Russian Version Research Articles

RENDERING MEANS OF EXPRESSING POLITENESS IN THE TRANSLATION OF N. V. GOGOL’S POEM DEAD SOULS INTO GERMAN

The article discusses the linguistic means of expressing politeness N. V. Gogol’s poem Dead Souls and the possibilities of their rendering in German translation suggested by F. Löbenstein in 1846. The poem features numerous communicative situations in which speakers strive to achieve their goals using various speech strategies determined by the social status and interpersonal relationships of the interlocutors. The novelty of the research lies in the consideration of the poem’s text of the translation precisely in regard to conveying various shades of polite treatment by Gogol’s contemporary. The introduction provides a brief overview of the scientific works that served as the theoretical basis for this article. They are devoted to politeness in Russian and German linguocultures, fiction and translation. Special attention is paid to addressing the interlocutor, speech etiquette formulas, the request and the apology. Discrepancies between the Russian and German versions resulting from the lack of equivalents in German are revealed. For example, the address barin ʻmasterʼ is translated as gnӓdiger Herr — milostivyy gosudar’ ʻdear sirʼ. In some cases differences in the German text can be considered a translator’s decision influenced by his perception of the plot and a nature of characters, which manifests in, for instance, using a different mood in translation or other means of expressing modality. The article describes some features of etiquette formulas inherent to the Russian-speaking culture of the 19th century and analyzes ways in which the means of expressing politeness are rendered in German translation as well as their appropriateness.

A tool to assess functional communication skills and its correspondence with traditional language testing in patients with brain tumors

To identify the relationship between speech impairment as measured by the Russian Aphasia Test (RAT) and functional communication as assessed by the Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI). RAT and CETI were administered to 87 patients at two time points, before surgery and in 3 months after brain tumor resection surgery. There were significant correlations between CETI and the total scores on RAT subtests for speech comprehension and production before surgery but not in the follow-up period. The present research is the first to present the Russian version of CETI and to confirm the relationship between speech disorders measured by the comprehensive standardized battery for evaluating speech function RAT and functional communication as measured by CETI.

Предмет и основные направления современной философии экономики

The modern philosophy of economics in Russia and in the West is devoid of unity: its representatives differ in the definition of the subject of the philoso­phy of economics, and in the various existing definitions, the “philosophical” part is poorly represented and is often replaced by the methodological one. This study is an attempt to form a holistic view of the subject field of modern philoso­phy of economics. In our work, we used comparative and historical methods, a systematic approach. The purpose of our work is to define the boundaries of the subject field of modern philosophy of economics. We describe the main historical stages in the development of the philosophy of economics in Russia and abroad, as well as the views of economists and philosophers on the subject of the philosophy of economics. The general conclusion is that the modern phi­losophy of economics is a study of the methodology, ethics and epistemology of economic science, within the boundaries of which the subject of this area of knowledge is determined. At the same time, the Russian version of the phi­losophy of economics differs from its Western version in the degree of insti­tutionalization and the level of development of the philosophical problems of economics.

Пилотажная оценка и предварительные психометрические свойства русскоязычной версии шкалы Светлой триады

Background. The concept of the Light Triad as the direct opposite of the Dark Triad, was developed to describe a healthy, prosperous personality and is operationalized in the Light Triad Scale (LTS), which measures three “light” personality traits: faith in humanity, or belief in the fundamental nature of human goodness; humanism, or belief in the worth and dignity of each person; and Kantianism, or treating people as self-valuable individuals. The original LTS is psychometrically sound and widely used for scientific and practical purposes. Objective. The aim of this study was to pilot and analyze the preliminary psychometric properties of the Russian version of the LTS. Methods. The participants (n = 300; aged 16 to 56) completed the Russian version of the LTS and instruments measuring subjective happiness, subjective vitality, Dark Triad and Big Five traits. Results. Confirmatory factor analysis, after excluding items with weak factor loadings, revealed a three-­factor structure assessing the Light Triad. The LTS scales had marginal internal reliability, ranging from 0.588 to 0.631, and were statistically significantly positively related to extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness, subjective happiness, and subjective vitality, and negatively associated with neuroticism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Conclusion. Preliminary psychometric properties of the Russian LTS showed its factorial and convergent validity. The Russian version of the LTS can be recommend as a diagnostic instrument for assessing faith in humanity, humanism, and Kantianism as traits of the Light Triad.

