Situation In Russia Research Articles

Current socio-economic situation in Russia and the priorities of its development

The relevance of this topic is determined by the fact that socio-economic development of the state directly affects the development of the country itself, its domestic and foreign policy, economic and social position in the world, and its national security. Socio-economic development determines the status of the country in the international arena. Socio-economic development is an expanded reproduction, gradual structural and qualitative changes in the economy, production forces, growth and development factors. Currently, the goals of the socio-economic development of the state and the regions are increasing incomes, improving the quality of education and healthcare, reducing the proportion of the poor, protecting the environment, expanding personal freedoms, equalizing opportunities, etc. It is essential to increase economic growth, which creates favorable conditions for expanding the base of taxes and contributions to state non-budgetary funds, helps to reduce unemployment, and expands access to social assistance systems. The article shows that to a large extent, social peace in society and stable and friendly relations between employers and employees are achieved by means of the social insurance system. The materials of the article can be useful as part of the preparation in the areas of Economics and Management.

Influence of anthropogenic waste of different genesis on properties of fine-grained concrete

Introduction. The growing amount of stored waste from TPPs has a negative impact on the environmental and economic situation in Russia. The content of ash dumps leads to pollution of nearby areas and increase in energy prices. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use TPP waste as a component of solutions. Materials and methods. The equipment on which the experiment was performed is listed. For the test of compressive strength, the press TP-1-350 Universal was used. For the test of flexural strength, MII-100 machine was used. Specific surface area of TPP waste was determined on PSKh-12 device. The samples gained the strength in the chamber of normal hardening. The chemical composition of TPP waste was determined by the X-ray fluorescent method. Results. The experimental data on the strength of specimens with the replacement of part of the cement by waste thermal power plants of different genesis are presented. The part of the samples were cured under normal conditions, and part was subjected to heat and humidity treatment. Specific cement consumption per unit of compressive and flexural strength was calculated. Compressive strength of mortars with replacement of 20% of cement by Kuznetsky TPP ash makes it possible to obtain samples with strength by 8% less than the control sample under normal curing conditions. The use of acid ash from Omsk TPP and Kuznetsky TPP under heat and moisture treatment makes it possible to obtain the samples with compressive strength higher than the control sample up to 13%. The introduction of 30 % of the basic ash from Novosibirsk TPP instead of cement allows to obtain samples with compressive strength up to 46,55 MPa. The calculation of specific consumption of cement per unit strength showed that the use of the proposed compositions is more cost-effective than the control ashless sample up to 30%. Discussion and conclusions. It has been proved that replacement of up to 30% of cement by TPP wastes makes it possible to obtain mortars with strength not lower than that of the control cement sample. Depending on curing conditions and the type of used TPP waste it is possible to receive samples with compressive strength up to 46,55 MPa and bending strength up to 9,31 MPa. It was found that the use of heat and moisture treatment for the samples using basic ash does not give an increase in strength, compared to acidic ash.

Analysis of Brucellosis Incidence and Molecular-Genetic Characteristics of Brucella Population in the Territory of the Russian Federation

An analysis of brucellosis incidence in Russia in 2013–2022 and the data on genetic diversity of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus populations isolated in Russia in 1939–2022 are provided in the review. Over the past decade, the epidemiological situation in Russia has been characterized as unstable against the background of persistent unfavorable conditions for brucellosis in cattle and small ruminants. During the period of 2013–2022 (9 months), 4298 epizootic foci as regards brucellosis in cattle (89164 sick animals) and 371 as regards brucellosis in small ruminants (13569) were registered. The largest number of epizootic brucellosis foci was recorded in the North-Caucasian and Southern Federal Districts. In 2013–2022, on average, 327 cases of brucellosis among people were registered annually, the incidence rate per 100 000 of the population was 0.24. Up to 70–90 % of brucellosis cases were detected in the south of the European part of the country. A trend towards deterioration of the situation on brucellosis in Volga (Penza and Samara Regions) and Central (Smolensk, Voronezh and Tula Regions) Federal Districts is observed. There is a connection between the intensity of epidemic manifestations of brucellosis and the level of anthropurgic enzooty of territories. In 2022, 467 cases of brucellosis were reported (0.32 per 100 000 of the population), which is 42.8 % higher than annual average values over 10 years. In 2023, a measure of stability of incidence rates, by 20–25 % above average long-term values, is to be expected. Incidence of brucellosis in humans will be within the range of 380–410 cases (0.26–0.28 per 100 000 of the population). The results of genotyping of B. melitensis strains point to an increase in the proportion of isolates with an MLVA-profile characteristic of strains from enzootic as regards brucellosis countries of Middle East and North Africa over past 20–25 years, which can indicate importation (introduction) of the infection from these territories to Russia through small ruminants and/or biomaterial from them.

