South Of Russia Research Articles

THE ROLE OF JHARKHAND’S COAL IN POWERING INDIA’S ECONOMY: NAVIGATING IMPORT DEPENDENCIES

Coal continues to be a vital component of India's industrial and energy sectors, supporting important sectors like cement and steel and producing more than 70% of the country's electricity. With its plentiful coal deposits, Jharkhand has continuously increased the country's coal production, which increased from 131.76 million tonnes in 2019–20 to 191.16 million tonnes in 2023–24. However, because of quality differences and the need for high-grade coal from nations like South Africa, Russia, and Indonesia, India still depends largely on coal imports, which increased to 264.9 million tons in 2023–24. The contribution of Jharkhand to the coal economy is examined in this paper, with particular attention paid to production trends, the causes of coal imports, and the effects of these trends on India's energy security. In addition, it looks at problems including land acquisition and environmental concerns, as well as how renewable energy can eventually lessen the need on coal. This paper sheds light on the opportunities and difficulties faced by Jharkhand's coal sector, which plays a crucial role in India's energy landscape, by providing a five-year review of production and import trends. KEYWORDS: Jharkhand coal production, India’s coal imports, coal and economic growth, coal mining sustainability, energy transition in India.

The India-China-USA Triangle in South Asia and Russia

The article examines the transformation of South Asia, highlighting the distinctive characteristics of the foreign policy strategies of major powers, the interplay between regionalization and globalization, and the prospects for either confrontation or interdependence among the region’s dominant states. South Asia is currently undergoing multifaceted and ambiguous repercussions of significant geopolitical shifts, underscoring the growing importance of analyzing the contemporary phase of interstate relations in this region. South Asia, in many ways, mirrors the broader global changes but on a smaller scale. The region comprises countries with stark disparities in territory, population, economic capacity, scientific and technological advancement, military power, as well as cultural and civilizational traits – all of which significantly shape interstate relations. India’s dominance within the region fosters distrust among its neighbors and exacerbates their perception of vulnerability. Consequently, these states increasingly seek to strengthen their positions in both regional and international arenas by leveraging relationships with extra-regional powers, most notably China. Moreover, unresolved disputes with India are frequently brought to the attention of the international community. The article also addresses the impact of external factors on South Asia’s international relations system, focusing on the substantial shifts in the strategies of major powers following the Cold War. It explores key issues such as the Indian-Chinese rivalry in the region, the United States’ adverse influence, and Russia’s policy toward South Asia.

A review of STEM education research in BRICS countries: an analysis of research trends

Research has emphasized the importance of STEM for countries. Many studies have been conducted on STEM education research in countries worldwide. However, there is a lack of research on reviewing the research on STEM education in BRICS countries. Based on this rationale, this paper analyzes research patterns and trends related to STEM education in BRICS countries. The study examined 3,580 journal articles from 2014 to 2023 on STEM education in BRICS countries using the bibliometric analysis method, revealing a significant increase in research. The results showed that the number of published articles increased annually, and 85% were published after 2017. The top three journals publishing STEM studies were the Journal of Engineering Education Transformations, Sustainability, and the International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning. China had the highest number of articles on STEM education based on country affiliation, followed by South Africa, India, Brazil, and Russia. The authors’ authorship collaborations revealed that China had the most prominent connections compared to other countries. The keywords analysis revealed four research trends: (i) the effects of STEM education on learning outcomes, (ii) the impacts of instructional strategies in engineering education, (iii) gender differences in STEM education, and (iv) the use of artificial intelligence, project-based learning, and active learning. Based on the analyses, researchers suggest recommendations for future research.

Characterization of biological activity and evaluation of exogenous metabolites of cyanobacteria “<i>Anabaena</i>” sp. IPPAS B-2020

Culture of cyanobacteria “Anabaena” sp. isolated from alluvial meadow soils in the south of Russia and deposited in the collection of cultures of microalgae and cyanobacteria IPPAS of the Institute of Plant Physiology named after. K.A. Timiryazev RAS under the number IPPAS B-2020. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the studied strain belongs to a clade that unites the genera Sphaerospermopsis, Amphiheterocytum, Raphidiopsis, Wollea and Neowollea, but cannot currently be assigned to any of them. The phytotoxicity, fungicidal and antioxidant activities of the strain were studied. The culture turned out to be non-toxic. Water-alcohol extract and biomass of “Anabaena” sp. IPPAS B-2020 had a complete suppression of micromycetes Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium sporotrichioides with a maximum diameter of the growth inhibition zone of 2.5 cm. The water extract of cyanobacteria “Anabaena” sp. had pronounced antioxidant activity. IPPAS B-2020 in the amount of 20 µl – 39.3%. As part of the metabolites of “Anabaena” sp. IPPAS B-2020 detected organic acids (citric, lactic, acetic), terpenes, alkanes, alcohols and other low molecular weight organic compounds. Culture “Anabaena” sp. IPPAS B-2020 is of interest for biotechnology as a producer of such important biologically active compounds as tributyl phosphate, D-limonene, squalene, α-pinene.