Medically Unexplained Symptoms among Adults from Russia: An Assessment using the Patient Health Questionnaire-15.

The Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) is one of the most frequently used instruments to measure medically unexplained symptoms in the general population, as well as in groups of patients with mental and physical health problems. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the PHQ-15 in assessing a Russian community sample. A total of 1153 Russian adults age 18 or older participated in this cross-sectional study. They completed the Russian versions of the PHQ-15 and Symptom Check List-90-Revised, SCL-90-R (SCL-90-R). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine the factor structure of the Russian PHQ-15, and multi-group confirmatory factor analyses were used to test measurement invariance across sex and age. Cronbach's alpha coefficients and Pearsons Correlation Coefficients were used to evaluate the internal reliability and convergent validity of the Russian PHQ-15. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor solution highlighting pain-fatigue, gastrointestinal, and cardiopulmonary symptoms. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a bifactor structure for the Russian PHQ-15 merging general and specific somatic symptoms. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed partial invariance across sex and age. The Russian PHQ-15 demonstrated acceptable Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.72 to 0.75 for specific factors and a good Cronbach's alpha for the total score (a = 0.85), proving the questionnaire's internal reliability. Finally, positive correlations between the PHQ-15 and SCL-90-R dimensions, and positive intercorrelations between PHQ-15 specific factors, suggested convergent validity. The Russian PHQ-15 is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing medically unexplained symptoms in the general population. This instrument can be used in diagnostic and counseling settings.

Lingvisticheskaya antropologiya v russkom perevode (posleslovie k diskussii)

The article presents the results of the Forum “Linguistic Anthropology”, dedicated to the current state of language and culture studies in Russia. It is obvious that the transfer of an interdisciplinary field called “Linguistic Anthropology” to Russian science and education is already underway. At the same time, as the discussion shows, a Russian version of this area is organized around several points of attraction: Western literature on language and culture and language and politics, the theory and methods of linguistics, sociolinguistics, conversational analysis and discourse analysis, and the Russian school of еthnolinguistics. An intriguing methodological problem at the intersection of anthropology and linguistics is dealing with the unspoken, the ambiguous and the ironic. The participants in the discussion ask critical questions both of the grounds on which the researcher recognizes gaps and ambiguities, and of the goals of her interlocutors when they indicate that certain meanings cannot be expressed. Reflecting on the analytical potential of the metaphor of translation (another point where language and culture meet), the Forum participants talk about its political underpinnings: translation can both establish hierarchical relationships and create a space for cooperation. The discussion showed that the translation of American linguistic anthropology into Russian academic reality can create a space for dialogue both between disciplines and between researchers from different countries. The union of anthropology and linguistics offers relevant tools that are in demand not only among anthropologists and ethnographers, but also among historians, sociologists and other researchers who seek to understand social reality.

Литературный истерн как художественное открытие П. К. Белецкого

The study explores genre genesis of “literary eastern”, formed in the work of P. K. Beletsky at the beginning of the 1910s, ahead of the appearance of its cinematic twin, in cultural and historical aspects. The Russian writer, who, to a certain extent, took into account the experience of creators of the Western westerns, created an “archaic” of the genre type of eastern that received further development in Russian literature and culture. The genre specificity of such works of Beletsky, traditionally defined as “novel” in the writer’s metapoetics, is manifested in the creation of a “frontier” situation, a narrative expression of cultural interaction between “civilization” and the “wild” world of the uncharted Eastern Siberian region of Russia. Unlike Western westerns, the Russian version of this type of literary work embodies the idea of achieving “common good” rather than individual egoistic success with the prospects of socially progressive and humanistic transformations. Beletsky's eastern laid the traditions of a large epic form, tracing back to the constructions of the novel type, characterized by a pronounced novelistic task, contamination of intensive (acuity of action, action scenes) and extensive (description of everyday life, wide distribution of the action) principles of constructing the plot, the homogeneousness of artistic situations, “scenaricity”, “cinematographic frameness”, ethical polarization in the character system, determination to depict “exceptional” characters and circumstances. The poetics of Beletsky’s literary eastern had an impact on the formation of “narrative formulas” of the corresponding cinema genre.