Analysis of agriculture sustainable development in Russia

The article is focused on determining the current situation in Russia on the way to achieving the goals of sustainable development in agriculture. When analyzing the literature, it was revealed that most of the goals and objectives of sustainable development are already, to a greater or lesser degree, incorporated into the main strategic and program documents in Russia. Achievements in the implementation of SDG 2 “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture” were considered. Statistical indicators of agriculture sustainable development in Russia are analyzed. The principles for development of the agrifood systems sustainability concept are formulated and presented. In the last century and a half, the main task of Russia in country’s food security has been to feed its population. At the present day, it can be stated that this problem has been mainly solved.

Connecting Spaces: Linguistics and Psychoanalysis About Cross-Cultural Studies and Problems of Translation: Materials of All-Russian Scientific Webinar with International Participation on the Problems of Social and Human Sciences (28 January 2023)

On January 28, 2023, the IV meeting of the All-Russian Scientific webinar “Connecting Spaces” with international participation took place. Two reports were presented for discussion. The report “The Russian Federation in the International Decade of Indigenous Languages” was made by L. A. Ulyanitskaya and A. A. Shumkov. L. A. Ulyanitskaya reported that 155 indigenous languages are represented in Russia, but some of them are on the verge of extinction. Based on the analysis of successful cases of the revival of indigenous languages taking place in the world practice, the speakers proposed a number of measures to change the situation in Russia. A. A. Shumkov described the problems and historical dynamics of the Baltic-Finnish languages in the North-West of Russia, pointed out its connection with the policy of the Russian state at different stages of its existence, gave a characteristic the current state of languages and linked the content of the report with the problems of translation. J. V. Kosheleva in her report “Unbearable ease of translation in psychoanalysis”, referring to the history of the development of the ideas of psychoanalysis, described a number of mechanisms of the human psyche and psychoanalytic techniques of influencing it, showed the proximity of the subject area of linguistics and psychoanalysis. This perspective allowed the participants of the webinar to see the problem of the resurrection of the “fallen asleep” language not only as a socio-cultural one, usually affecting only the aspect of creating external conditions for the salvation of endangered languages, but as a psycholinguistic one, which implies taking into account intrapsychic processes.

Population Projections for Russia

The subject of the work is population forecasting against the background of changes in the demographic situation in Russia. The topic is an overview of the country’s population projections. Special attention is paid to the forecasts of the size and composition of the population of the Russian Federation in the period from 1991 to 2022. The source data are statistical collections and databases of Rosstat and the Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The purpose and objectives of the work are to overcome the attitude to previously developed forecasts as to the material that “does not matter” in comparison with current forecasts. The retrospective of forecasts not only provides grounds for reasoning about the demographic losses of the country in certain historical periods, but also allows us to anticipate possible prospects for the development of the population and to improve the conceptual basis of its forecasting. Verification of officially published forecasts, comparison of prognostic developments from different sources, allows us to develop their methodology and clarify the requirements for them on the part of users– government agencies, science, the expert community, the education system. The paper describes the process of compiling a “library” of predictive sources, suggests tabular and graphical methods of its formalization and subsequent analysis. The article provides conclusions that may be useful for developers and users of demographic forecasts.

