Russian Science Research Articles

Риски и вызовы при внедрении искусственного интеллекта в систему высшего образования

<p style="text-align: justify;">The purpose of this article is to study possible risks and challenges in the higher education system that arise in connection with the growing speed of implementation of technologies, where artificial intelligence (AI) and neural network technologies are already part of its structure. The analysis is carried out with the aim of predicting the future nature of higher education, as well as exploring changes in the entire teaching paradigm under the influence of AI. The article identifies a number of expected problems when teaching students, in the pedagogical process, organizing their independent work, as well as in the management and administration of higher educational institutions when introducing AI capabilities into the process of higher education. The question is raised about the impact of restrictions on the development of Russian science, namely the disastrous consequences for its development due to the monopolization of AI algorithms and the subjective approach to managing a neural network by an organized technocratic group. In the course of analyzing the intersections of opposing issues of problematic issues and the positive dynamics of the influence of AI on the educational system of higher education, a vector has been set for further research on this topic.</p>

Theoretical and General Philosophical Foundations Operational and Investigative Support of Criminal Prosecution.

This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and general philosophical foundations of operational and investigative support of criminal prosecution. Various aspects of this activity are considered, including philosophical concepts, theoretical approaches, ethical aspects, epistemological and axiological foundations. The paper provides an overview of the contribution of Soviet, Russian and Central Asian scientists to the development of the theory of operative-search activity. Special attention is paid to the concept of V.A. Lukashov, who expanded the understanding of operational and investigative support to the entire system of law enforcement agencies. The study relies on a number of methods, including dialectical, hermeneutic, system analysis and comparative approach. As a result, the concept of the philosophical and legal foundations of operational and investigative support is formulated, key theoretical approaches to its understanding are identified, a system of ethical principles is developed and an epistemological model of information acquisition is proposed. Operative and investigative support is considered as a complex phenomenon that integrates elements of various philosophical concepts and legal theories. The importance of the balance between public safety and protection of individual rights is emphasized, as well as the necessity of constant rethinking of ethical principles in the context of society and technology development. The article analyzes informative-cognitive, preventive-prophylactic, procedural-security and other approaches to the understanding of operational and investigative support. The issues of integration of operational and investigative support into the system of social control and crime control are considered. Special attention is paid to the influence of technological progress on the development of methods and means of operative-search activity. The conclusion is made about the need for continuous theoretical understanding and practical improvement of operational and investigative support of criminal prosecution in the context of changing social, technological and legal realities.

Zinc for GNAO1 encephalopathy: Preclinical profiling and a clinical case

De novo pathogenic variants in GNAO1-the gene encoding the major neuronal G protein Gαo-cause pediatric encephalopathies and other neurological deficiencies largely refractory to available therapies. Zn2+ emerged to restore guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis and cellular interactions of pathogenic Gαo; dietary zinc salt supplementation improves lifespan and motoric function in a Drosophila disease model. Using biochemical, animal, and first-in-human studies, we provide support for the patient stratification and application of zinc acetate in GNAO1-associated disorders. We show that 16 different pathogenic missense variants cluster in three distinct groups in their responsiveness to Zn2+, and we provide the safety study in a mouse disease model. We further describe treatment of a 3-year-old patient with the common pathogenic GNAO1 variant c607G>A, p.Gly203Arg with oral 50mg zinc (in the form of zinc acetate) daily, as applied in Wilson's disease. During 11months of treatment, the patient shows cessation of daily dyskinetic crises, improved Burke-Fahn Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale movement score, reduction in epileptic seizures, and an excellent safety profile. Our findings warrant a large-scale clinical trial and might set the new standard of care for GNAO1-related disorders. This work was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (grant #21-15-00138) and GNAO1 España.

К ВОПРОСУ О ПРОФИЛАКТИКЕ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ДЕСТРУКТИВНОЙ ИДЕОЛОГИИ, ПОСЯГАЮЩЕЙ НА ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ РОССИЙСКИЕ ДУХОВНО-НРАВСТВЕННЫЕ ЦЕННОСТИ

The article provides a brief analysis of the concept of ideology, destructive ideology, including the ideology of extremism. The opinions of Russian scientists, including the author's, on the role of the Internet in spreading destructive ideology are presented, including certain ways to combat the ideol-ogy of extremism through virtual space. The risks contributing to the spread of destructive ideology both from outside and inside the state are identified. The most priority goals and objectives on the part of the state have been identified, correcting the policy of countering extremism in connection with the tragic events at Crocus City Hall, as well as during the Special Military Operation.