Перекодировка, переакцентуация, творческое усвоение (Топос незавершенности открытий предшественников в творчестве русских модернистов)

The article focuses on cultural transfer — i. e. the process of “reformatting,” which ideas, texts and authors inevitably undergo while getting into a foreign context. Based on the analysis of Russian modernist literature, which intensively assimilated the ideas of Western literature, the article shows how major cultural phenomena became a “productive basis” both for literary achievements of equal merit and for “popular,” imitative ones. The paper draws particular attention to the fact that even early writings of some of Western European authors gained more popularity in Russia than in their home countries. However, due to the intensity of literary and social life in Russia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the readers’ receptivity to literary novelties also enhanced. Russian modernists turned to their European “teachers” in order to resolve new issues, but at the same time they reinterpreted them. The formation of Russian modernist aesthetics went hand in hand with a revision of aesthetic and ideological principles of European authors, and discussions about the ways of further development of Russian literature and the role, which the “transplantation” of the latest achievements of Western culture played in it, generated the basis for the first manifestations of the Russian version of modernist aesthetics.

Clinico-psychological profile and life quality of patients with post-COVID syndrome

To study clinico-psychological profile and life quality of patients with post-COVID syndrome. We examined 162 patients aged 24-60 years with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection which having symptoms that served as the basis for the diagnosis of post-COVID syndrome. Patients underwent general neurological and somatic examination with allocation of the corresponding neurological syndromes. The intensity and quality of pain were assessed using the McGill Pain questionnaire. The level of psychosocial stress was determined by the Holmes-Ray questionnaire, the identification and severity of asthenia - by the MFI-20 asthenia scale. The level of reactive and personal anxiety was studied according to the Spielberger-Khanin questionnaire, depression - according to the Beck scale. The assessment of life quality was carried out using the Russian version of SF-36 questionnaire. To correct the identified disorders, Mexidol was used according to the scheme: 500 mg once daily intravenously for 14 days, followed by Mexidol FORTE 250 750 mg per day orally (250 mg 3 times a day) for 2 months. The course of treatment with Mexidol in patients with post-COVID syndrome led to decrease in the severity of subjective and objective symptoms, asthenic, anxiety and depressive disorders, and improved the life quality of patients. The high efficacy and safety of sequential therapy with Mexidol (injections followed by tablets of Mexidol FORTE 250) has been shown.

Approbation of the Russian Version of Transportation Scale (TS)

One of the important tasks for Russian film researchers is to find relevant psychological concepts to describe the process of interaction between the viewer and the film, as well as to form appropriate psychometric tools, which are currently absent in Russian psychology. The article presents the results of adaptation and approbation of the Transportation Scale (TS), developed by M. Green and T. Brock for measuring the transportation — a special state of the involvement and immersion in the narrative (story). A total of 1171 Russian-speaking students from 17 to 29 years old (M = 19.8; SD = 1.9; 577 men and 594 women) took part in approbation of the technique. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure, although it also revealed differences with it in the distribution of items. Confirmatory factor analysis did not empirically support the original model, while the new model showed good correspondence with the empirical data. Russian version of the Transportation Scale showed good internal consistency. Convergent validity is confirmed by the presence of significant correlations with the components of “experience in the activity” (positive correlations with pleasure and meaning, negative with void and effort), as well as direct connections with empathy and the need for cognition. For verification of criterion validity, a part of the respondents was re-interviewed using another stimulus material (film). The results present transportation as an unstable state, caused each time by a particular film, and also demonstrate the dependence of transportation on the quality of the narrative. The psychometric assessment showed that the Russian version of the Transportation Scale is a reliable and valid tool that can now be used to study transportation and its effects in a Russian sample, as well as to conduct cross-cultural research in this area.