Analysing Rural Development Models Based on Intangible Assets and Socio-Economic Development

Despite the existence of a variety of conceptual approaches to rural development, there is a lack of methods that take into account intangible assets, such as, for example, social capital, leadership, and local identity. A more effective design of the rural development strategy may be achieved by uncovering knowledge regarding the manifestation of various intangible resources. Territorial development policies, both in terms of the level of socio-economic development and the presence of intangible resources in rural areas, are investigated in this study. The main objective is to determine how intangible resources manifest in specific empirical models of development policy for rural settlements. A novel ensemble of indices and indicators of socio-economic development and the manifestation of intangible resources, calculated based on the method of analytical hierarchies and frequency analysis, are provided. These allow for a comprehensive study of the development of rural areas by clustering settlements with a similar level of development. Patterns and deficits of resources in rural settlements are analysed according to empirical models. Verification of the empirical models is carried out by assessing the level of socio-economic development and indicators of intangible resources for 12 rural settlements in the south of Russia. Therefore, several groups of factors of intangible resources splitting the factors related (reflect the current state) and unrelated (reflect the development potential) to the socio-economic development of rural settlements have been specified.

Обеспеченность витамином D различных возрастных групп населения г. Ханты-Мансийска

Taking into account the wide range of physiological effects of vitamin D on the human body and the dependence of its synthesis in the skin on insolation, it is of undoubted interest to study vitamin D status in various population groups in the Russian North. The purpose of this article was to investigate vitamin D levels in the blood serum of people of various age groups living in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Materials and methods. The research was conducted at the clinical and biochemical laboratory of the district clinical hospital in KhantyMansiysk during the autumn–winter–spring periods of 2021, 2022 and 2023. The study involved 3120 residents of Khanty-Mansiysk (61°N), including 493 children and adolescents, 798 young people, 887 middle-aged and 942 older adults. Their serum 25(OH)D levels were determined using enzyme immunoassay; the arithmetic mean (M), standard deviation and median (Me) as well as minimum and maximum values were calculated. The obtained data were compared with the reference values. Results. Vitamin D deficiency was established in all studied groups of the population of Khanty-Mansiysk regardless of their sex, being the most pronounced in children and adolescents due to intensive growth (M = 23.5 ng/ml, Me = 22.1 ng/ml) and in older adults (M = 22.5 ng/ml, Me = 21.7 ng/ml) due to significantly declined synthesis of cholecalciferol in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. There is a need for a widespread implementation of educational programmes informing healthcare workers and the population about the importance of vitamin D for metabolism, the prevalence of conditions related to vitamin D deficiency, and the measures for hypovitaminosis D prevention, such as consuming vitamin D-rich foods and taking vitamin D supplements in combination with longer sun exposure time in the south of Russia and abroad.

Comparison of Genomes, Resistomes, and Antimicrobial Properties of the Three Lactococcus lactis Strains from Fermented Milk and Cereal Products of South Africa and Russia

Whole-genome sequencing was carried out, and the main characteristics of the genomes of three new strains of L. lactis AM1, MA1, and dlA, isolated from fermented milk and cereal grain products of South Africa and Russia, were established. The dual approach of in vitro and in silico analysis used in this work allowed us to assess more fully the bacteriocinogenic potential and antibiotic resistance of L. lactis strains. It was shown that L. lactis AM1 and dlA had an antagonistic effect against the test cultures of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. The growth retardation of E. coli and S. aureus after 48 hours of cocultivation was 65–75 and 30–50%, respectively. The L. lactis MA1 strain did not exhibit a significant antagonistic effect; the growth inhibition of E. coli and S. aureus was 13 and 26%, respectively. According to the results of in silico analysis using the BAGELv4.0 service, gene clusters of class IId lactococcin-like bacteriocins were found in the genomes of all three strains. In the genomes of the dlA and AM1 strains, the sactipeptide cluster, a class I bacteriocin, is additionally annotated. In silico analysis of the L. lactis genomes showed the absence of transmissible antibiotic resistance genes, and all three strains showed a phenotype susceptible to the main classes of clinically relevant antibiotics (ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol). Taken together, the results provide valuable information about the intraspecific diversity of L. lactis and indicate the promise of using new strains as starter cultures and biopreservatives.

