Russian System Research Articles

The Impact of Modernizing Transformations on the Development of the Education System of the Steppe Region and Turkestan in the 1880s–1910s

The Central Asian region of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries is of interest from the point of view of modernizing transformations, which had specifics in connection with the geographical location, the composition of the population, the position within the Empire. Traditionally, modernization is considered as a set of indicators, primarily as a transition from an agrarian system to an industrial one. However, researchers highlight the socio-cultural context of modernization, including the education system. It is sometimes attributed to the spiritual aspect of modernization. Education, as a modernization indicator, is secondary, but it is associated with many socio-economic factors. The purpose of the study is to analyze the development of the education system of the Central Asian region of the Russian Empire in the context of modernizing transformations. As a result of the study, it was found out that the Russian authorities sought to systematically modernize the outlying territories. This can be seen in the example of the reorganization of the network of educational institutions. In particular, the formation of the education system for the indigenous population of the Steppe Region and Turkestan was thoughtful, with a focus on trends in changes in traditional society, in the context of socio-economic transformations, including the agricultural and industrial sectors of the economy. The article may be of interest to specialists studying the Central Asian region of the Russian Empire, as well as the development of the Russian education system.

The Mufti Against the Governor: a Short Confrontation, 1790–1791

The article focuses on the religious policy of the Russian Empire in the early modern period. The aim of the research is to study the mutual relations of the governor A.A. von Peutling and Muhammedjan Khuseinov, the first mufti of Russia and the head of the Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly at the beginning of 1790s, which influenced the religious situation on the southern and south-eastern outskirts of Russia. The base of the study is the official correspondence of A.A. von Peutling that described the place of Muslim religious institutions in the Russian system of government. The research methodology is defined by the main interpretations of the Russian religious policy, found in the literature on Islam in Russia. The author identifies the reasons and causes of the official and interpersonal conflict between the governor and the mufti as well as emphasizes the significant independence of the mufti at the beginning of 1790s on the steppe frontier. It is revealed that at that time the mufti was a more significant figure than the governor from the viewpoint of the supreme power. The author concludes that, in general, the religious policy of the Russian Empire during the examined period was invariant, but the regional specifics and subjective factors determined significant differences in its implementation in the South-East compared to the Crimea (then) and the North Caucasus (later).
 The article is addressed to experts in the fields of history of religion and politics of Russia in the 18th century, religious scholars, students, masters and postgraduates of the relevant profile.

A Morphological Study of Grammatica Russica (1696): Focusing on Correlation of The Correct Syntax of Slavonic Grammar (1619)

This paper examines Russian grammar system patterns shown in Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf’s Grammatica Russica in comparison with Meletius Smotrytsky’s Church Slavic grammar book, The Correct Syntax of Slavonic Grammar from a morphological view of nouns, prepositions, and conjunctions. By doing so, this study found the following. First, instead of systematizing the Russian grammar based on Greek and Latin, Ludolf wrote Grammatica Russica with the help of Smotrytsky’s book which demonstrated the linguistic transition of Church Slavic grammar. Second, in comparison with Smotrytsky’s The Correct Syntax of Slavonic Grammar, the simplified grammar found in the content and overall flow of Grammatica Russica not only reflects the inductive information on Russian language that Ludolf experienced and observed, but also can be reviewed as an optimal system to provide a practical approach to learning Russian for Europeans. Lastly, in discussing the difficulty of learning Russian, especially of its grammar, it should recognize its universality and specificity in relations with other European languages. And Grammatica Russica’s explanations in terms of contrast linguistics view are in line with today’s pedagogy in teaching foreign languages. Also, unlike Smotrytsky’s The Correct Syntax of Slavonic Grammar, it provides an opportunity to show Russia’s language and culture of its time in the section introducing the diminutive noun and its usages in everyday life. In this context, the Russian grammar system and its patterns shown in Grammatica Russica have significance as it provides an opportunity to review the history of Russian education as a foreign language.

CONTRIBUTION OF ALTERNATIVE THEORIES OF MONEY TO THE CREATION OF A MODEL OF THE MONETARY SYSTEM IN RUSSIA (LATE XIX — EARLY XX CENTURY)

The economic and political instability of the present time in the world, being a reflection of the complex process of transition to new post-industrial technologies, increases instability in the sphere of monetary relations. The article aims to investigate the conceptual differences that contributed to the formation of alternative approaches in the theory of money at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries during the discussion of the prospects for the transition to credit circulation in extreme economic conditions. Attention is drawn to the fact that the problem of choosing a model of the monetary system, metallic or monetary, becomes the most urgent during the transformation of the economy.
 