The Russian version of Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (the IDEA-R): Developmental features of university students

Emerging adulthood is a new liminal period ranging from 18 to 25 years, and is a trend in most of today’s industrialized societies. Its key psychological dimensions have been explored in many countries through the IDEA (Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood) instrument, but not in Russia. The goal of the present study was to measure the psychometric properties of the IDEA-R in Russia. This study applied an adaptation of the IDEA-R to 410 Russian students aged 18 to 25, whose educational level ranged from Bachelor’s to Master’s of higher school. An Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) additional measures were used. Exploratory factorial analysis pointed out that the IDEA-R adapted to the Russian context presented a six-factor structure. These factors are: identity exploration/self-focus, instability/negativity, personal freedom, experimentation/possibilities, feeling “in-between”, other-focused. The measure has the internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0.82) and stability in time (ρ=0.62). Age reduced the levels of the perception of experimentation/possibilities (p=0.001) and feeling “in-between” (p<0.001). We found that the participants who reported higher levels of SWLS and the ZTPI exhibited lower level instability/negativity (p ≤ 0.001), but higher levels identity exploration/self-focus, and experimentation/possibilities (p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the IDEA-R is a valid and reliable instrument of investigation of the emerging adulthood phenomenon in Russia and to provide data for comparison of the measure in different countries.

Russian adaptation of the ProQOL (Professional Quality of Life) scale by B. Stamm

This paper presents a Russian adaptation of the ProQOL (Professional Quality of Life) scale by Stamm. This questionnaire assesses the positive and negative aspects of professional quality of life in people who work as helpers (compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue). The Russian version of ProQOL was tested on the sample of counseling psychologists (N=304, 84% female) aged from 22 to 66 years (M=39, SD=8) with counselling experience from 1 to 29 years (M=6.9, SD=6.5). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Russian version of ProQOL has a four-factor structure: job satisfaction, occupational satisfaction, secondary trauma, and burnout. Based on the correlations between the primary scales, it is proposed to calculate also the scores on the second-order scales, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. Internal consistency of the primary scales ranges from 0.71 to 0.80, and internal consistency of the second-order scales is equal to 0.85 and 0.80 respectively. Oc- cupational satisfaction correlates negatively with burnout (r=–0.51, p<0.001) and secondary trauma (r=–0.31, p<0.001). Job satisfaction correlates negatively with burnout (r=–0.26, p<0.01) but does not correlate with secondary trauma (r=–0.04). The association between professional effectiveness and professional quality of life in novice counselors (N=54) was also analyzed. It was found that counsellors’ self-efficacy while working with a client’s request correlates positively with their compassion satisfaction (r=0.37, p<0.01) and negatively with their burnout (r=–0.46, p<0.001).

Method of print exposure assessment: Application in psycholinguistics and adaptation for the Russian language

Exposure to print represents the amount of time one devotes to reading. Print exposure is an essential measure of individual differences in research on language processing: it affects word recognition, reading speed, reading comprehension, oculomotor activity during the reading etc. An objective tool to assess the level print exposure is demanded in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics. There are subjective methods to estimate print exposure like reading diaries and questionnaires, but they are based on introspection which makes the estimation inaccurate and exaggerating. So an objective tool — Author Recognition Test is considered to be more effective. It was first developed for English by K. Stanovich and R. West, who suggested a design based on the signal detection theory. This test provides a relative measure reflecting individual differences in print exposure. The first English version of Author Recognition Test cannot be representative for other languages and cultures, so it has to be adapted — Chinese, Korean, Dutch, German versions have been developed recently. In this article we present the Russian version of Author Recognition Test. The test shows high reliability. Author Recognition Test score shows a significant correlation with vocabulary size, spelling skills, and text comprehension skill. To sum up, this study is the first to develop a Russian version of Author Recognition Test. We show that Russian native speakers’ level of print exposure measured by this tool is correlated to some offline reading-related tasks.

