Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Research Articles

Evolution of bile duct surgery by the scientific school of professor S.P. Fedorov

This study highlighted the main stages of the formation and development of surgery of bile ducts by the scientific school of Doctor of Medical Sciences, Honored Scientist of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Professor Sergey Petrovich Fedorov. The current state of this area of surgery and its prospects are also considered. The works of S.P. Fedorov and his students opened a new page in surgery of that time: surgical treatment of patients with liver and biliary tract diseases. The results of research of the last three decades are the subject of particular pride in the successful continuation of the work of the founder of hepatobiliary surgery in our country. The scientific search and relay of the achievements of the scientific school of Professor S.P. Fedorov were performed in numerous publications, such as in periodicals, monographs, manuals, and speeches in our country and abroad, in a cumulated form, and this is presented in dissertations. In the study of the peculiarities of housing and communal services, both fundamental and applied aspects of solving this social problem of modern society are being developed. After the death of Sergey Petrovich, 17 candidate and 5 doctoral dissertations on the problems of biliary tract surgery were defended in the clinic of S.P. Fedorov Faculty of Surgery of S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy. After over the past years, more than 200 articles, four monographs and manuals were published, and many messages were made at scientific forums in our country and abroad.

Antrax in Primorsky Territory (1919–2020). Communication 1. Historical Records and Characteristics of Stationary Potentially Hazardous as Regards Antrax Areas

The aim of the study was to analyze the state of stationary potentially hazardous areas as regards anthrax in the Primorsky Territory and update the Cadastre of stationary potentially hazardous as regards anthrax areas (SPHA) of the Russian Federation (2005).Materials and methods. The collection and survey of accounting and reporting documents, archival and informational materials, records on anthrax from veterinary institutions, Rospotrebnadzor, municipalities by the 72 registered anthrax SPHA of the Primorsky Territory have been carried out. The reference book of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic’s settlements endemic for anthrax (1976), the Cadastre of the stationary potentially hazardous as regards anthrax areas in the Russian Federation (2005) were used.Results and discussion. The description of anthrax cases in the Primorsky Territory goes back to 1894, the official registration of the disease – since 1919. The last cases of the disease in farm animals and population were noted in Kavalerovsky and Oktyabrsky districts in 1979. When updating the SPHA (2005), information on 82 dormant sites of the Territory in 22 municipal and six urban districts was clarified. In six districts of the Territory, anthrax was not officially registered. Most of the SPHAs are centered on the Khanka plain, where the network of transport routes, the largest number of livestock and population are concentrated. The data on the number of sick animals and people over a period of 1919–1929 have not survived, and in the period between 1980 and 2020 anthrax was not reported in the region. 173 animals and 34 humans were diagnosed with anthrax in 1929–1979 in Primorye. High epizootic activity was noted in the period of 1919–1941. In the Asian part of the Russian Federation, Primorsky Territory belongs to the regions under a mild epizootic and epidemiological disadvantage as regards anthrax. Monitoring of anthrax has shown that the persistence of the pathogen in the soils of ten districts of the Territory could be facilitated by the absence of soil toxicity (86,8 %) and an average nutritional value (23,5 %) in relation to the anthrax microbe.

Tyva: A Peripheral Fate? (a historical and geographical sketch of the formation of the population of the Tyva Republic – from the Huns to its voluntary incorporation into the RSFSR in 1944)

The historical roots and geographical features of the population’ formation in the Tyva Republic during the period from the Hunnu domination to the voluntary incorporation of Tyva into the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in 1944 have been studied. The formation of the population occurred in conditions of peripherality of the considered object in relation to the state entities, which it was a part of or was under their influence in different periods of its development. The formation of the Tuvan ethnos was completed during the period when the Tyva tribes were part of Manchurian China in the late 18th-19th centuries. An important factor in this process was the establishment of an administrative division based not on clan but on a territorial principle. The economic and geographical position of the region, as one of the determinants of the socio-economic development of Tyva and the further formation of its population, was and still is unfavourable, which predetermines the search for foundations for the spatial development of the republic.