 The article provides a comparative analysis of the key provisions of the nominalist, quantitative, credit and conjunctural theories of money, their conceptual differences in understanding the nature, functions of banknotes and their role in price formation. The features of the conjunctural theory of money that distinguish it from the provisions of alternative concepts, market and state mechanisms for regulating money turnover are clarified. Algorithms for the formation of the general level of money prices in the conjunctural theory of money by M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky are considered. It is shown that the concept of nominalism, which expresses the interests of the state, justifies the need to use paper banknotes as the most effective financial resource of the government in emergency economic situations and the demonetization of gold.
 
 The proposals of the leaders of the modern theory of money concerning the forced issue of "sovereign currency", weakening the national currencies of other countries, are analyzed. It is shown that the incorrect interpretation of the categories of government bonds and national currency by the leaders of the modern theory of money in comparison with the classical provisions narrows the field of scientific analysis, leads to a confusion of the concepts of state interest-bearing and interest-free domestic debt, and destabilization of the monetary and economic system as a whole.
 
 The contribution of alternative concepts of money to the creation of a theoretical model and structure of the Russian state monetary system of the early twentieth century is shown. It is concluded that during periods of acute shortage of budgetary resources, there is a revival of the arguments of the nominalist theory of money in new economic conditions.

Current Problems of the Tertiary Education Modernization and Reform Practices

The sphere of postgraduate studies is the most governance reform-sensitive element of high school educational system in Russia.The article focuses on the governmental decisions taken to address difficulties in high school modernization sphere. The article posits that the mainstream modernization vector of educational system connected with the upgraded scientific and pedagogical personnel education is performed in accordance with transformational process set forth in Bologna declaration signed by the Russian Federation. The Covid-19 pandemic challenged the postgraduate reform results in Russia. The article provides a thorough and discourse analysis of scientific publications, expert interviews and normative documents. The study concludes that the set of fundamental approaches to further Russian system of postgraduate studies is currently semi-functional.Current reforms seek to overcome a destructive impact of the current postgraduate studies system.

ABOUT THE SITUATION IN THE MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM IN RUSSIA AND THE PLACE OF PHILOSOPHY IN IT

The article examines the situation in the modern education system in Russia, which arose as the result of reforms that began in the 90s of the twentieth century. It is noted that the reform of the education system should not turn into an end in itself, that it is necessary to understand what result the reform of the Russian education system is aimed at. The problem of the place and importance of philosophy in the education system, as well as the position of philosophy as an academic subject in higher education is also raised in the article.

Цифровизация российской системы здравоохранения: перспективные направления и риски

Digital technologies are currently entering a human life and changing it drastically. Education, economy and healthcare go hand in hand with digitalization. The author of the article stresses that digital technologies spawn fear and mistrust in many people. This applies especially to digitalization of the healthcare system. To overcome the mixed feelings arising in people, we need to understand what digitalization is and review its perspectives and threats. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to consider perspective trends of digitalization of the Russian healthcare system and reveal the existing risks. The author of the article analyzes the normative legal base devoted to the development of healthcare system in Russia, examines the available articles of scientists on the subject, and analyzes the interviews undertaken by IT company representatives, which assess the use of digital technologies in medicine. Based on the performed analysis, the author underlines the following upcoming trends in healthcare digitalization: rapid data generation and processing, remote medical aid, remote enrollment in a medical institution, and easy access to an electronic medical record. The author mentions the following risks: a set of personal data, which could be stolen from digital media, mistakes existing when telehealth technologies are used, and impossibility to get access to a high-speed Internet connection in some Russian regions. According to the author, coordinated work of all actors of healthcare digitalization will allow to keep to a minimum or completely avoid the mentioned risks.

Potential of Professional Gowth of Foreign Language Teachers

The article is concerned with the actual problem of the organization of continuing education of teachers in the Russian system of professional development of teachers, taking into account the requirements of regulatory documents: the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”, Federal State Educational Standards and the Professional Standard of a teacher. The author focuses on various forms of professional development of teachers of foreign languages, implemented by the State Educational Institution “Institute of Education Development of Transbaikal Region”, aimed at personal growth and self-realization of the teacher, as well as significant in the certification of the qualification category. Professional continuing education of teachers is considered by the author in specific types of activities, as well as components of the system of continuous professional development of teachers. The author of the article analyzes the leading trends and promising directions for the development of continuing education, the set of psychological and pedagogical competencies developed in the process of professional development and retraining, as well as in the course of innovation activities, the implementation of creative projects, and other inter-course activities. Special attention is paid to the need to organize language-oriented courses for the development of language competence of foreign language teachers. Updated information about informal models of professional development, new forms of events organized by the Institute of Education Development of Transbaikal Region are presented in the article.