马克思恩格斯三份俄国问题文献与“跨越论”关系探究——以《〈共产党宣言〉俄文版序言》中“唯一可能的答复”为研究视角

马克思恩格斯三份俄国问题文献与“跨越论”关系探究——以《〈共产党宣言〉俄文版序言》中“唯一可能的答复”为研究视角

Образ родителя в контексте представлений современной молодежи о стрессогенности родительской роли

The parental image in modern psychology is considered as a multidimensional concept, parenthood is of great importance and at the same time a large number of requirements are put forward to parents, often contradictory. Based on this, the study of parental stress becomes an actual area of research. The present study solves the problem of systematizing ideas about the parent in the context of the expected stressfulness of the parental role. The sample consisted of 364 childless students with a mean age of 19, 43. Methodological tools: the Russian version of the questionnaire “Parental Stress Scale” by Y. O. Berry, W. H. Yones (adapted by Yu. V. Misiyuk, I. V. Tikhonova); questionnaire “Ideas about the ideal parent” by R. V. Ovcharova, which is a variant of the semantic differential on the topic of parenthood. Statistical data processing included methods of descriptive statistics, correlation and factor analysis. 10 components of the parent's image have been identified, each of which contains a set of characteristics that are responsible for a certain functionality in terms of interaction with the child and fulfilling the requirements for the subject as a parent. It is proved that the characteristics of the image of the parent are associated with the parameters of parental stress. A significant number of inverse correlations were found between parental stress indicators and the components of the parental image, designated as “selfless accepting” (including such characteristics as trusting children, cooperating with children, forgiving, kind) and “caring” (represented mainly by such a characteristic, as guardian). The use of the selected generalized factors of the parental image can be useful in consultative work with parents to reduce the current and predicted level of parental stress.

Геоинформационное моделирование индекса человеческого развития стран ОЭСР и их регионов

The article is devoted to the development of the Human development Index (HDI) in the framework of inter-territorial comparisons of the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and their regions. The processes of creating a basic cartographic basis for conducting geoinformation modeling of the human development index at the country and regional levels at the same time are considered. New features of the mathematical-cartographic modeling apparatus are revealed, the main conceptual difficulties of developing the thematic content of such modeling are described. Based on the analysis of the international and Russian versions of the human development index, the concept of thematic content of this index is proposed to ensure inter-territorial comparisons. Within the framework of geoinformation modeling, the results were obtained from the standpoint of general ideas about the differentiation of territories according to the values of the human development index. An approach to the integration of evaluation and typological models is proposed, which allowed not only to consider the typology of territories according to the degree of intensity of the values of the human development index indicators, but also to consider them in conjunction with the entire variety of index values within this type, which made it possible to give a comprehensive characteristic of the territory. The analysis made it possible to consider the territory from the standpoint of public health, the effectiveness of the system of secondary specialized and higher education, as well as to assess the size of the territory’s economy in relation to the population. On the basis of this, a number of the main problems of the territories were identified from the standpoint of the components of the human development index and a number of recommendations were given to those making managerial decisions within the framework of national and regional policy.

Russian-Language Version the Inventory of Attachment to Parents and Peers by G. Armsden and M. Greenberg

The article presents the results of validation of the Russian version of the G. Armsden and M. Greenberg’s Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA-Ru). The sample consisted of 747 students of Russian universities (n=747) aged 16–21 (M=18.72; SD=0.97), females – 71%. The factor structure of the Russian version was confirmed. The results of assessment of convergent validity and descriptive statistics (norms) are presented. The study demonstrated that the measure is suitable for use for research purposes in the Russian sample.

Субъективная неудовлетворенность потребности в межличностном общении и признаки психологического неблагополучия у подростков и молодых людей с разным уровнем суицидального риска