Учреждение и практика награждения орденами советских республик в годы гражданской войны (1917–1922)

This article analyses the military award practice in the Red Army during the Civil War. The author turned to archival materials, published data from official statistics, and scientific literature. The study is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, and systematic approach. In order to process quantitative data, statistical analysis was used to calculate the results obtained by means of continuous sampling. Due to the abolition of the pre-revolutionary award system, new awards had to be created in parallel with the formation of the Red Army. The first award established in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) was the Order of the Red Banner. Initially, it was awarded to individuals; over time it could also be re-awarded and presented to military units. Other Soviet republics – Ukrainian, Byelorussian, Armenian, Azerbaijan and Georgian – followed this example and established their own orders, which had much in common in terms of composition and meaning. The overwhelming majority of the awards presented during the Civil War were the Order of the Red Banner of the RSFSR. To optimize the award process, military personnel were divided into four categories, one category being authorized to award another. The total number of awards was small, only about 0.001 % of military personnel were awarded this order. The most awarded were Red Army soldiers, while the most frequently re-awarded were the upper echelons of military power – unit and formation commanders. The dynamic and socially determined nature of the Civil War explains the prevailing number of awards presented to servicemen in cavalry, artillery and armoured forces. The largest number of awards was given in 1922. The results of the study allow us to draw a conclusion about the democratic nature of the award system during the Civil War in Russia, as well as about the high motivational effect of these awards.

Republican Arthrology Center and its contribution to the development of orthopedic rheumatology

The article provides information on the organization and functioning achievements of the Republican Arthrology Center (RAC), which has become the first specialized clinic in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) that provided arthrological assistance to the population. The result of the organizational and methodological efforts of the RAC employees was the development of a network of rheumatology rooms in almost all territories of the country, along with the organization of the orthopedic rheumatology service and its separation from the cardiovascular rheumatology service. In the RAC, scientific developments were successfully carried out on the problems of arthroplasty of large joints, surgical and conservative treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis of large joints, prevention of contractures of the knee joint. Saratov Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (SRITO) hip joint endoprosthesis, a collapsible endoprosthesis and other constructions that have received wide recognition were created at the RAC. In the absence of international experience in creating an orthopedic rheumatology service network, the RAC was, on one hand, a pioneering phenomenon in world health care, and on the other hand, a natural consequence of the power vertical centralization in the USSR. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the need to create the RAC in the Russian Federation was caused by the growth in morbidity of rheumatic diseases, along with population aging and the prospects of orthopedic rheumatology associated, first of all, with the active introduction of total joint replacement with artificial structures in developed countries of the world. Over three decades of its existence, the RAC has been an organizational, methodological, medical, scientific and consulting center providing an orthopedic care to patients with diseases and injuries of large joints throughout the Russian Federation.

Discreet Signs of the Supreme Idea: On Certain Transcendent Categories in Russian and Soviet Constitutional Law

The purpose of this article is to analyse world-view and mythological expressions in Russian and Soviet Constitutional acts that implicitly or explicitly refer to any kind of idea legitimising the shape of the state, its political system or the nature of political power. The object of the argument will be exclusively such provisions of fundamental laws which: (1) having neither a purely regulatory nor a purely programmatic character, model mental representations of the world of the legal text by reference to ‘situationally transcendent’ ideas in Mannheim’s sense (i.e. ideas which refer to a reality different from the perceived one; those that sketch visions alternative to it); (2) justify the content of the legal provision by means of such imagery, without being part of the preamble or any different integral part of the Constitution, characterised by a different ontology of the text; (3) justify the content of provisions linked to political power and/or the nature of the state. The materials of the analysis are: Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire of 1906, the Constitutional texts of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics of 1924, 1936 and 1977, and the current Constitution of the Russian Federation. Consecutive Constitutions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic are also referred to. The analysed formulations, legally irrelevant in a conventional reading of a legal text, participate in the semiosis of both the provisions that contain them and the entire texts of the fundamental laws. In this way, the Constitutions incorporate into their complex of meanings either religious expressions, mythologised ideological figures or figures of historical memory associated with collective identity.

О вкладе профессора В.В. Черникова в разработку научных основ и формирование отрасли полицейского законодательства Российской Федерации

This article, dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the famous Russian administrative law scholar — Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation Valery V. Chernikov, examines his contribution to the development of scientific foundations and the formation of police legislation as one of the branches of the current legislation of the Russian Federation. The Author shows the role of Valery V. Chernikov in the preparation of official drafts of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Law of April 18, 1991 “Militia” and the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 № 3-FZ “Police”, reveals his interpretation of the definitions of “police legislation”, “police activity”, “the police system of Russia”. Particular attention is paid to vital faults, which, according to Valery V. Chernikov, are inherent in police legislation, and the main directions for the further development of this branch of modern domestic legislation, including, among other things, the development and adoption of the Police Code of the Russian Federation.