Analysis of Different Global Navigation Satellite Systems in Time Transfer

The use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers in the field of telecommunications for timing and synchronization has become indispensable. At present, approximately 83 timing laboratories share their timing data from approximately 715 atomic clocks with the Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM) for calculating Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). One of the important remote connections between the timing laboratories distributed worldwide and the BIPM is done through the GNSS. The American GNSS (GPS) was the first GNSS to be used for that purpose beginning in 1984. Presently, there are additional GNSSs that can be used for the same purpose, namely, the European system (Galileo), the Chinese system (BeiDou), and the modernized Russian system (GLONASS). In this article, we study the performance of different GNSSs in time transfer from different perspectives. A software tool was built specifically for that purpose using LabVIEW, and the data used in the evaluation belong to the new Golden Receiver of the German metrology institute (PTB).

Private Higher School of Russia: history and current problems of study

The object of the study is the system of non-state higher education in Russia. The subject is the analysis of historical research devoted to the difficult process of formation and development of a private higher school in Russia in various periods of national history. The methodological basis is the dialectical principles of the relationship between the process and the result, individual, special and general. In addition, there is a systematic approach that helps to identify the state of knowledge of the stated problem. A comparative historical method has also been used to explain the historiographical facts of the history of private education in connection with the historical situation, a retrospective method that contributes to complementing the picture of the development of historical and pedagogical events in our country. Relevance of the research topic. Democratic reforms in Russia in the 90s of the XX century contributed to the creation of conditions for the emergence of a non-state higher school. The State Higher School was unable to respond promptly and on a large scale to the changing situation in the country, the growing interest in education, the emergence of new professions and specialties, the provision of additional earnings to the teaching staff of state universities, etc. In these conditions, the non-state sector of higher education has experienced its rebirth, which is waiting for its reflection. The scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the conducted research are as follows: the trends in the development of the Russian system of private higher education from the moment of its birth to the present are outlined; the definition of the term "private higher school" is given; conclusions were drawn in the article about the state of domestic knowledge on the history of private higher school.

Teaching Russian With Innovative Approach

Annotation: In the field of modern education, the Russian language teaching system is also developing as a result of the progressive achievements of the 21st century. This article outlines the essential features and substantiated results of using distance learning and its means in the system of teaching the Russian language in the field of education in Uzbekistan. The advantages of forming the process of continuous education on a theoretical and practical basis are also presented. Keywords: Russian language, education, teaching, language, orientation, innovations, skills, approach, pedagogy.

Проблемы формирования системного мышления в современном российском образовании

The construction of new, market-based economic relations in Russia in the early 90s of the last century was accompanied by a radical transformation of the education system to the Bologna standard. At the same time, Western scientists - teachers drew attention to the work on the cognitive development of the child by L.S. Vygotsky, the theory of developmental education by P.Ya. Galperin, the theory of inventive problem solving by G.S. Altshuller and the results of research by other scientists providing the formation of systems thinking in Soviet education.
 The article shows that the documents regulating the development of Russian education include the formation of systematic and critical thinking in students, but in practice this is not always implemented. The directions of transformation of the Russian education system since the beginning of building market relations in the 90s of the last century are identified as the cause of the current situation.
 The formation of systems thinking in higher education should consider the peculiarities of the age dynamics of adults. The most developed figurative and verbal thinking among students makes it possible to use the teaching methods of V.F. Shatalov, which reduces the time for studying educational materials by more than 30 times in comparison with classical teaching methods.

International Law Foundations and Conditions for the Formation of the Russian System of Administrative and Legal Support for Aviation Security

The Russian state system for ensuring aviation security is based on legislation that defines the goals, objectives, principles and a legal status of participants in transport legal relations. The purpose of the study was to determine the international legal foundations and conditions that contribute to the development of Russian legislation in the field of transport security, to study international experience in the fight against terrorism in transport and the main provisions of convention decisions that establish mandatory requirements for participating countries. The paper presents the results of the analysis of international, Russian legislation and the opinions of scientists, practitioners regarding the formation of a sustainable Russian system of transport security, its integration into the international security system. It describes various convention interpretations of the concepts of «aircraft in flight», «illegal acts on board an aircraft», various approaches to determining the jurisdiction of states. Proposals have been made to supplement Art. 20.1 «Petty hooliganism» of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation with the part providing for liability for petty hooliganism committed on board: «Petty hooliganism, that is, a violation of public order that threatens or may threaten the safety of the aircraft.»