Analysis of credit risk assessment models to ensure the economic security of an organization in the context of digitalization

The study considers the role of risk assessment of credit activity in the era of the digital economy. The purpose of the study is to identify the main patterns that determine the features of risk assessment in business as the main element contributing to the achievement of economic security of an organization and to perform a comparative analysis of risk assessment and management methods in the context of digitalization. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of assessing credit risks and analyze credit risk assessment models. Various methods of risk assessment and management are used in modern economic analysis. The most effective ways to reduce risk in the context of instability of the economic and political situation in Russia include the method of scenarios and the method of hierarchy analysis, as well as diversification, i.e. the distribution of risks between several business participants. When a portfolio has a fragmented asset structure, a bottom-up approach is used to assess potential credit risk.

Does the monetary policy of the United States affect the consumer price inflation in Russia?

Subject. The economic environment in Russia, similar to other countries, is represented by the consumer price index. It is regulated by the monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Since Russia participates in international economic relations, its economic environment is affected by the monetary policy of the USA, because this country plays the greatest role in the global economy and the global economic system as a whole. At the moment, the monetary policy of the Federal Reserve System of the USA has a stronger impact on consumer price inflation in Russia than the monetary policy of the Central Bank, because the US economy is significantly larger than the Russian economy. Specifically, an increase in money supply in the USA, required to stimulate economic activity in the country, can accelerate the growth of the consumer price index in our country. It is therefore important to build economic and mathematical models in order to predict the consumer price index in Russia based on the indicators of the CB and the FRS. Purpose. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of the monetary policy of the CB and the FRS on the consumer price index in Russia and derive multiple autoregression equations in order to predict the consumer inflation rate in our country based on the indicators of the CB and the FRS. Methodology. In our study, we used general and specific scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, and statistical methods (correlation and regression analysis). The study was based on the analysis of relevant scientific literature and economic journals. Conclusions. The study determined that the monetary policy of the FRS directly affects the consumer price index in Russia. It also stresses the need to develop measures aimed at eliminating the side effects of the monetary policy of the FRS in Russia. The article demonstrates a strong negative effect of increased US money supply on the economic situation in Russia and a strong correlation between the M2 money supply in the USA, the US dollar index, and the consumer price index in Russia, as compared to a less significant impact of the key rate of the CB and the M2 money supply in Russia.

Важный вклад в освещение статистики национального дохода и экономической истории дореволюционной России и СССР

The author of this paper analyses the book by A. Markevich and M. Harrison, “Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia’s National Income, 1913 to 1928”. He highlights the fact that the authors’ (A. Markevich and M. Harrison) calculations introduced in this article significantly expand and clarify the economic situation in Russia and the USSR in 1913-1928 from an economics point of view. For the first time, M. Harrison and A. Markevich evaluate the dynamics of national income and production of individual economic sectors, including the service industry, and compare the economies of Russia and the USSR with other countries in the same period. The calculations show a more successful development of the economy of Russia than other warring countries during the First World War. In addition, the article analyzes the decline in Russia’s share in the world economy in 1928 compared to 1913. Thereby, the authors make a reasonable conclusion about the decrease in the efficiency of the USSR economy in 1928 compared to the pre-revolutionary period. Estimates of the national income, the personal consumption fund, and the population allowed evaluating the entire economic development of pre-revolutionary Russia, the USSR, and post-Soviet Russia. Finally, the authors reveal the consequences of the economic crises of the 20th century in Russia. Drawing on personal and other researchers’ calculations, the authors criticize the opinion about the national income growth in 1928 in comparison with 1913 as exaggerated. Its significant drop during the civil war was caused by war communism as well as by the rupture of economic ties.

Assessment of the Costs of Implementing the Best Available Ash Collection Technologies at Coal-fired Thermal Power Plants