Клиентоцентричность гражданской службы на региональном уровне: взгляд «изнутри»

The “State for people” client-centricity in the public administration system is considered in the article as the next logical stage of administrative reform in Russia. The authors primarily focus on investigating this phenomenon within the realm of civil service and the implementation of the “Internal Client” standard, which uniquely posi-tions the civil servant as the subject of study – an approach that is atypical in the context of both domestic and international bureaucratic systems. The article presents the results of a pilot sociological survey conducted among government officials and executive bodies of the Rostov region, centered on the aforementioned theme. The findings illustrate the current state of affairs regarding the implementation of the internal client standard and outline the prospects for its further integration into civil service practices. This research is rooted in the scientific investigations conducted by the Department of Sociology at the South Russian Institute of Man-agement-Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, align-ing conceptually and methodologically with the academic tradition of the sociology of public service. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of client-centricity in civil administration and offers insights into the experiences and perceptions of civil servants in relation to internal client standards, thus paving the way for future developments in this field.

Relative chronology in the language history

One of the tasks of Slavic historical linguistics is to establish the relative chronology of the linguistic processes. For the Proto-Slavic language, this is practically the only way to identify the history of phonetic changes. It can be concluded that the qualitative differentiation of long and short vowels preceded the monophthongization of diphthongs, since otherwise the vowel [u] from *ou̯ would have coincided with *ū. There are, however, phonetic phenomena that date back to the written era, but due to the lack of reflection of the compared phenomena or the late reflection of one of them in the Old Russian writing, only a relative chronology can be established for them. This method determines that the closed [ô] of the Great Russian and South Ukrainian types arose in the early Old Russian period before the transformation of reduced vowels into full ones. The same method is used to chronologize some phonetic phenomena of the period of the separate existence of the East Slavic languages. For example, it is established that the change [ʧ’] into [ʃ’] in the western South Russian dialects occurred after the hardening of the old [ʃ’]; the hardening of consonants before [e] and [i] in Ukrainian is not an ancient process, since it took place after the secondary softening of consonants. And, finally, if we turn to morphology, we can state that the coincidence of the Nom. and Acc. Pl. in nouns denoting male persons occurred before the development of the category of animacy of these nouns. Thus, relative chronology turns out to be a necessary method not only in reconstructing the Proto-Slavic phonetic system in its dynamics, but also in determining the order of certain linguistic processes in the written period of the history of the East Slavic languages.

The origins of Russia’s Mediterranean trade: the 250th anniversary of the Küçük Kaynarca treaty

The Black Sea trade was a crucial factor in the economic development of the Russian state following the incorporation of Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region into the empire. Nevertheless, even prior to reaching the Black Sea and the establishment of the first harbours, the Don merchants were engaged in commercial activities utilising Greek merchant vessels. The construction of merchant and military fleets in the ports of Nikolaev and Kherson was still a distant prospect. Following the conclusion of the first trade treaties between Russia and France, Turkey, Italy and the Septinsular Republic, the Black Sea trade opened up new prospects. The Mediterranean countries welcomed the new trading power with enthusiasm, anticipating the potential benefits of trade relations with it. This became evident when wheat from Novorossiya, which enjoyed good sales not only across the Mediterranean but also beyond, was shipped to Black Sea ports. Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire continued to be Russia’s main trading partner. Its vast territory stretched across the Balkans, Asia Minor, and North Africa, including numerous islands of the Archipelago. The southern regions of the Ottoman Empire provided Russia with a range of commodities, including fruit, rice, wine, and olive oil. In return, Russian merchants exported Russian leather, furs, iron, and wheat southwards. Following Greece’s independence in 1830, trade with this state, which had long been a conduit for Russian goods and whose sailors were renowned for their expertise in the Mediterranean, began to flourish. The advancement of the Black Sea trade was contingent upon the construction of ships, which reached a new standard following the establishment of additional ports in the Crimea and the Azov region. The evolution of the Black Sea trade has been a subject of interest for scholars, both Russian and international, who have utilized published statistical data and materials from the archives of Southern Russia. The author draws on a hitherto untapped body of sources, namely information from Russian consuls in the Archipelago, Turkey, and Greece, as well as materials from the Commercial Office of the Russian mission in Constantinople, which kept meticulous records of all commercial ships passing through the Straits. The author draws upon hitherto unexplored records from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire in order to expand the framework of established perceptions concerning the inception of South Russian maritime trade and the initial endeavours of the merchants of Odessa and Taganrog.