Modern surgical methods for the treatment of patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities

In this article, the authors indicate the main methods of surgical treatment of patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities. The main issues related to endovenous methods of varicose vein obliteration are analyzed and described. Literary sources were searched for by keywords in the international abstract database PubMed. gov, as well as the Russian RSCI system over the past 20 years. Over 50 scientific publications have been studied. With the use of modern methods of treating patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities, the number of outpatient procedures is increasing, while improving the quality of life.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РОССИИ

The article examines the indicators of the Russian healthcare system for the period 2005–2020. The purpose of the article is to identify trends in the development of the Russian healthcare system. In the course of the study, methods of analysis, comparison, regression, and correlation were used. Trends in a number of indicators of the Russian healthcare system have been identified: the share of government spending in GDP, provision of medical organizations and hospital beds, the number of medical personnel, etc. The conclusion is made about the need to change the trends in the development of the Russian healthcare system.

Guideline Values for the Content of Chemical Elements in Soils of Urban Functional Zones: A Review

—The Russian soil quality assessment system, where the guideline values for the content of heavy metals and metalloids derived for arable lands (mostly, in terms of the general sanitary indicator of harmfulness) are applied to soils of the residential area and the protected area of water supply sources, can be updated using international experience, e.g., substantiation of generic values for urban functional zones since, with a few exceptions, the Russian soil quality guidelines are the same for all soils of the country. In order to assess the applicability of foreign approaches to Russian realities, we have thoroughly analyzed the original and most developed legislation systems of the soil quality control in cities of Germany, Canada, and the United States, as well as the systems of Australia, New Zealand, Republic of South Africa, and the countries of the European Union, where the values are land use specific. In this paper, we summarize the principles of soil quality assessment for the contents of chemical elements, brief the methodology used in different countries and the consequences of exceeding the standards, and highlight some clues for improving the Russian soil quality assessment system. The Russian soil quality assessment system can be improved and updated by substantiating (i) the land use specific standards for cities with the focus on actual subjects of standardization (the health of ecosystems, children, or adults); (ii) the standards for different geochemical environments taking into account the specific features of migration of substances; and (iii) the standards for the soil materials used to construct lawns and roadside areas. In addition, we suggest (i) developing a comprehensive system of management decisions for the case when soil quality standards are exceeded; (ii) legitimizing the concept of historical pollution that existed before the commencement of business activities; and (iii) establishing the minimum volume of soil and the depth or set of soil horizons to be remediated or removed due to pollution.

Русская речь в китайском Трехречье: языковые особенности

The authors analyse the Russian speech of immigrants' descendants from Russia to the Chinese Three Rivers region in the Inner Mongolia in the 20th century. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study various forms of existence of the modern Russian national language, including those in foreign countries. The research is based on both oral and written sources collected by the authors in 2017-2018 during their expeditions to Enhe Russian Ethnic Township (China). The research has shown deviations in the speech of immigrants' descendants from the norms of the Russian literary language due to the use of Russian in its dialect form, as well as interference from Chinese. The authors have proved that the Russian dialects of the Three Rivers region are genetically related to the Russian dialects of Eastern Transbaikalia, which, in turn, are related to the North Russian dialects. The dialectal features of the Russian dialects of the Chinese Three Rivers quialify them as the translitional dialects on the North Russian basis. Since there were no external factors of influence on the dialectal Russian language from its other idioms, the stated dialectal form of the Russian language remained unchaged until the early 21st century. The article considers both the dialectal originality of Russian speech in the Three Rivers region at different language levels (phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary), and the cases of interlingual interference resulting from the influence of the Chinese language on the Russian dialect system. The authors describe the following factors that determine the intensity of interference: generation, education, profession, and language environment. Having described the active zones of interaction between typoLogicaLLy different Chinese and Russian and determined the areas of interference in the Russian speech of bilinguals, the authors detected “weak points” of the Russian language system in the situation of Russian-Chinese bilingualism. Thus, the authors have studied the variant of the Russian language specific for the Chinese Three Rivers region and concluded that it preserves the Russian dialect base influenced by the interference from Chinese, which is an understudied fact of the Russian language environment in emigration.