According to existing plans, the environmental situation in Russia is going to be improved by modernizing or replacing outdated equipment at industrial enterprises and making a shift to the best available technologies. The thermal power industry is commonly referred to industrial sectors featuring the greatest negative impact on the environment. Emissions of fly ash with flue gases from coal-fired thermal power plants are of much significance from the viewpoint of atmospheric air pollution. Various ash removal technologies are used to reduce them, but a number of them are no longer able to provide the required quality of atmospheric air in areas experiencing a negative impact of thermal power plants. The aim of this work was to assess the possibility of using different types of ash collectors to fulfill the technological indicators of solid fuel ash emissions. For this purpose, the technical and environmental characteristics of various technologies for removing solid fuel ash from the flue gases of thermal power plants were compared, and their main indicators, advantages, and disadvantages were considered. The choice of the most effective ash collection technologies -- electrostatic precipitators and bag filters — to fulfill the technological indicators of ash emissions according to GOST R 50831-95 as the best available technologies is justified. A comparative technical and economic assessment of using electrostatic precipitators (EP) and bag filters (BF) downstream of the boilers of combined heat and power plants (CHPPs) and condensing thermal power plants (CTPPs) combusting the main Russian coals: grade SS Ekibastuz coal, grade SS Kuznetsk coal, grade 2B Irsha-Borodino coal, and Donetsk anthracite culm was carried out. The total capital and operating costs for the implementation, the specific costs for the removal of one ton of ash from different coals in EF and BF for pessimistic and optimistic inflation forecasts are determined. It is shown that an increase in inflation will have a very negative impact on the introduction pace of BATs at Russian thermal power plants and may slow down the introduction of bag filters, which are the most efficient BAT for ash collection. Recommendations on the use of electrostatic precipitators and bag filters at CHPPs and CTPPs for different types of coals have been formed. It is proposed to use bag filters in combusting high-ash coals, the ash of which is characterized by high electrical resistivity. Electrostatic precipitators should be used in combusting low- and medium-ash coals, because the difference in the mass of captured ash in the EF and BF for the same coal is small, whereas the cost of implementing EF is significantly lower. The specific cost of the ash removed differs little for the boilers of CHPPs and CTPPs operating on the same coal; however, it depends strongly on the level of inflation, the growth of which increases significantly the operating costs.

Measures to Reduce Industrial Injuries in Organizations

In recent years, experts have noted a downward trend in the level of industrial injuries both in general and in individual industries. But this trend is still not stable enough. According to Rosstat, considering the dynamics by the criterion of industrial injuries, the situation in Russia in 2021 worsened somewhat compared to previous periods. The paper reflects the main organizational measures to reduce industrial injuries, in particular the introduction of the concept of VisionZero.

АБОРТ КАК МЕДИКО-СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПРОБЛЕМА В ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯХ СТУДЕНТОВ-МЕДИКОВ

Problem of abortions in today socio-demographic situation in Russia remains very urgent. Despite the tendency of decreasing rate of abortions in the last years, social acceptance of abortion as the method of birth control remains actual in public consciousness. The purpose of research was to evaluate the attitudes of medical students to abortion, awareness about health risks associated with abortion, its acceptable reasons and potential consequences, to detect the differences in perception of rights for abortion by respondents of different gender groups. The survey conducted in 150 medical students showed that more than half of respondents (51,3%) had acquaintances who had made at least one abortion. 45,3% of respondents consider possible to make an abortion in case of unwanted pregnancy, there were no any differences detected in male and female respondents. 49,3% of students can make an abortion at the certain circumstances. Only 5,4% of respondents would not accept abortion under any circumstances. For all respondents regardless of age and gender the most important factors taken into account while making a decision about abortion include the period of gestation (70,7%), method of abortion (64%), financial problems (57,3%). For young respondents under age 20 the most important factor is the opinion of a spouse or partner, while for respondents above age 20 the most significant reason is the necessity to finish education. The most frequent negative consequences of abortions according to opinion of medical students are psychological distress, risk of infertility and complications of future pregnancies. Results of the study demonstrate quite high acceptance of abortions by future physicians despite their awareness about the problem of abortions and knowledge of associated health risks.