Architectural Organization of Ecological Tourist Complexes (The South Russia Case Studies)

This article analyzes the domestic and foreign experience in design of ecological tourist complexes, their architectural organization, three architectural models of ecological tourist complexes, and identifies the main design techniques. The relevance is determined by the growing interest of society in ecology; an increase in the tourist potential of the territories of southern Russia due to changing conditions; the emergence of a new type of tourist architecture, as well as an insufficient amount of design experience.Purpose: To identify the architecture of ecological tourist complexes and develop design proposals for such complexes in the south of Russia.Methodology/approach: The analysis of formative factors: urban planning, architectural planning, functional, environmental, affecting the architecture of ecological tourist complexes, their classification by organizational structure, functional content, accessibility, social efficiency and environmental factors. The concept of an ecological tourist complex in Krasnodar is proposed.Research findings: The organization of ecological tourism in the natural environment, environmental education of the population in the process of recreation are considered. Architectural models of ecological tourist complexes are proposed: adventure, scientific and recreational elements of environmental education, their comparative analysis, and selection of the effective model for Krasnodar.

Russia in the politics of South Caucasus countries after 2022

The research question is how national governments and civil societies reflect Russian involvement in the decision-making process of South Caucasus countries in 2022–2024? The structure of the research includes two sections: 1) Strategic interests of the countries of the South Caucasus and Russia in 2022–2024; 2) Changing the role of Russia in the South Caucasus in 2022–2024. In result of the research it was revealed that opting for a policy of normalization Georgia cannot renounce its territory (Abkhazia and South Ossetia). Azerbaijan has been the most consistent among the Caucasian countries in challenging Russian hegemony in the region. This trend intensified after the beginning of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine: Azerbaijan increased humanitarian aid to Ukraine; pro-Ukrainian sympathies in Azerbaijani society were expressed through a number of leading media outlets that openly supported Kyiv. Baku unilaterally reviewed the ceasefire agreement - 2020, mediated by Russia. Amid the international isolation of the Kremlin, Azerbaijan began to play a much larger role for Russia. Baku is important link in the chain of diplomatic and economic ties of Putin's regime. Russia tries to maintain productive relations with Baku, even at the expense of its long-time ally Armenia. Yerevan revises its foreign policy, favouring a pro-Western vector. In Yerevan, the pro-Russian opposition organized rallies against the current government. Moscow and Baku both gained mutual benefits: Russia destabilized the situation in Armenia, and Azerbaijan restored its territorial integrity. However, these actions of Moscow struck at its influence in the region, marginalizing Russia and its "guarantees." The Caucasus provides a clear example of Russia's inability to continue playing the role of a major power: it simply lacks the strength and means.

Variability of Morphological Characters of the Genus Alburnoides (Pisces, Leuciscidae) from Watercourses in Southern Russia

The variability of the morphological characters of the genus Alburnoides Jeitteles, 1861 from watercourses in the south of Russia (five rivers of the Crimean Peninsula and two rivers of the Krasnodar Territory) is considered. It has been established that in spirlins within the study areas, body sizes average from 60.1 ± 1.45 mm in individuals from the river Gostagayka (Krasnodar region) up to 88.2 ± 1.87 mm in fish from the river Angara (Crimean Peninsula). Using the Mann–Whitney test, statistically significant differences were registered between the samples in most plastic characters; they were absent in meristic characters. In the studied regions, heterogeneity in the structure of the genus Alburnoides was noted: according to the results of cluster analysis for the totality of all studied characters, the greatest similarity was found in samples from Crimean rivers that are geographically close to each other (rivers Chernaya, Belbek, Kacha and Alma), but group from the river Angara adjoins them at a higher level of divergence. A separate group is formed by samples from the rivers of the Krasnodar Territory. The obtained data are consistent with the literary information on the formation of the ichthyofauna in the rivers of Crimea; the established clear differences between the charaters from the rivers of southern Russia require a more detailed study.

The Population History of Domestic Sheep Revealed by Paleogenomes.