К вопросу о развитии частной медицины в условиях ограничений и новых рисков

This article deals with issues that are directly related to the regulatory legal regulation of the health care system in the Russian Federation. The paper analyzes the norms regulating both the provision of medical services itself and the developing activities of entrepreneurs in the field of providing medical services on a paid basis. Today, the state's policy is aimed at forming a healthy lifestyle of civil society, at making them aware of the value of life and health. in the context of the emergence of new risks and, in this regard, the introduction of new restrictions in the life of society. In this light, the development of private medical practice already has a very different meaning. The fear of people when contacting doctors in state polyclinics, the need for a long time to stay in queues for tests, leads to the desire of people to increasingly turn to private clinics, in which the appointment is made by appointment at a certain set time, and tests can be passed not according to the strictly limited two hours in state medical institutions, but choose a more suitable and convenient time. Problems of providing medical services and medical care were analyzed during data collection through interviews and interviews with patients of polyclinics and ordinary citizens who want to express their opinions. The analysis of the legislation that changed in late 2020 - early 2021 brought some information on positive and not quite innovations that are already in effect on the territory of the state. The paper analyzes the regulatory legal acts that allow the state institution of the Russian healthcare system to provide medical services on a paid basis. The problems that require legislative regulation for the foundations of the activities of private medical institutions for the provision of medical care, medical services and counseling of citizens who have applied to them are considered. The results of the study show that it is possible to make certain changes in the activities of the health care system of the Russian Federation by organizing co-financing of patients from insurance organizations, associated with the use of a progressive taxation scale, as well as the obligation of private clinics to provide certain types of services, for example, counseling, in the direction issued by a state medical institution in the absence of a narrow specialist. Consequently, the development of domestic health care, taking into account a fairly wide range of services provided under compulsory health insurance policies, can be assessed positively. To regulate the activities and development of private business in the organization and operation of medical institutions, it is necessary to introduce rules that allow you to control the tariffs for services and assistance provided, contracts and agreements offered to those who apply, as well as to introduce a system of expert assessments to facilitate the resolution of disputes arising on the work of medical institutions on a commercial basis.

ОЦЕНКА ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ЭПИДЕМИИ КОРОНАВИРУСА НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ РАБОТЫ РОССИЙСКИХ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКИХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ

In the context of the COVID-19 virus global pandemic the Russian healthcare system faced important challenges. On the one hand, it is required to provide the population with all the necessary medicines, and, on the other, to support domestic pharmaceutical manufacturers in conditions when foreign manufacturers occupy a priority position in the market in value terms. Thereby hospitals and other medical and preventive institutions sharply increased procurement by tenders from Russian manufacturers since, as a rule, those infected with coronavirus were sent to hospitals. The sharp increase in morbidity and the “waves” of the pandemic created an additional burden on both the hospital system and the medicines manufacturers’ capacity, as a result of which medicines sales increased significantly, and with them, the companies’ revenue and profits. The article gives a general description of the Russian pharmaceutical mar- ket in 2020 and 2021, emphasizing its attractiveness to manufacturers, high competition level and growth prospects. Using the example of the 20 largest Russian pharmaceutical companies it shows the revenue and profit dynamics in 2020 compared to 2019. It was also noted that the demand and, as a result, sales of “anti-covid” medicines changed over 2020 and the 1st half of 2021 along a trajectory sim- ilar to the trajectory of the number of people infected with “waves” in May and October 2020, and then by July 2021. Therefore, it was hypothesized that there would be a correlation between the cases’ number and medicines’ sales of certain therapeutic groups. By “anti-covid” drugs are meant antibacterial, antiviral drugs and immunostimulants. Hence it is possible to build a regres- sion model with the help of which to predict the change in medicines’ sales depending on the epidemiological situation. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that about 50% of sales changes are explained by the morbidity dynamics in Russia. The remai-ning 50% of the changes can be explained by the fact that the considered thera- peutic groups of medicines are used to treat not only the COVID-19 virus, but also other respiratory diseases. The author draws conclusions about the main trends of the new era in the pharmaceutical industry.

Small hydropower development prospects: Chinese and Russian experience

The vast territory and abundance of water resources in Russia allow us to expect the priority development of small hydropower, but statistics show extremely low practical interest in this area. The analysis of the Russian power system formation features and their comparison with the Chinese experience show numerous problems with developing small hydropower based on the lack of strategic understanding of the small power prospects and long-term development plans at the state level. The purpose hereof is to determine the necessary conditions that will be able to make the small hydropower plant (SHP) construction attractive to investors and form the market of appropriate technological equipment. The authors came to the conclusion that energy reforms cannot be carried out only at the expense of private investors and other public initiatives. Enhancing the alternative energy development prospects in Russia is possible with the help of impact measures at the state level.