules are presented. The Random Forest algorithm, k-nearest neighbors, logistic regression, multilayer perceptron and Support Vector Machine are combined into a cluster of algorithms. A block diagram of training and testing models based on a cluster of algorithms is given. Models were trained on the basis of algorithms clusters. The results of the experiment were obtained and their analysis was carried out.

On some distributional peculiarities of the high unrounded vowels in Russian

On some distributional peculiarities of the high unrounded vowels in Russian

러시아어 전이음 /j/와 모음 /i/의 음향적 특성 연구

This purpose of this study is to examine the acoustic characteristics of Russian glide /j/ and vowel /i/ through the size of the cross-sectional area of constriction of these sounds. First, the structural difference between /j/ and /i/ is investigated through the tube model of the source-filter theory, and then the F1 and size of the cross-sectional area of constriction of the two sounds is obtained through the pronunciation of a Russian native speaker, and based on these data, I tried to suggest the acoustic characteristics of the Russian glide /j/, which is distinct from the vowel /i/. According to the tube model of the source-filt theory, the glide /j/ and vowel /i/ belong to the threetube model, and unlike the vowel /i/, the glide /j/ has a catenoid shape, indicating the transition process of the glide /j/. And looking at the F1 of the /i/ and /j/ revealed in the table 2 and 3, the size of F1 decreases as the volume of the posterior cavity increases in both sounds, but it can be confirmed that the F1 of /i/ is higher than /j/ at the same location. Unlike the vowel /i/, the F1 of the glide /j/ has different sizes depending on the following vowel /e, a, o, u/, so it is reasonable to examine them by series /je, ja, jo, ju/. For Russian female speakers, it can be seen that the average F1 of the vowel /i/ is 380 Hz, and the average F1 of the glide /j/ is 271.40 Hz in /je/, 318.93 Hz in /ja/, 261.47 Hz in /jo/, and 241.13 Hz in /ju/. And it was found that the size of the cross-sectional area of constriction of the Russian vowel /i/ is 0.351 cm2, and that of the glide /j/ is 0.152 cm2 in the /je/, 0.256 cm2 in the /ja/, 0.133 cm2 in /jo/, and 0.095 cm2 in the /ju/ series. Since the size of the cross-sectional area of the constriction of the glide /j/ is smaller than that of the vowel /i/, it can be said that the Russian glide /j/ is out of scope of the vowel, and considering that the size of the supraglottal constriction of the unvoiced fricatives /s/ and /š/ is 0.05 to 0.15 cm2, it was found that the size of the cross-sectional area of the constriction of the glide /j/ of the /je/, /jo/, and /ju/ series, has an acoustic characteristic close to that of a Russian fricative. And it was found that the fricative phenomenon caused by the narrow constriction of the glide /j/ is well reflected in the waveform and spectrogram of the glide /j/, and in the sound wave of the Russian glide /j/, a non-periodic sound wave of turbulent noise is seen, in addition to thiese, F1 cutback, partial peach cutback, and the relatively weak intensity of the turbulent noise portion were also observed in the Russian glide /j/.

Экспериментальное исследование ошибок произношения русских гласных у китайских студентов

The research aims to identify persistent typical errors of Chinese students in the pronunciation of Russian vowels. The paper analyses more than 300 experimental pronunciation materials and shows that phonetic errors are directly related to the degree of mouth opening and the tongue position. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the objective assessment of pronunciation errors and visualisation of deviations from the norm using the Praat programme. The research findings have shown that the phonetic errors of Chinese students in the pronunciation of Russian vowels mainly concern the sounds [о], [у], [ы], [э]. To rectify the errors, it is necessary to correct the degree of mouth opening and the tongue position in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language (RFL) to Chinese students.

Phonetics of Unstressed Russian Vowels in Singing

Phonetics of Unstressed Russian Vowels in Singing

Using the Phonological Approach to Describe the Vocal System of the Russian Language in the Context of Russian-Spanish Language Contact

The article is devoted to the description of the vocal systems of different languages, considering the functional approach, based on the objective linguistic reality. Today the traditional approach used by research scientists is gradually losing the ability to identify effective models of the phonetic-phonological system of the language, which significantly affects the productivity and research results. The rapid development of new directions of science, the evolution of the language system and all its sublevels indicates the need to adjust the traditional principles of describing phonetic-phonological systems of different languages and imposes special requirements on the relevance, productivity, adequacy and compliance of such descriptions with objective reality. The article analyzes the system of vowels from a phonological point of view - a general classification of vowels through the prism of phonological systematics of meaningful oppositions - considering the articulatory base of the language and the modern orthoepic norm, their changes in the flow of speech, an inextricable connection with consonantism and the prosodic organization of the word. This system is more productive and relevant for solving the problems of modern linguistics. The approbation of the vocal system of the Russian language, obtained within the framework of the corrected approach to the description of systems, is carried out in conditions of language contact, since the problems of language contact are interconnected with the main tasks of the theory of language in the framework of the comparative historical description and comparison of languages. Phonetic interference, together with a foreign accent, is a consequence of the contact between the native language and the target language. Phonetic interference, being an integral part of linguistic contact, causes a violation of the sound side of the language of foreigners. After analyzing the descriptions of the vocal systems of the Spanish and Russian languages, made within the framework of the adjusted functional approach, it is possible to highlight the main features of the Spanish accent in the pronunciation of Russian vowel sounds, and the analysis of the practical material confirms all the selected features and demonstrates the high efficiency of the above approach. The results of this work can be used in various theoretical courses, as well as to create systems for automatic synthesis and speech recognition.