Sheep was one of the first domesticated animals in Neolithic West Eurasia. The zooarchaeological record suggests that domestication first took place in Southwest Asia, although much remains unresolved about the precise location(s) and timing(s) of earliest domestication, or the post-domestication history of sheep. Here, we present 24 new partial sheep paleogenomes, including a 13,000-year-old Epipaleolithic Central Anatolian wild sheep, as well as 14 domestic sheep from Neolithic Anatolia, two from Neolithic Iran, two from Neolithic Iberia, three from Neolithic France, and one each from Late Neolithic/Bronze Age Baltic and South Russia, in addition to five present-day Central Anatolian Mouflons and two present-day Cyprian Mouflons. We find that Neolithic European, as well as domestic sheep breeds, are genetically closer to the Anatolian Epipaleolithic sheep and the present-day Anatolian and Cyprian Mouflon than to the Iranian Mouflon. This supports a Central Anatolian source for domestication, presenting strong evidence for a domestication event in SW Asia outside the Fertile Crescent, although we cannot rule out multiple domestication events also within the Neolithic Fertile Crescent. We further find evidence for multiple admixture and replacement events, including one that parallels the Pontic Steppe-related ancestry expansion in Europe, as well as a post-Bronze Age event that appears to have further spread Asia-related alleles across global sheep breeds. Our findings mark the dynamism of past domestic sheep populations in their potential for dispersal and admixture, sometimes being paralleled by their shepherds and in other cases not.

The living memory of South Russian Slavophilism

Olga Leonidovna Fetisenko is a famous researcher of Russian conservative thought of the second half of the 19th century, publisher of the complete works of K.N. Leontiev and a number of epistolary complexes associated with him. Her new monograph is dedicated to the forgotten Russian writer N.S. Sokhanskaya (Kokhanovskaya). At first glance, this book is intended primarily for philologists and literary scholars. However, it will certainly be useful to historians studying the social life of Russia in the mid-19th century. After all, the main attention in it is paid to the study of Kokhanovskaya’s literary connections and her journalism. In the writer’s work, Fetisenko identifies “two main directions”: a kind of “archeology” of southern Russian “antiquity” and “a response to current events in their “small details”.”

Social Transformations in Towns in the South Russian ‘Field’ (Late 16th – Early 17th Centuries)

Social Transformations in Towns in the South Russian ‘Field’ (Late 16th – Early 17th Centuries)

On the Question of the Social Origins of Early Cossack Communities: Results, Methodology and Prospects of Research

Introduction. Addressing the complex and controversial problem of domestic Cossack studies – the determination of the stage affiliation of early Slavic Cossack communities – the author sets himself the task of summing up many years of discussions, identifying the most promising directions for further research, and identifying the associated methodological guidelines. Methods and materials. Many studies of the problem of the stage affiliation of early Cossack communities, carried out by pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern Russian Cossack researchers, as well as works on male unions and communities of the Slavic, Caucasian, and Turkic worlds, served as materials for the article. The analysis of sources and scientific publications was carried out using comparative historical and structural-functional methods, as well as methods of classification and typologization. Analysis. The available scientific papers on the problem were classified based on the social and political prototypes of early Cossack communities determined by scientists. Three groups of versions about the social nature of early Cossack communities have been identified, which correlate them: 1) with state structures; 2) with paramilitary communities that existed in the South Russian steppes and adjacent territories at the same time as the Cossacks; 3) with archaic structures (the so-called military democracy and male unions). Results. Defining the third direction as the most promising, the author of the article suggests expanding research on the cultural and historical comparison of Cossack organizations with archaic male unions and their later forms known in the Turkic, Caucasian, and Slavic worlds. We should start this case by adhering to a set of crucial methodological principles. These principles indicate that male unions were cultural universals, and their correlation with Cossack organizations may indicate not so much (and not only) genetic connections as typological ones. In contrast to the Caucasian and Central Asian unions, Cossack communities arose outside the metropolis, which, on the one hand, led to the need for them to build their own potestar structures and, on the other hand, determined the strong external impact on them from the Russian state. The development of Cossack communities did not follow the path of evolution but was first carried out in the form of a rollback to the archaic and then was associated with a series of sociocultural transformations.

Financial Contagion between German and BRICS Stock Markets under Multiscale Scrutiny

We employ wavelet analysis using the maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) to examine the return and volatility interconnectedness between the German equity market (a prominent representative of the Eurozone market) and the BRICS countries over the period 2005–2017. Specifically, we investigate the presence of the pure form of financial contagion in the stock markets of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa subsequent to the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis (EZDC). Our results indicate the presence of financial contagion between the Eurozone equity market and its counterparts in South Africa and Russia, characterised by co-movement and volatility spillover effects. This contagion is particularly evident at higher frequencies, suggesting that the transmission of shocks occurs rapidly across these markets in the short term. No financial contagion is observed in the Brazilian, Chinese, and Indian stock markets during the European Sovereign Debt Crisis. The absence of financial contagion observed in these three BRICS countries during the European Sovereign Debt Crisis suggests that policymakers in these countries should prioritise addressing idiosyncratic shock channels.