Constitutional acts of Kyrgyzstan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The article is devoted to the research of forming constitutional legislation of Republic of Kyrgyzstan, that originates from the moment of acceptance of the first constitutional acts as a Autonomous Republic in the composition of Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. The author of the article researches law and political specifications of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, that has been accepted in 1929 by the all-Kyrgyz congress of Soviets. One of the features of that Constitution was a determination of the status of Kyrgyzstan as a part of Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. The author comes to the conclusion that as a fact Soviet Kyrgyzstan as a part of Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic in spite of having a constitution and the higher authority and other state elements as a territory, nationality, language, symbols most likely represented not an autonomous state, but the administrative unit with some state elements, forming a part of Russian State. In the article the author concludes that in spite of the fact, that the Kyrgyz Constitution of 1929 wasnt adopted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and All-Russian congress of Soviets as it was determined, that Constitution was valid and formed the national statement of Kyrgyzstan in such a period of time.

The Role of Ataturk and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in the Treaties of Moscow and Kars

In the article we study the historical circumstances of conclusion and the significance of the Treaty of Moscow and Treaty of Kars in 1921 for both Turkey and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and participation Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha – Ataturk and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (GNAT) in preparing and signing of these documents.
 A study of these documents shows that during the preparation and conduct of negotiations between the representatives of the Soviet and Turkish sides, the young Soviet state decided to support the unrecognized the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM), created by Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha – Ataturk.
 The Moscow Treaty was the first official recognition of the independence and equality by the Soviet Russia towards the new Turkey, which was fighting against the Entente states and the Anglo-Greek intervention. The objective role of Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in preparing and signing of the Treaty of Moscow and the Treaty of Kars is given only in the context of that time: the geopolitical aspirations of all stakeholders and the real historical events.

Diseases of the Indigenous Peoples of Yakutia in Photo Projects of the Late XIX ‒ First Third of the XX Centuries

Disease theme of indigenous population of the Northern national outskirts of Russia, as well as the study of special knowledge in the field of traditional medicine and healing practices, for a long time belonged to the taboo part of knowledge. However, at the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a turning point in the visual culture of region, when the picture of diseases was expressed through the camera and became public. There are works of photographers documenting the course of the most dangerous diseases, such as leprosy and external manifestations of mental disorders. The aim of this study is to study external factors that influenced the genesis of the “medical” series of visual images of the population of Northeast Asia. The research methodology is based on a cultural and historical analysis of the events that preceded its appearance and subsequent application in medical practice in order to document the course of diseases in the Soviet period. This article presents the results of a brief review of the prehistory of the “medical” direction in ethnographic photography of the Yakut region. The circle of photographers of the Yakut region is defined, where stories illustrating the diseases that the local population suffered from are reflected. At the beginning of the twentieth century, footage of medical practices and shamanistic rituals for healing were presented in the photo projects by I. V. Popov and A. P. Kurochkin. In the 1920s-1930s. the genre of “medical photography” is represented by the works of the doctor-epidemiologist T. A. Kolpakova, military surgeon E. A. Dubrovin, unknown with the initial “D”, who worked in the medical detachment of the Commission for the Study the Productive Forces of the Yakut Republic (CYR) The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and the People’s Committee the Health of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The experience of studying this topic serves as a clear illustration of the specifics of the region and in some way confirms the conclusions made by the participants of numerous expeditions that studied the foreign population of the Yakut region and predicted the inevitable extinction in the future. Keywords: medical anthropology, anthropology of disease, visual research, indigenous people, visual text, visual sources

Honorary doctor of the military medical academy professor V.V. Volkov (To the 100th anniversary of his birth)