The dialect of the village of Aktanysh of the Republic of Tatarstan of the Russian Federation

The article describes the features of phonetics, morphology and vocabulary of the central sub-dialect of the Menzelinsky dialect of the middle dialect of the Tatar language using the example of the speech of residents of the village of Aktanysh of the Republic of Tatarstan. The most common phonetic properties, morphological features, examples from the vocabulary are described: individual words and stable expressions, examples of the so — called dialect codes are also given-what is a feature of the inhabitants of this area, those distinctive features in speech by which the speakers of this dialect are easily recognized. Thus, the peculiarity of the speech of the residents of the village of Aktanysh of the Republic of Tatarstan of the Russian Federation are: Russian Russian vowel [u] has a more backward formation than in the literary language and in some words corresponds to the sound [o]. (1) different variants of the sound [a]: [aw], [a], [a]; has a rounded and non-rounded variants of the vowel [o]; the non-kabialized sound e [e] of the lower rise and the Russian non-kabialized sound [o] of the middle rise, the sound [ɛ] corresponding to the sound [i] in words borrowed from the Russian language, the sound of the middle rise [o] corresponding to the sound of the lower rise [e]; the vowel [u] is more posterior than in the literary language and in some words corresponds to the sound [o]; [ü] also more posterior formation close in sound to the sound [u]; vowel [o] Russian sound of the middle rise and Tatar of the lower rise, close to the sound [The diphthong [öj] is monophthongized, for example: [süräü] letter. [söjräü]; the correspondence to the diphthong [-ij]/[-ij] of the diphthong [-aj]/[-äj] at the end of a word is one of the main features of the Menzelian dialect: [barmaj] lit. [barmïj] ‘it will not go’; the tendency to precede back-row vowels: [pinääk] — lit. [pidʃak], [mörää] — letter. [morʒa]; (2) the use of diminutive affixes -kay, -kai, -kachay, -kachay, -kachkay, -kachkay is widespread; in verbs of the 2nd person of the plural of the imperative mood, instead of the endings [-ïïïz], [-egez], the ending [-ŋ] is added: letter. [barïïïz] — [barïŋ], [kilegez] — [kileŋ]; (3) lexical features: they do not eat soup, but drink: [ač ešäbez] ‘we drink soup’, and katyk and milk can also eat [qatiq ačajbïz] ‘we eat katyk’, [söt ačajbïz] ‘we eat milk’; the expression: pečät suïïp utïrma ‘do not interfere, do not stick your nose in’ which translates literally ‘do not put a seal’; the interjection [bäj] is used in dialogues in colloquial speech in expressions of approval, question or surprise; [malaj] in familiar, friendly treatment of each other, including women, etc.

Variation in the articulation of Russian stressed vowels and the mechanics of palatalization in consonants

A 3D/4D ultrasound study of Russian stressed vowels in the context of ‘soft’ (phonetically palatalized or palatal) versus ‘hard’ consonants reveals that vowels in these two contexts differ systematically in terms of the position of the tongue root while the tongue dorsum is less consistently modified depending on the speaker, vowel or consonant context. This paper proposes that the observed vowel allophony, as well as the softness contrast in Russian consonants, and the contrast between front and central high vowels, are all defined in terms of the feature [ATR].

Perceptual characteristics of Russian vowels after soft consonats vs Chinese diphthongs

Perceptual characteristics of Russian vowels after soft consonats vs Chinese diphthongs