The effectiveness of using various types of stimulating substances for the propagation of clonal rootstocks of pome crops in arid zone conditions

The purpose of the research is to identify the effectiveness of the use of various stimulating substances on the economic and biological parameters of plants of clonal apple rootstocks in the conditions of the arid zone of the Northern Caspian Sea (Astrakhan region). The objects were apple tree clonal rootstocks, scion and rootstock combinations. In the mother plantation of vertical layering, 10 breeding forms of rootstocks selected by various scientific institutions were studied. The control was the M series rootstocks, widely used and adapted in the south of Russia: M-9 for dwarf ones, M-26 for semi-dwarf ones, MM-106 for medium-sized ones. In a vertical mother plantation, there were studied variants for leaf treatments with Etamon Bio and Aminovit (control - treatment with water). Average for 2021–2023 foliar treatments significantly contributed to the high yield of first-grade rootstocks for rootstock forms 87-7-12 – 35.4 %; ‘Ural 8’ – 18.0 %; M-26 – 15.0 %; ‘Ural 5’ – 14.0 %; rootstock ‘Malysh Budagovskogo’ – 20.3 % in the variant with Etamon Bio treatment. In the variant with Aminovit treatment, the most number of first-grade layerings were obtained from the rootstock form 87-7-12 – 36.3 %; ‘Ural 8’ – 19.5 %; ‘Malysh Budagovskogo’ – 23.0 %. Foliar feeding with Etamon Bio and Aminovit had a positive effect on the length of the root system, an increase in the diameter of the trunk and an increase in the height of the rootstocks. In the first field of the nursery, the varieties were grafted onto rootstocks of varying vigor. The drugs for study were root formation stimulants Zircon; Ribav Extra; Kornevin. As a result, in comparison with the control, the survival rate of all rootstocks treated in the Zircon root formation stimulator was 100 %.

Structure of subopopulations of Aireshire, Holstin and Jersey cattle in the Southern Regions of Russia by CSN2 (rs43703011), CSN3 (rs43703016) and microsatellite locuses (BM1818, BM1824, BM2113, ETH10, ETH225, ETH3, INRA023, SPS115, TGLA126, TGLA122, TGLA227, TGLA53)

During studies using molecular biological methods, the following loci were genotyped: BM1818, BM1824, BM2113, ETH10, ETH225, ETH3, INRA023, SPS115, TGLA126, TGLA122, TGLA227, TGLA53, CSN2 (rs43703011) and CSN3 (rs43703 016) 3000 cow blood samples Ayrshire, Holstein and Jersey breeds from the herds of the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories. On average, the frequency of occurrence of homozygous genotypes for 12 microsatellite loci in Jersey cattle was 0.38, in Holstein and Ayrshire cattle – 0.30 and 0.27, respectively; the highest allelic diversity was found in Holstein cattle (9.0 ± 1.7 alleles per locus). It should be noted that there are significant differences in the genetic profile of Ayrshire cattle. For Ayrshire animals, the following alleles turned out to be typical (but rare in Jersey and Holstein cattle): 270 locus BM1818, 137 locus BM2113, 213 locus ETH10, 119 locus ETH3, 142 locus ETH225, 87 locus TGLA227, 166 locus TGLA53. In the studied subpopulation of Jersey cattle, the frequency of occurrence of the A2A2 genotype of the CSN2 locus (rs43703011) (beta casein) was 0.68, and in the Ayrshire and Holstein groups it was only 0.25 and 0.31, respectively. The BB genotype of the CSN3 locus (rs43703016) (casein kappa) was found in the Jersey group of animals with a frequency of 0.76, and in Ayrshires and Holsteins – 0.04 and 0.15, respectively. The genotyped groups of Jersey, Ayrshire and Holstein animals are significant in volume; we assume that the identified patterns are typical for cattle of these breeds in the south of Russia. We believe that the data obtained can be used in the future in practical work on classifying certain groups of livestock as typical Holstein, Ayrshire or Jersey and when creating herds that produce milk of a certain type (for example, type A2 milk).