Background. Suicidal risk in adolescence and youth refers to one of the actual forms of autodestructive behaviour associated with socio-psychological factors. Objective. The aim was to reveal the relationship between subjective dissatisfaction with the interpersonal communication and signs of psychological difficulties (aggressive behavior, substance use, anxious and obsessive thoughts, suicidal thoughts) in adolescents and young people with different levels of suicidal risk. Methods. Participants filled in the interpersonal needs questionnaire (INQ-15) and a questionnaire diagnosing signs of psychological difficulties. Sample. 92 adolescents and young adults aged 12–21 years without experience of suicidal thoughts, 132 adolescents and young adults with experience of suicidal thoughts but not actions, as well as 55 adolescents and young people who were treated in crisis hospitals for suicidal acts took part in the study. Results. The Russian version of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire is a reliable and factor valid technique to assess the feelings of burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness in adolescents and young adults. Suicidal risk in adolescents and young adults is associated with interpersonal failure, loneliness, longing, which leads into feelings of burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. In adolescents and youth with different suicidal risk, these feelings of burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness are associated with the recognition of psychological problems, and feelings of burden are associated with the recognition of aggressive behavior. The feeling of thwarted belongingness is associated with aggressive behavior only in adolescents and young people with suicidal thoughts and actions. Conclusion. The association of feelings of burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness with the recognition of psychological problems in different suicidal risk groups, and the association of feelings of burden with the recognition of aggressive behavior indicates the importance of interpersonal communication factors in understanding subjective well-being in adolescents and young adults in general.

Intraosseous blockades and local injection of HYALREPAIR-02 Chondroreparant combination in low back pain treatment

Studying the effectiveness of the combined use of intraosseous blockades (IOB) and intramuscular local injection therapy using bottled forms of HYALREPAIR-02 Chondroreparant 02/10 in patients with lumbar dorsopathy and recurrent back pain syndrome. 30 patients (16 men and 14 women) with chronic recurrent lumbar dorsopathy with pain and myofascial syndromes were examined. Group 1 included 17 patients, whose treatment included the use of IOB and intramuscular local injection therapy using bottled forms of HYALREPAIR-02 Chondroreparant 02/10. Group 2 included 13 patients who received only IOB. To assess the pain syndrome, a visual analogue pain scale (VAS), a Russian version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPBI), and a body diagram questionnaire were used. After the course of treatment, in both groups there was a decrease in the severity of pain according to VAS, RMBO, and a decrease in the area of pain distribution according to the Body Scheme questionnaire (p<0.05). The values on the RMBO questionnaire in both groups also decreased by more than 2 times compared to the initial value. A statistically more significant regression of pain syndrome and a decrease in disability were noted in group 1 (p<0.05). 2 months after the end of the course of treatment, the pain syndrome did not recur in any patient. Within 3 to 6 months, back pain recurred in 4 (23.5%) patients of the 1st group and in 6 (46.2%) patients of the 2nd group. A total of 90 IOB procedures were performed; no complications or side effects were noted. The combination of IOB and intramuscular local injection therapy using the vial form of HYALREPAIR-02 Chondroreparant in the treatment of patients with degenerative diseases of the spine and back pain is an effective and safe method of therapy. Such treatment strategy allowed to relieve back pain more effectively and improved long-term clinical outcome.

Medical and social assessment of the quality of life of a family with a child suffering from food allergy

Food allergy (FA) is a health problem that adversely affect the quality of life of children and their family members. The purpose of the study was to assess the quality of life in families with children affected FA. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a group of 75 children with a confirmed FA (at the age of Me 4.9 years [1.3; 7.1]). One of the caregivers of the child was asked to complete the Russian version of a specialized questionnaire «The Food hypersensitivity famiLy ImPact, FLIP» for assessing the life quality of families with children affected FA. Results. Diet organization is the main concern affecting quality of life, while the daily life of the family and the emotional sphere are less impacted. Age, type of food allergens and clinical manifestations do not significantly contribute the life quality indicators. Hypersensitivity to several food is statistically associated with changes in everyday life and emotions. Non-compliance with the diet is associated with a lower impact of FA on quality of life. 56% of respondents worried about the nutritional value of child's diet and 49.3% of caregivers reported that a child's FA significantly impacted grocery shopping behaviors (reading labels, etc.). At the same time, 73.3% noted that child's FA does not affect the diet of other family members. Also, 33.3% of the parents experienced anxiety due to child's FA and 38.7% are worried that FA might stay persistent. 30.7% of respondents are afraid of accidental consuming of allergenic products. Conclusion. The acquired results indicate the importance of quality of life assessment for understanding the social aspects of FA. Strategies to improve the quality of life include the development of informational and educational programs both for parents and patients. In order to estimate impact of FA to life quality from the patient's perspective further development of questionnaires adapted for children and adolescents is necessary.