An extended view on measuring tor AS-level adversaries

Tor provides anonymity to millions of users around the globe which has made it a valuable target for malicious actors. As a low-latency anonymity system, it is vulnerable to traffic correlation attacks from strong passive adversaries such as large autonomous systems (ASes). In preliminary work Mayer et al.(2020), we have developed a measurement approach utilizing the RIPE Atlas framework – a network of more than 11,000 probes worldwide – to infer the risk of deanonymization for IPv4 clients in Germany and the US.In this paper, we apply our methodology to additional scenarios providing a broader picture of the potential for deanonymization in the Tor network. In particular, we (a) repeat our earlier (2020) measurements in 2022 to observe changes over time, (b) adopt our approach for IPv6 to analyze the risk of deanonymization when using this next-generation Internet protocol, and (c) investigate the current situation in Russia, where censorship has been intensified after the beginning of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. According to our results, Tor provides user anonymity at consistent quality: While individual numbers vary in dependence of client and destination, we were able to identify ASes with the potential to conduct deanonymization attacks. For clients in Germany and the US, the overall picture, however, has not changed since 2020. In addition, the protocols (IPv4 vs. IPv6) do not significantly impact the risk of deanonymization. Russian users are able to securely evade censorship using Tor. Their general risk of deanonymization is, in fact, lower than in the other investigated countries. Beyond, the few ASes with the potential to successfully perform deanonymization are operated by Western companies, further reducing the risk for Russian users.

Prostate cancer: current situation in Russia and Saint Petersburg according to medical statistical indicators

Background. Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in the male population worldwide with high morbidity and mortality rates.Aim. To study the main medial statistical indicators of prostate cancer in Saint Petersburg and other regions of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. The epidemiological indicators of prostate cancer for 2012-2021 in the Russian Federation, individual federal districts and Saint Petersburg were analyzed.Results. The prevalence of malignant neoplasms of the prostate has increased in recent years. At the same time, the number of cases of early-stage disease diagnosis has increased, one-year mortality has decreased, and 5-year survival has increased, which indicates proper quality of oncological care for the population. In some federal districts, unstable or negative dynamics of indicators compared to the average Russian data are observed, which requires further analysis.Conclusion. Evaluation of statistical measures of morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms of the prostate gland can be used to improve diagnostic algorithms and therapeutic tactics for this pathology.

On the issue of forecasting social transfers for the macro-regions of Russia

The work is a continuation of the research carried out in 2017 and published in the journal “Economics and Mathematical Methods” (2018, N 4). The need is formulated in a force majeure situation for the country to prevent a sharp drop in the standard of living of the population of the country to increase the role of social transfers. A special role belongs to this in the conditions of the modern demographic situation in Russia. The expediency of the development and adoption at the level of the federal law of the Social Doctrine of the Russian Federation 2025–2030 is substantiated. The main provisions of such a Doctrine developed by N.M. Rimashevskaya and S.S. Sulakshin are considered. The basic principles of the Social Doctrine and its components are given. The scheme of interrelations of models in forecasting social transfers is given. The scheme of classification of regions of the Russian Federation for carrying out model demographic calculations based on the territorial-ethnic principle based on the values of indicators of natural population growth and the integral index of quality of life and its rank calculated by L.A. Migranova is given. It is recommended to carry out calculations using models as a 12-regional bundle. The influence of the level of GDP on the main demographic indicators is analyzed on statistical material. As examples of modeling demographic indicators as functions of GDP per capita, the following indicators were taken: total fertility rate; average age of women at birth; life expectancy of men at birth; life expectancy of women at birth. Indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of the social transfer system are proposed.

РАЗВИТИЕ ТРУДОВОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА РОССИИ КАК УСЛОВИЕ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ САНКЦИОННОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ СО СТОРОНЫ СТРАН ЗАПАДА: УРОКИ ИСТОРИИ

The article substantiates the relevance of the study of the Soviet experience in the development of industrial and labor potential in order to use it in modern conditions; revealed objectively existing signs inherent in the socio­economic situation in Russia both in the Soviet period and at the present time; a historiographic analysis of the history of the economic development of the USSR was carried out; the practice of creating in education system that made it possible to achieve the goals of industrialization and socio­economic development of the USSR was studied.
 The study was conducted by the team of authors of the federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education «State University of Management» as part of the execution of the state task of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation No. 075­03–2022–156 / 6 dated 09.21. Economic and Industrial Potential of the Russian State under the Technological Blockade and Western Sanctions: Soviet Experience and Modern Solutions.

Level, structure and dynamics of drug trafficking

The subject of this study is the level, structure and dynamics of crimes in the field of illicit drug trafficking. Some indicators of official statistics related to the operational situation in the fight against drug trafficking in the country are considered (the number of registered crimes, identification and suppression of drug distribution channels, etc.). The purpose of the study is to conduct a detailed analysis of statistical data on crimes related to drug trafficking, identify current problems in the fight against drug crime and formulate proposals for eliminating them. General scientific methods of cognition were used: the method of statistical analysis; method of analysis, synthesis; comparative method; methods of induction, deduction. An analysis of scientific literature has shown that the issues of drug crime are studied in domestic doctrine by many authors. In theory, issues related to crime rates, the impact of illegal migration on the drug situation in Russia, and the problems of investigating drug crimes committed using information technologies have been worked out. However, some aspects require further study. Within the framework of this study, an attempt was made to identify from the entire array the most pressing problems that require a speedy solution. In particular, it is proposed to reconsider the issue of the availability of electronic devices (vapes, electronic cigarettes) used by adolescents and young people to use psychoactive substances. A ban on the use of such devices should be established at the legislative level. It is concluded that the fight against drug crime must be comprehensive and carried out at several levels, including the prevention of drug crimes among minors.

Ethno-Cultural Development of Ukrainian Society in the Conditions of russian Revanschism towards Ukraine at the End of the 20th — at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Periodization and Analysis

The article analyzes the ethno-cultural development of Ukrainian society in the conditions of russian revanchism towards Ukraine in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It has been found that understanding the periodization of ethnocultural development of the Ukrainian society in the conditions of russia's revanchist course aimed to reсlaim imperial power, helps to draw conclusions about the achievements and mistakes made to improve the sustainable development of Ukraine on the path of Euro-Atlantic integration. It is noted that the ethno-cultural development of Ukrainian society in the conditions of revanchist-imperial policy of russia can be conditionally divided into five periods (stages): the first (1991–2004), the second (2005–2009), the third (2010–2013), the fourth (2014–2021), and the fifth (2022–present). This article examines the first two periods.The first period of ethnocultural development of Ukrainian society is the longest and is characterized by both positive and negative trends. Conventionally, it can be divided into two sub-periods: the first (1991–1999) and the second (2000–2004). It substantiated that this division is primarily caused by russia's revanchist policy towards Ukraine, since in 1999–1999 the Kremlin was solving its own socio-political problems and could not fully pay attention to Ukraine. It has been observed that after V. Putin came to power and the significant improvement of the political, economic, and financial situation in russia, the russian clique significantly increased its anti-Ukrainian influence on the Ukrainian ethno-cultural space.The second period of the ethno-cultural development of Ukrainian society is determined by the further expansion of the Ukrainian language functioning in social and political life, the educational process, in the spheres of science, culture, art, the film industry, etc. It is proven that the Кremlin, realising the danger of promoting the ideals and achievements of the Orange Revolution in the post-Soviet space, made considerable efforts to discredit and stigmatise it, using the newly created neo-imperial revanchist doctrine-concept of "russian world" for this purpose.

Demographic processes as a factor of economic development of the country

The analysis of scientific literature and statistical data shows that demographic processes in the world, the country and the region, on the one hand, affect its economic growth of the territory, and on the other — are a consequence of changes in its socio–economic condition. The death rate. The birth rate and demographic trends in the country determine its attractiveness for business and the population and act as an important condition for the implementation of development. The article analyzes the demographic situation in Russia, the dynamics of its development, opportunities and threats for future economic growth.

The drug situation in Russia: aspects of problem solving consequences of the COVID–19 pandemic social marketing in the field of healthy lifestyle

The article updates the problem of the drug situation in Russia, examines the consequences of the COVID–19 pandemic in the segment of the youth audience, analyzes the trend of 2019–2021 associated with drug trafficking in social networks through the darknet. On the basis of a theoretical analysis, proposals are put forward in terms of joint actions of law enforcement agencies, specialized structures of local authorities and private mobile operators as a whole for the use of social marketing tools for drug prevention among young people.