Management of professional stress of personnel at the organizational level

The problem of timely prevention of occupational stress is relevant for most organizations. In the article, the authors consider the problem of improving the methods of stress management of the organization of the service sector in order to prevent organizational and psychosocial risks (stress factors) in modern socio-economic conditions. The purpose of this study is to form organizational and socio–psychological recommendations for the prevention of occupational stress and professional burnout syndrome of personnel of service organizations. The study analyzes scientific publications of Russian scientists on the problem of improving stress management methods at the level of an employee’s personality and at the level of an organization. Based on the method of expert assessments, the organizational and psychosocial stress factors of the organization’s personnel are determined. Based on the MAI method, the most significant organizational and socio-psychological recommendations for improving methods of preventing occupational stress have been identified. A mathematical model has been developed for predicting the impact of occupational stress on the employee satisfaction index of a service sector organization.

Civilization Approach in Economic Researches

The proposed article presents the author’s view on how the civilizational approach to the analysis of economic processes developed and what it consisted of in various predominantly Russian-language literary sources of the 19th century. The author recognizes that the volume of sources containing evidence of such an approach is immense, so he focuses on those that he considers the most important and indicative for assessing the contribution of Russian science to the development of such a methodology of economic analysis, as well as the modern concept of human economy, to which some of the author’s earlier works were devoted. In the author’s opinion, the civilization approach already at the early stages of economic research helped to bring out non-material, cultural-psychological and moral aspects of economic behavior and formation of economic institutions. Most studies of the impact of civilizational development on the economy demonstrate a certain one-directionality, that is, they are built in the logic of a hierarchical world order: civilized nations are at the top of the pyramid of development, and uncivilized, barbaric nations are located somewhere at its base. The civilizational approach allows us to abandon the “economism”, which has become a template, based on the exclusive recognition of the primacy of material factors of social development. In addition, in the author’s opinion, there is an opportunity to raise the question of the correctness of the multipolarity concept, which can no longer describe in detail the formation of a new world order. The civilizational approach gives a chance to assess the processes of globalization and fragmentation in a new way, not as antagonistic processes, but as mutually conditioned. In general, the future development of a multi-civilizational world order and its conflict-free nature will be largely determined by the willingness of representatives of primarily Western civilization to recognize the need to gradually abandon the paradigm of universality of social development conditions in favor of manners identity paradigm, uniqueness of economic structure and behavior, and the importance of identity for economic development.

ТЕСТОВЫЙ КОНТРОЛЬ ТОПЛИВНЫХ НАСОСОВ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ АВТОТРАКТОРНОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

The article presents the results of a study of the energy balance when the technical condition of the fuel pump of agricultural machines changes. Over 30% of internal combustion engine failures occur in the fuel system. Timely diagnostics, repairs and maintenance work (the latter is often not provided for or not performed) of electric fuel pumps can increase the service life and service life. Calculation of the energy balance is a prerequisite for developing a new or upgrading an existing method for diagnosing a fuel pump. The importance of using current strength as a diagnostic parameter (when determining the technical condition) of the pump in the mode of creating maximum pressure in the fuel system is emphasized. Based on the research results, an additional diagnostic parameter can be the rate of increase in the pump supply current. Research has shown that with an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the fuel system by 90%, the average rate of current increase was 7.6 A/s. When the hydraulic resistance of the fuel supply system decreased by less than 10%, the average rate of current increase was 19.2 A/s. Current is a sensitive parameter that increases or decreases depending on the level of increase in hydraulic resistance or leaks in the fuel system. The pump power expended on hydraulic losses did not change significantly due to the constant value of the pump operating voltage. The ideas (methods, techniques) developed in the article are in good agreement with the issues of modeling processes in hydrodynamic tribocouplings of high-pressure fuel pumps, in particular for Common Rail systems. The research was carried out at the expense of the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-29-10042, Topic: Numerical modeling of processes in hydrodynamic tribocouplings of high-pressure fuel pumps for advanced high-pressure diesel engines https://rscf.ru/project/23-29-10042/.”