The main milestones of the life path, creative, clinical, scientific and pedagogical activity of Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the State Prize of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Honored Scientist of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Honorary Doctor of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov Professor Major General Medical Service Veniamin Vasilyevich Volkov are presented. His fundamental research in such sections of ophthalmology as the organization of specialized assistance in the Armed Forces, ophthalmotraumatology, combined lesions and burns of the eyes, vitreoretinal pathology, glaucoma, ophthalmoncology, visual organ physiology, lacrimation pathology, development and introduction of lasers into ophthalmological practice, made him one of the most authoritative specialists in domestic and world ophthalmology. In 1967, V.V. Volkov headed the Department of Ophthalmology, which he led 22 years before his dismissal from the Armed Forces on September 20, 1989. His multifaceted educational, medical and scientific activities were awarded numerous awards and titles. Employees of the Department of Ophthalmology of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov are proud that they are students of the school of Professor V.V. Volkov, and the teachers of the older generation were lucky to work together with a scientist who made a significant contribution to the development of Soviet and Russian ophthalmology, whose works received widespread world recognition. Professor V.V. Volkov is a scientist who formed the scientific school of the Department of Ophthalmology of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov in its modern form. Therefore, in 2019, the department was named after him.

Политика отложенной советизации: РСФСР и Грузия в 1920–1921 годах

Introduction. The author presents a brief description of the situation in the South Caucasus after the establishment of the Soviet power in Azerbaijan. A brief characteristic of the international context influencing decisionmaking in relation to Georgia and Armenia is given. The author makes a short review of historiography. Methods and materials. A list of historical sources is presented. The materials of the Archive of foreign policy of the Russian Federation and the Russian state archive of social and political history, private documents and the description of Menshevik Georgia in 1920 by Soviet scientist and publicist N.L. Meshcheryakov are the base of the research. Analysis. Based on these sources, the author explores the Soviet-Georgian relations, which are considered as interstate, since Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic legally accepted the independence of the Georgian state. A comparison of the positions of the representatives of the Caucasus Bureau and the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs revealed the difference in approaches to politics in Georgia. Moscow was against forced Sovietization and considered the Georgian Republic as a temporary buffer between Russia, on the one hand, and the forces of the Entente and Kemalist Turkey, on the other. The main directions of the Soviet-Georgian interaction were analyzed. The author, giving examples from documents, proves that Georgia was used as a center for strengthening control over Azerbaijan, consolidating success in the North Caucasus and pursuing a policy of reintegrating the South Caucasus into the Russian statehood. One of the clauses of the SovietGeorgian treaty signed in May 1920 was the creation of an associated commission. The article considers the features of its work and shows its inefficiency using the documents. Results. The author draws the conclusion that achieving independence in a wide international context was impossible for Georgia at that date. The RSFSR policy during 1920–1921 can be called the course of postponed Sovietization. It became an independent stage in the reintegration of the South Caucasus.

Prawo gospodarczo-administracyjne w koncepcji „dwóch sektorów” Piotra Iwanowicza Stuczki