Eski Rusçada dar ünlülerin düşmesi ve Çağdaş Rusçaya etkisi

Yaşayan her olguda olduğu gibi dilde de meydana gelen durağanlık hali dilin gelişim sürecinin bir sonucudur. Günümüz çağdaş dillerin yapısını ve işleyişini daha iyi anlamak için dili tarihsel açıdan incelemek önemlidir. Çağdaş Rusçanın durağan durumu yaklaşık 1300 yıllık umumi gelişiminin bir sonucudur ve günümüz Rusçasındaki yapısal ve işlevsel özelliklerin çoğu Rusçanın tarihsel geçmişinde saklıdır. Yapılan çalışmada, Eski Rusçanın yapısını kökünden değiştiren ve günümüz Rusçasının yapısını belirleyen dar ünlülerin düşmesi hususu araştırılmaktadır. XII.-XIII. yüzyıllarda gerçekleşen /ь/ ve /ъ/ ünlülerinin düşmesi Eski Rusçanın sesbilimsel yapısından başlayarak biçimbirimsel ve sözcükbirimsel düzeye kadar etkisini sürdürmüştür. Sunulan çalışmada dar ünlülerin düşme sürecinin tarihsel yönü incelenerek Çağdaş Rusça üstündeki etkisi ve izleri takip edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda şimdiye dek Rusçada dar ünlülerin düşmesi üzerine yayımlanmış olan araştırmalar göz önünde bulundurularak, özgün inceleme ve taramalara dayanarak, Çağdaş Rusçada bulunan bazı ses değişimleri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda özellikle yabancı dil olarak Rusça öğretiminde güçlük oluşturan konular arasında yer alan /о/→/ø/ ve /э/→/ø/ değişkelerin ve dar ünlülerin düşmesi süreci arasındaki ilişki üzerinde durulmuştur. Yapılan çalışmanın yenilikçi önemi, çağdaş yabancı dil öğretiminde tarihsel dilbilgisinin ve özellikle tarihsel sesbiliminin önemini vurgulamasıdır. Günümüz yabancı dil olarak Rusça öğretiminde çoğu zaman paradigmadan sapmalar olarak tanıtılan bazı ses ve biçimbirim değişiklikleri, dilin gelişimsel bir sürecin sonucudur. Bu yaklaşım yabancı dil öğretiminde bilişsel zemini desteklemektedir.

Strictly Local Impoverishment: An Intervention Effect

Strictly Local Impoverishment: An Intervention Effect

Reorganization of Functional Interactions in the Frontotemporal System of the Human Brain during Production of Russian Vowels

This report describe studies of the functioning of brain structures which are components of the frontotemporal system which is involved in the processes giving rise to speech and the organization of the mental lexicon. The studies address the question of whether it is possible, using functional tomography data, to discriminate the processes generating word forms into those carried out following rules (so-called regular forms) and those based on extracting forms from memory as whole units (so-called irregular forms). This was approached by carrying out experiments designed to identify how the origination of regular forms modulates the interaction between Broca’s area and two zones in the superior temporal gyrus of both hemispheres. It is suggested that when regular verbs are generated on the basis of symbolic rules (using a two-system approach), changes in interactions affect only the left hemisphere part of the system. Studies of cause effect relationships using dynamic causal modeling identified a relationship between the type of morphological process and the type of interaction between zones of the frontotemporal system. Thus, processes linked with generating regular forms, presuming construction of word forms from morphemes, are characterized by negative modulatory influences from the left zones of the superior temporal gyrus on activity in Broca’s area. These data support the view that the regularity effect seen in our previous studies of functional connectedness actually reflects the process of generation by rule and is supported by interactions between the left superior temporal cortex and Broca’s area. In addition, the generation of irregular verbs is characterized by an interaction between Broca’s area and the superior temporal gyrus in both hemispheres, which supports the suggestion that memory retrieval processes are involved.

Rounding of unstressed vowels in Russian

Rounding of unstressed vowels in Russian

АРТИКУЛЯТОРНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИЙ ЗВУКОВ ТИПА /И/ В ЯЗЫКЕ ЮЖНЫХ АЛТАЙЦЕВ (ПО ДАННЫМ МРТ)

The paper considers some articulatory features of allophones of the vowel /i/ in the Altai-Kizhi dialect (spoken in the locality Ust-Kan, Altai) of the Altai language visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Altai-Kizhi is the central basic dialect of the Altai literary language. In Altai, each rural locality represents a unique dialect, whose relevance of studying was emphasized by V. V. Radlov. Speech sounds of the /i/-type in the dialects of the Altai language are realized mainly as front variants with different degrees of openness. In the written Altai speech, the symbol “и” is used to denote narrow front non-labialized vowel; some variants of the Altai vowel /i/ are central-back differing in this from the Russian vowel /i/. Experimental data on the territorial dialects of the Altai-Kizhi dialect, obtained from its 6 native speakers (d1-d6) taking into account variable inherent palate height, shows both the common articulation bases of native speakers (clearly-expressed frontness) and their differences (variable openness).

ФОНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ КОРРЕЛЯЦИИ РУССКОГО И СЛОВАЦКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ: ВОКАЛИЗМ

The correlation analysis of vocal systems of the Russian and Slovak languages, in which phonological spaces are determined by the number and set of phoneme-forming differential characteristics of vowels, was performed. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the conscious assimilation of the Russian and Slovak languages is favorable at all levels of the language systems because of their kinship and proximity. However, even in this case, there are difficulties leading to active interference, especially at the phonetic level. For the first time, a correlation description of the phonemes composition of the Russian and Slovak vowels was carried out. It is correlative linguistics that has some advantages in terms of solving the practical problems of comparative linguistics. The study was performed in order to update the phonetic similarities in a closely related language environment, where the fact of kinship of languages often leads to the fact that the learner pays attention only to similarities, thereby ignoring differences in the similarities themselves. The terms of correlative linguistics were used: antecedent, correlate, and correspondence. As a result of the study, the following findings were made: five relatively complete correspondences with common phoneme-forming signs, five partial matches stating the absence of certain properties characteristic of the phoneme of the correlate, six zero matches indicating the presence of an antecedent sign, which is not typical for the phonetic system of the correlate and vice versa. It was revealed that the index of the degree of vocalism conformity in the Russian and Slovak languages is 0.25.

Experimental Phonetic Comparative Analysis of Russian Vowels of Korean Russian Learners and Russian Female Speakers

Experimental Phonetic Comparative Analysis of Russian Vowels of Korean Russian Learners and Russian Female Speakers

러시아어권 한국어 학습자들의 한국어 이중모음 오류 분석 - 음절구조 차이 및 구성원료 이론을 바탕으로 -

Journal of the International Network for Korean Language and Culture 16-2. 149-169. This paper aims to analyze the errors made by Russian learners in producing Korean diphthongs based on differences in the syllable structures of the two languages and element theory. When Korean diphthongs input is given, Russian learners reanalyze and adjust it based on their internal representation of the Russian vowel system and syllable structure, as reflected in their output. As Russian has a glide /j/, Russian learners do not have much difficulty in producing the /j/ diphthongs of Korean. Notable errors appear, however, in producing /w/ diphthongs of Korean. Russian learners pronounce the Korean diphthong /we/ as [e], [ue], and [ve], /wa/ as [a], [ua], [oa], and [va], and /wɔ/ as [o], [uo], [uə], and [vo]. These errors can be classified as glide deletion, vowel separation, and consonant substitution, respectively. Finally, they produce [i], [ɨ], and [ɨi] for Korean /ɨj/, indicating that they do not grasp the structure of Korean /ɨj/ but realize it through vowel deletion and vowel decomposition.

A quantitative analysis of the phonemic status of the Russian vowel y

One of the constant controversies among scholars of Russian phonology is the phonological status of the vowel y. The Moscow School regards the middle vowel y as an allophone of the front vowel phoneme /i/. On the other hand, the Saint Petersburg School argues that the vowel y is a phoneme that has an opposing relationship with all other vowels, including i. The reason why these two Schools argue over this vowel’s identity is that the vowel y has an ambiguous status in the Russian vowel system. The concept of a phoneme in traditional phonology cannot explain these borderline examples. In this paper, the Probabilistic Phonological Relationship Model (PPRM) of information theory is used to reveal the phonological status of the Russian vowel y. Our analysis shows that the status of the vowels y and i in the Russian language system is closer to the opposition of different phonemes than to the relationship of a phoneme and one of its allophones.

러시아어 모음약화에 나타나는 음운론과 음성학의 불일치- аканье를 중심으로 -

러시아어 모음약화에 나타나는 음운론과 음성학의 불일치- аканье를 중심으로 -

Identification of Thai students’ level of phonetic sensitivity in the imitation of Russian syllables

The article deals with the role of phonological sensitivity in the development of skills in a foreign language. In psycholinguistic terms, verbal communication in non-native language is a language contact. It is important that, in learning environments, the interaction of contacting languages should not be spontaneous, it should be taken into account in the modeling of verbal communication. Since the formation of mechanisms that ensure the speech activity of an individual in the language under study occurs under the influence of interference, it is necessary to study the manifestation of the specifics contacting linguistic systems in the perception of speech in a non-native language. To make the right decision – whether or not an incorrect perception of the phonemic composition of words occurs in the natural conditions of communication in a foreign language – is not possible. This requires a special phonetic experiment. The authors describe the results of an experiment aimed at revealing the phonetic sensitivity of native speakers of Thai. The material of the experiment was 260 syllables having the structure CV (consonant + vowel). Subjects who had not previously studied the Russian language had to listen to audio recordings of syllables pronunciation and reproduce them. Thus, the implementation of Russian vowels and consonants in the composition of syllables was analyzed. The authors succeeded in revealing the similarity and difference in the articulatory characteristics of the interacting languages’ sounds. It was found that when imitating Russian syllables the Thais are not aware of the opposition of consonants on the grounds of “hardness-softness” and “voiceless-voiced”. In this connection special work is required to produce soft sounds and to develop skills for distinguishing sounds from voiceless-voiced. During the study, it was confirmed that the influence of the native language is clearly manifested if it is functionally prevalent.