The concept of fixed-dose combination drugs in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Position paper of the Russian Society of Cardiology, the Russian Society for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, the Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine, the Russian Association of Endocrinologists, the Association of Clinical Pharmacologists, the Eurasian Association of Internal Medicine, the Russian Association of Gerontologists

The paper describes the position of of the Russian Society of Cardiology, the Russian Society for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases, the Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine, the Russian Association of Endocrinologists, the Association of Clinical Pharmacologists, the Eurasian Association of Internal Medicine, the Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians on the most important and controversial issues of the use of fixed-dose combination drugs in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Study of one-step and two-step neutron transfer in the reaction 6Li + 9Be* *Supported by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP19677087) and by the Russian Science Foundation (24-22-00117)

This paper presents the results of experiments conducted to measure the cross-sections for elastic scattering and nucleon transfer channels in the 6Li+9Be reaction at an incident energy of 68 MeV: 9Be(6Li,6Li)9Be, 9Be(6Li,7Li)8Be, 9Be(6Li,7Li)8Be2+, 9Be(6Li,8Li)7Be, and 9Be(6Li,7Be)8Li. The objective of the study is to elucidate the manifestation of the cluster structure of 9Be. Theoretical analysis of the contributions of the one-step and two-step neutron transfer mechanisms is performed using the distorted wave Born approximation method with the Fresco code. Good agreement between the calculations and the experimental data is obtained for the channels of elastic scattering 9Be(6Li,6Li)9Be, neutron 9Be(6Li,7Li)8Be, and proton transfer 9Be(6Li,7Be)8Li, as well as for the transfer of two neutrons 9Be(6Li,8Li)7Be. The dineutron cluster transfer mechanism makes a dominant contribution to the 9Be(6Li,8Li)7Be reaction channel at forward angles.

ВОССОЗДАНИЕ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ КРИМИНОЛОГИИ И ЕЕ СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ

The article presents a general overview of the achievements and omissions of the modern Russian science of criminology. The milestone is marked from which the reconstruction of this science begins in the 50s of the last century, in connection with which the scientific work of A.B. Sakharov, I.I. Karpets, A.A. Herzenzon, V.N. Kudryavtsev and other researchers who recreated Russian criminological science is analyzed. Currently, there is a decrease in activity in cognition of criminological phenomena, imperfection of methods for collecting empirical information, insufficient use of achievements of other sciences.

The dialogue of theology and law in russian science and education

Theology in Russian education is increasingly strengthening its position, claiming interdisciplinary status. Such areas as theological anthropology, theological psychology, legal and political theology, etc. are being developed. The spread of theology in secular universities of the country faces a number of difficulties related to the specifics of integrating secular and religious education and science. A special point of intersection is the dialogue of law and theology on the basis of secular universities. The author of the article analyzes the possibility and relevance at the present stage of the transition from the historical dialogue of these two main regulators of public life and types of knowledge to the development and implementation of specific educational programs for training lawyers and jurists based not only on legal but also theological knowledge, taking into account the current political and legal situation in Russia and the world. It is especially important to take into account the specifics of the Russian Orthodox culture with its rich experience of spiritual and educational practice and positive foreign experience of integrating theology and law in the educational system.

Discoverers of Siberian oil and gas: from Raul-Yuri G. Ervier to Farman K. Salmanov. Sabit A. Orudzhev, Igor S. Gramberg and others — discoverers of gas and oil in the arctic shelf

The work perpetuates the names of scientists and discoverers of hydrocarbon deposits who have contributed to the development of the oil and gas industry. These figures are the finest examples of service to the Motherland, Society, and Science. The article is based on the results of a report at the plenary section of the international scientific conference entitled “Formation and development of the oil and gas industry — the contribution of Russian and Azerbaijani scientists and specialists”.

Актуальные проблемы исследования философии Н.Н. Страхова (материалы «круглого стола»)

In 2023, we celebrated 195 years since the birth of the Russian philosopher, lite­rary critic, publicist, and translator Nikolay Nikolayevich Strakhov (1828–1896). As part of the international scientific conference “XII Readings in Memory of N.N. Strakhov. The Legacy of N.N. Strakhov in Interdisciplinary Contexts: Philosophy, Anthropology, Science” (Herzen State Pedagogical University of Rus­sia, National Research University “BelSU”, October 26 – November 1, 2023), initiated by the participants of the project supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 23-28-01844 “Archive of the N.N. Strakhov Era: Exi­stential Contexts and Interdisciplinary Intersections”, a round table discussion on “Current Problems of Contemporary Strakhov Studies” was held. This event was dedicated to the memory of the writer, translator, and researcher of N.N. Strakhov’s works and his milieu, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sci­ences N.P. Ilyin (1947–2023), and the renowned philologist, specialist in the study and publication of the works of V.V. Rozanov and his era, Doctor of Philological Sciences A.N. Nikolyukin (1928–2023). The participants in the discussion, lead­ing specialists in the history of Russian philosophy, reflected on the signifi­cance of the philosophical and scientific-humanitarian research and publications of N.P. Ilyin and A.N. Nikolyukin, and outlined future directions for studying N.N. Strakhov’s works in the context of contemporary problems of epistemology and the methodology of science, the history of philosophy and cultural philoso­phy, philosophical anthropology, and pedagogy