Koncepcja „dwóch sektorów” P.I. Stuczki, sformułowana na przełomie lat dwu-dziestych i trzydziestych ubiegłego stulecia, we współczesnej literaturze ujmowana jest powszechnie jako pierwsza teoretyczna koncepcja wyodrębniania prawa gospodarczego w nauce radzieckiej. W licznych opracowaniach odwołujących się do koncepcji „dwóch sektorów” prawo gospodarcze (a właściwie prawo gospodarczo-administracyjne) jest przedstawiane jako gałąź przeciwstawiana prawu cywilnemu — wskazuje się, że prawo gospodarczo-administracyjne obejmowało regulację socjalistycznego sektora gospodarki, podczas gdy prawo cywilne normowało funkcjonowanie sektora prywatnego. W rezultacie rywalizacji obu sektorów sektor socjalistyczny miał wyprzeć sektor prywatny, a w konsekwencji prawo gospodarczo-administracyjne miało zająć miejsce prawa cywil-nego. Przedstawiana w tym kształcie powierzchowna charakterystyka koncepcji „dwóch sektorów” nie daje jednak pełnego i właściwego obrazu prawa gospodarczego (gospodarczo-administracyjnego) w ujęciu P.I. Stuczki. W artykule zostało dowiedzione, że P.I. Stuczka postrzegał prawo gospodarczo-administracyjne w aspekcie dynamicznym — jako pożądany kierunek przyszłego rozwoju regulacji normujących funkcjonowanie socjalistycznego sektora gospodarki, wobec czego prawo gospodarczo-administracyjne nie było przez niego uznawane za gałąź równorzędną prawu cywilnemu. Prawo gospodarczo-administracyjne było rozumiane przez P.I. Stuczkę jako teoretyczna koncepcja modelowego obrazu pewnego zbioru unormowań, której przyszłe odzwierciedlenie w sferze prawa pozytywnego P.I. Stuczka uznawał za pożądane i celowe. Odzwierciedlenie to powinno przybrać postać kodeksu gospodarczo-administracyjnego, który zawierałby normy całościowo regulujące funkcjonowanie socjalistycznego sektora gospodarki radzieckiej. Koncepcja prawa gospodarczo-administracyjnego nie była opisem obowiązujących ówcześnie regulacji prawnych — jakkolwiek P.I. Stuczka zwracał uwagę na wyodrębnienie się w systemie prawa grupy „norm gospodarczo-administracyjnych”, normy te de lege lata nie formowały samodzielnej gałęzi prawa. Koncepcji prawa gospodarczo-administracyjnego należy zatem przypisać charakter postulatywny, nie zaś deskryptywny.W artykule wskazano również, że wyróżnienie prawa gospodarczo-administracyjnego ukształ-towało się na gruncie krytycznego postrzegania przez P.I. Stuczkę szerokiego zakresu regulacji i stosowania kodeksu cywilnego Rosyjskiej Federacyjnej Socjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej przyjętego w 1922 roku. Zamysł kodeksu cywilnego jako aktu prawnego całościowo regulującego ogół stosunków majątkowych i gospodarczych był zdaniem P.I. Stuczki nieakceptowalny w państwie socjalistycznym i nie odpowiadał realiom funkcjonowania społeczeństwa oraz gospodarki radzieckiej. Sferą regulacji prawnej, której objęcie oddziaływaniem kodeksu cywilnego przedstawiało się dla P.I. Stuczki jako szczególnie wątpliwe, było funkcjonowanie socjalistycznego sektora gospodarki, to jest stosunków między tworzącymi ten sektor przedsiębiorstwami państwowymi. Mając na względzie zasadnicze różnice w materii stosunków kształtujących się w sektorze socjalistycznym (bazujących na planowości) i sektorze prywatnym (bazujących na anarchii), P.I. Stuczka wskazywał, że różnice te powinny znajdować odzwierciedlenie także w formie prawnej regulacji funkcjonowania obu sektorów. Dla regulacji funkcjonowania zorganizowanego (ustrukturyzowanego) sektora socjalistycznego nieadekwatne były regulacje cywilnoprawne, oparte na paradygmacie stosunków między podmiotami samodzielnymi i autonomicznymi, przybierających charakter horyzontalny. Prawo normujące sektor socjalistyczny winno mieć charakter prawa gospodarczo-administracyjnego, którego administracyjne znamię odnosiłoby się do aktywnej roli organów państwowych w dziedzinie zarządzania socjalistycznym sektorem gospodarki.

Локализация районов проживания кыргызов в Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в периоды поздней древности, раннего и развитого Средневековья

Purpose. This article considers and analyzes the information, contained in ancient and medieval sources, about residence areas of the Yenisei and Central Asian Kyrgyz during particular historical periods, including late Antiquity, Early and High Middle Ages. These periods are related to the time of existence of political and military domination in the Central Asian Region of the ancient and medieval Turkic and Mongolian nomads, including Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic, Teles and Khitan nomadic ethnic groups. Results. During one of those historical periods, after the defeat of the Uyghur Khaganate, the Kyrgyz themselves dominated over Central Asian steppes. Resettlement areas of the Kyrgyz in Central Asia and Southern Siberia changed considerably on several occasions. During various historical periods, the Kyrgyz resided in the territory of Eastern Tian Shan, within the bounds of modern Xinjiang and during the following historical periods in Minusinsk Basin as well, followed by the vast territories of the Sayan and Altai Mountains and a major part of Central Asia, as well as within the bounds of the Western Tian Shan mountain range. The article analyzes the available informative historical data in ancient and medieval sources about the main resettlement areas of the Kyrgyz in different territories in definite time periods of their residence within the bounds of the Central Asian historical and cultural region. Conclusion. Since their repeated resettlement into the eastern Tian Shan region in the era of the Kyrgyz Great Power, the Old Kyrgyz descendants could have reclaimed the mountains and valleys of Tengir-Too. They could have also restored their statehood at the turn of historical modernity, firstly in its capacity as a republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and during the last decades by way of the independent state of the Kyrgyz Republic in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Despite all existing current complexities, the Kyrgyz keep their State.