Философия поэзии: проблемы изучения (обзор материалов «круглого стола»)

On October 24, 2023, as part of the scientific project of the A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Literature through Philosophical Prism: the History of Russian Lyrics in V. Solovyov’s Aesthetics”, supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF, project No. 23-28-00800), with the participation of the Moscow State Budgetary Institution of Culture “‘A.F. Losev House’ – Research Library and Memorial Museum” and with informational support from the journal “Voprosy Filosofii”, an International Round Table “Philosophy of Poetry: Problems of Study” was held. During the round table, the following groups of questions were discussed: 1) How do literature and philosophy interact in Russian lyric poetry from the late 18th to the early 20th century, and what are the connections between philosophical ideas reflected in contemporary philosophical concepts prevalent in the intellectual environment? How was poetry perceived and interpreted by Russian philosophers (Vl. Solovyov, N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, A.F. Losev, S.L. Frank, and others), and what are the forms of influence of their philosophical-aesthetic systems on poetic creativity, including through literary criticism? 2) What are the theore­tical foundations and chronological boundaries of the existence of “philosophical poetry”? What are the similarities and differences between “philosophical poetry” and “poetry of thought”? What is the relevance and what are the epistemological possibilities of poetic anthropology, ontology, and gnoseology? 3) What are the mechanisms for generating philosophically rich symbols and mythologems in poetry? What are the teleological foundations of artistic rhythm? What function do the spatial-temporal coordinates that form the artistic world of lyric poetry serve?

Professor Ivan Ivanovich Neiding: Touches to the portrait

2024 marks the 120th anniversary of the death of Ivan Ivanovich Neiding, a prominent Russian forensic scientist and professor of the medical faculty of Imperial Moscow University. The formative years of forensic medicine in Russia are inextricably linked to natural development and success in medical science. An analysis of the history of the forensic medical service also showed its close connection with the law and the needs of judicial investigative institutions. This interaction revealed the nature of scientific research and the practical orientation of forensic medical examination. I.I. Neiding has made significant contributions to the development of Russian forensic medical science and practice and was one of the best representatives of the faculty of Moscow University at the end of the XIX century. His name is associated with the period of brilliant scientific flourishing of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine. During his 22 years as head of the department, I.I. Neiding had done a lot to ensure that the teaching of forensic medicine meets the ever-increasing practical demands. The creative path of this scientist can be an example for young specialists in the field of forensic medicine. His image was recreated based on the memoirs of his contemporaries and speeches. The article provides information about the life and work of I.I. Neiding. The memoirs of this scientist’s contemporaries and views on forensic medicine are presented. This study has not only cognitive significance but also carries the idea of educating young professionals. Among others, I.I. Neiding makes up the color of Russian medicine and pedagogy. Many of the provisions of I.I. Neiding’s research have not lost their relevance even today.

Cultural Memory as Selection of the Past: Practices of Oblivion the Study is Conducted Through the Grant of the Russian Science Foundation (RNF) № 23-28-00698

The article examines the role of oblivion in the phenomenon of cultural memory. An analysis is given of oblivion as a sociocultural practice that can “reconcile” different cultural narratives regarding traumatic events from the country’s past. A theoretical understanding is given to the problem of cultural memory as a selection of the past through oblivion, as one of the ways for transforming cultural memory. The types of oblivion in the context of drastic social transformations of society are highlighted using the example of the Chechen Republic. The authors come to the conclusion that in conditions of fragmentation of the political and cultural space, such a path is an important condition for social stabilization through the creation of a common cultural metanarrative. An institution such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission can serve as a mechanism for eliminating from memory traumatic experiences that threaten to separate the carriers of different narratives.

Approaches of Russian scientists in the study of issues of self-awareness

Approaches of Russian scientists in the study of issues of self-awareness

Comparative analysis of the efficiency and ergonomics of wired and wireless ultrasound systems

The form factor of an ultrasound device with a wireless sensor has become firmly established in the standards for equipping medical institutions in recent years. In the Russian science literature there is a limited number of works on the practical application of such systems and a description of their advantages and disadvantages. It is important to evaluate the capabilities of a wireless ultrasound device in diagnosing urgent conditions.Purpose of the study: to compare the effectiveness, advantages and ease of use of wireless ultrasound diagnostic sensors in relation to stationary devices. A comparative analysis of the wireless ultrasonic sensor "Uprobe-C5PL" (Sonostar, China) with stationary devices "DC-70" (Mindray, China), "CX-50" (Philips, Netherlands), "Logic E9" (GE, USA). A total of 40 patients were studied. The comparison was carried out based on the following characteristics: comparison of measured organ sizes, identification of pathological conditions, consistency of results between several medical experts, ergonomic characteristics and ease of use.Results: there was no statistically significant differences (Mann– Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction, p > 0.05) and a strong correlation (r = 0.99; p < 0.01) between the measured values of organ sizes and pathological structures. The wireless sensor showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity – 91.7% and accuracy – 97.5% in detecting free fluid in the main cavities. A high agreement of results between expert was revealed (Kappa-Cohen coefficient, K = 0.836).Conclusion. The wireless ultra-sound sensor is not inferior to stationary devices in identifying free fluid and other pathological conditions within the framework of urgent studies. At the same time, the wireless form factor increases ease of use in confined spaces due to the mobility of the diagnostician and the autonomy of the device. When routinely examining a large number of patients, a wireless sensor is less convenient and informative than high-end devices.

On the Results of the VIII Сongress of the Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeders

The International Congress "VIII Congress of the Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeders dedicated to the 300th anniversary of Russian science and higher education" was held in Saratov, June 14-19, 2024. The Congress program comprised 20 symposia, four round tables and the III Forum “Genetic Resources of Russia”. More than 700 researchers from Russia and friendly foreign countries took part in the Congress. As part of the scientific program of the Congress, about 300 oral and 400 poster presentations were made. The Congress events provided a platform for a comprehensive discussion of the results of current research in the fields of genetics, breeding and biotechnology, bioinformatics and systems biology, medical genetics, symbiogenetics, ecological and evolutionary genetics. The issues of bioethics, legal and social aspects of genetic and genomic research, and interaction between science and the business community were raised. Particular attention was given to questions of the history of genetics. The VIII Congress of Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeders (VOGIS) was held in a historical place, firmly associated with the name of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, who formulated the law of homologous series in variation, described the Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants and assembled one of the largest biological collections in the world. The Congress welcomed the adoption in the first reading of the law "On bioresource centers and biological (bioresource) collections" by the State Duma of the Russian Federation on 18.06.2024 and emphasized the importance of its final adoption and entry into force, noting that biological collections are the fundamental basis of scientific and technological chains, and their preservation, development, study and use are an important factor in the successful implementation of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation. The Congress discussed issues of education in the spheres of genetics, biotechnology and breeding in the Russian Federation, and also listened to and approved the Concept for the Development of Biological Education, aimed at implementing the goals of the Russian Federation through 2030 and for the future until 2036.

The concept of “spectacularity” in the context of cultural concepts

In our imagination the concept of “spectacularity” is associated with images of a fair, a bright, exciting, cheerful carnival with laughter, joy, bright colors, and mirror refl ections. Certainly, “spectacularity” is not only about positive impressions: it can also be shocking or frightening, as evidenced by the Latin word “specter” (from the Latin “spectrum” — “vision”), meaning “apparition”, “ghost”, which again is one of the synonyms of Russian “spectacularity”. The phenomena of spectacle and spectacularity can be considered as phenomena of society and culture. The article shows approaches to the analysis of the concept of “spectacularity”, which are presented in the cultural and philosophical works of Russian and foreign scientists: M.M. Bakhtin, J. Ortega y Gasset, A.I. Mazaev, N.A. Khrenov, E.V. Salnikova and others. It is revealed that in developing these concepts, the authors rely on an analysis of traditions and rituals associated with festive culture. Often, through the holiday/ mundanity dichotomy, the authors identify the essential characteristics of concepts. Elite and profane, “low” and “high” — these are the characteristics that are used when talking about mass and elite culture. The materials of the article can be used within the disciplines “History of Culture”, “History of Art” and “Aesthetics”