Alteration of court charges: ways of legislative solution of the problem

The article deals with the issues relevant for the criminal proceedings of Russia, connected with the practical need of legislative consolidation of procedural rules fixed in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation (CCP RF) that provide a possibility for the court to alter charges brought by preliminary investigation bodies. The current procedural rules, to change accusation for a graver verdict, establish the procedure enshrined in Article 237 of the CCP RF, according to which the court must return a criminal case to the prosecutor, while the latter has to return the same to the investigator (interrogating officer). This practice in fact returns the law enforcer to the provisions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Code of Criminal Procedure that maintained the existence of the institute of supplementary investigation; the court annually returned from 40 to 55 thousand cases to investigators within the framework of this institute. Having set the goal to explore the problematic issues of amending a faulty accusation in court and finding an optimal legal mechanism for the court’s amending a charge towards its stiffening, the authors, using the methods of scientific knowledge – dialectical approach, comparative legal method, statistical and systemic analysis – analysed the scholarly views on the said problem and the practice of enforcing Article 237 of the CCP RF by Russian courts; made a comparative research of foreign laws governing the issues of alteration of court charges. The authors, on the basis of the research results, made a conclusion on the need to develop an efficient legislative procedure in terms of altering indictment towards a more serious verdict by the prosecution – directly at the court session, under supervision of the court and without returning a case for supplementary investigation.

От радиолокации метеорных следов до системной организации науки, высшего образования и производства: к 90-летию Феликса Ивановича Перегудова

F.I. Peregudov graduated from Tomsk Polytechnic Institute with a degree in Radio Engineering in 1953, then done his postgraduate studies at Tomsk State University and worked at Tomsk Polytechnic University: he was one of the organizers and leaders of the first research projects in the field of radiolocation. In 1961 he organized the Tomsk Design Bureau «Project», in 1966 1970 became Director of the Tomsk Radio Engineering Plant, in 1970–1981 took the position of Deputy Director and Director of the Research Institute of Automation and Electromechanics at Tomsk Institute of Automated Control and Radioelectronics (TIASUR), in 1981–1984 took the lead as Rector of TIASUR. In 1984–1985 he continued his career as Deputy Minister of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), in 1985–1990 was appointed the USSR Minister and Deputy Chairman of the USSR State Committee for Higher Education. F.I. Peregudov applied a systematic approach in all areas of his activity. During the times he headed Tomsk Design Bureau «Project» F.I. Peregudov organized the development of passive radar equipment. Working as director of the Tomsk Radio Engineering Plant, he created one of the country's first automated control systems (ACS) for production. During his work at the Research Institute of AEM, he initiated the creation of one of the first territory automated control systems in the country. In 1973, the Research Institute of Automation and Electromechanics was designated as the head organization for the development of Tomsk region automated control system, and F.I. Peregudov becomes its chief designer. He made an appeal to many leading scientists from Tomsk to create the Tomsk region automated control system, on his initiative, a computing center for collective use of the Tomsk regional statistics department was established as an integral part of the Tomsk region automated control system. During his work in Moscow, Felix Ivanovich maintained constant contact with Tomsk. In 1990, he contributed to the opening in Tomsk of the first Science Park in Russia

At the origins of the organization of trauma care to the population of the Soviet Union

Traumatological assistance to the population of the Soviet Union is analyzed. It is shown that Soviet doctors, using the experience of field surgery of the First World War, in the post-war period sought to improve the entire system of organizing trauma care for the population. Traumatological assistance in industry and agriculture became generally accessible and gradually assumed an organized, harmonious character. Non-governmental organizations were involved in the fight against injuries - labor protection, social insurance, trade unions and police. First aid points were opened at factories, and trauma centers were set up at polyclinics and outpatient hospitals. A lot of health education was ongoing to prevent injuries and provide first aid. At the end of 1939, at the plenum of the Scientific Medical Council of the People’s Commissariat of Health of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, significant successes were noted in organizing trauma care and treating victims. At the first All-Russian meeting on combating injuries and its consequences in 1947, it was established that occupational injuries tend to decrease, despite the difficult post-war situation. The organization and treatment of trauma patients was developed not only in special institutions, but also in individual surgical clinics, in large hospitals, where special trauma departments were also created. Particular attention was paid to childhood injuries. In this case, the methodological guidance of the fight against injuries in children was entrusted to the Leningrad Children’s Orthopedic Institute. G.I. Turner with the involvement of representatives from other cities - Moscow, Sverdlovsk, Lviv, Kazan, Gorky, etc. It is shown that the teaching of traumatology as an integral part of surgery must be included in the programs of higher medical schools. The absolute need for institutes for the improvement of doctors is noted, the allocation of this discipline as an independent.

Middle Volga Cooperative Publishing House in 1918—1919 (Based on the Documents of the Central State Archive of Samara Region)

The history of book publishing in Russia during the Civil War is studied extremely insufficiently, especially in the territories that left the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the summer of 1918. Among the “white spots” there are activities of the Middle Volga Cooperative Publishing House, opened in Samara in July 1918 after the capture of the city by the parts of the Czechoslovak Corps. The article, for the first time on the basis of the analysis of documents of the Central State Archive of the Samara Region (CGASO) and published sources, attempts the reconstruction of the history of this institution, shows the main stages of its formation and development in the context of confrontation of two models of statehood: Bolsheviks and SR-Mensheviks. The author provides materials showing that the Middle Volga Cooperative Publishing House was created from the very beginning as an interregional one, since it was supposed to serve schools in four provinces (Samara, Simbirsk, Ufa and Orenburg) and the Ural Region, controlled by the government of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly. In the face of shortage of textbooks, that publishing house, being isolated from Moscow and Petrograd, became a temporary centre for supplying educational institutions in the Volga region and the Cis-Urals with textbooks and writing accessories. Analysing the documents preserved in the CGASO, the author shows the self-sacrificing activity of board member Nikolay Andreevich Kalugin, who, after the return of Soviet power to Samara, was able to defend the publishing and bookselling base of the city’s cooperative associations from the encroachments of the Provincial Department of public education. The article reveals the repertoire of books published by the Middle Volga Cooperative Publishing House in 1918—1919 and estimates the degree of rarity of individual publications, not all of which are revealed in the collections of modern Russian libraries.

Marketing in the late Soviet garment industry

PurposeThis paper aims to study the Soviet state-owned enterprises that were producing ready to wear clothes, engaged in activities that are traditionally associated with “capitalist” marketing and public relations. Particularly, they responded to consumer complaints, monitored customer satisfaction and changed their product features and offer in response to customer feedback. This claim is illustrated using the example of the garment industry in the city Perm.Design/methodology/approachThe data comes from archival research of a range of sector-wide documents of the Soviet period available in the State Archive of Perm Region and from in-depth interviews with ex-employees of Perm Clothing Design House.FindingsThe paper demonstrates the emergence of a marketing system not only in Eastern European countries and in major Soviet cities but also in a provincial closed city of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The findings of the research highlight that the level of sales was important for all the participants in the focal marketing system. Late Soviet marketing had the social function of supporting cooperative relationships between citizens and the state by channeling dissatisfaction and anger through surveys and consumer conferences.Originality/valuePrevious studies undertaken at the top level of the Soviet managerial pyramid have not represented a detailed picture of routine marketing activities during Late Socialism.

Cartelization of the Russian Economy: The Main Causes, Consequences, and Ways of Their Elimination

The preconditions and recent history of the modern anticartel policy in Russia are considered. It is noted that in countries with traditional market economies, a negative attitude to cartels and tools to counter them were gradually formed during the globalization of national economies and changes in attitudes to national and transnational monopolies. Against the background of the semispontaneous destruction of the planned economy of the Soviet Union and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in the 1990s, not only voluntary but also compulsory cartel agreements became widespread, the initiators and main beneficiaries of which were local and regional organized criminal groups, which predetermined the deep criminalization of contractual relations for a decade. It is argued that the greatest threat to the successful development of Russia as a welfare state comes from the so-called auction cartels, which are, in fact, a “collusion within a collusion”; up to 90% of cartels are concluded in tenders. Cartel superprofits serve as an incentive to bribe the state apparatus. The main trend of anticartel lawmaking and law enforcement in our country in recent years has been the identification and suppression of the largest cartels, 1/4 of which have signs of criminal acts. It is proposed to solve the problems of decartelization of the Russian economy on the basis of a comprehensive roadmap of anticartel measures, which, in the opinion of the authors of this article, should be included in the new National Plan for the Development of Competition in Russia for 2021–2025, which is currently being developed.