Russian Rule Research Articles

Monachophobia in Russia: Peter the Great and His Influence

The reforms of Russian Tsar Peter I (1682–1725) touched all spheres of life, including the Church. The purpose of this paper is to bring into focus his approach to the reform of monasticism. It reflects on Peter’s personal remarks as reported both by his Russian and his foreign interlocutors, his legislation, including law drafts, and practical measures such as the All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod. The principal conclusion is that it was this Russian ruler who was the first to call into question the very existence of monasticism and who came close to the ultimate dissolution of monasteries. He did not abolish monasticism not because it was a too radical step but because he devised measures of reform to raise its standards and improve its public utility. His treatment of the monastic tradition should be interpretated not as secularization but rather as modernization. Peter’s personal “monachophobia” is best understood as a modernizing impulse. His objective was the creation of a “modern” state whose Church and clergy represented contemporary values. Traditional, unreformed monasticism presented an obstacle in his progress towards this goal. The legacy of Peter’s policy was an increasing monachophobia in Russia apparent from the 18th century onwards.

Two Jubilees of Warsaw Lutherans, 1881 and 1931

The Lutheran minority in Warsaw celebrated the 100th anniversary of its magnificent classicist church in 1881, under Russian rule, when the parish was predominantly culturally German; and the 150th anniversary in 1931/2, during the Second Polish Republic, when the clergy were to a large extent Polish-speaking. This article compares these two jubilees to show acts of commemoration as a tool, steering religious bonds and social identification, whether or not consciously. It highlights the social, ‘terrestrial’ aspects of the functioning of confessional minorities, showing how the community was constantly reinvented through common memory.

Fashion and Politics, The Politics of Fashion: Józef Simmler’s Portrait of Emilia Włodkowska, Society Portrait and Haute Couture

The article proposes an analytical approach tuned to 19th-century society portraiture and tests it on Józef Simmler’s Portrait of Emilia Włodkowska (1865, National Museum in Warsaw). The pictured ball gown was likely by Worth and presented as being worn in Paris rather than in Warsaw to respect the politically-motivated Polish national mourning (1861–1866), culminating during the January Uprising (1863–1864) against Russian rule, that precluded organizing and attending balls at home. The portrait was an act of public performance—and indeed it was publicly exhibited at the artist’s posthumous exhibition in Warsaw in 1868. Its staging and costuming reflected the sitter’s particular agenda fine-tuned to multifarious current contexts: she promoted her Warsaw fashion house and herself as a respectable society lady and competent agent of French fashion in the period of political turmoil and resultant expectations concerning Polish women’s dress and conduct. The portrait showcases Simmler’s juste milieu approach and illustrates a very current shift in the fashionable female silhouette, advocated by Worth, while referencing the dress and artistic tradition of the 17th and 18th centuries and drawing inspiration from the new medium of photography.

Financial Support of the Kazakhs to Türkiye in the First World War

The First World War significantly influenced the destinies of numerous peoples, nations, empires, and states throughout human history. The Ottoman Empire emerged as a major participant in this global conflict, engaging on multiple fronts against the Entente States. During the war, Türkiye conducted various political, military, intelligence, and espionage activities. Among these, the Ottoman Empire incited Muslim populations in the East to join in a religious war against the Entente States. Notably, religious and propaganda efforts were undertaken in Turkestan as part of the Pan-Islamist ideology among the Turkic-Muslim peoples under Russian rule. Conversely, the Turkic-Muslim peoples of Turkestan provided various forms of support to the Turks, including financial assistance from the Kazakhs. This study aims to examine the financial aid extended by the Kazakhs to the Turks during the war, conducting a historical analysis of the reasons, development, and outcomes of this support. The analysis delves into the motivations behind Kazakh financial aid to the Turks, its evolution over time, and its impact on the war effort. By exploring these aspects, we gain insights into the complex dynamics of support networks during the First World War.

Landscaping as an object of administrative and legal protection in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century

The object of the study is the improvement of urban space in the prism of its administrative and legal protection by the state. The subject of the study is the changes in the content of the term "landscaping" during the eighteenth century. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the jurisdiction of the supervisory function for offenses in the field of landscaping, as well as the varieties of these violations themselves. The analysis of normative legal acts issued by the Russian rulers makes it possible to determine which elements of public life they included in the concept of landscaping, which persons were responsible for the execution and control of compliance with established requirements. Approaches to the organization of landscaping in the capital and provincial cities of the Russian Empire are being studied. The author examines the continuity in the organization of urban planning and landscaping activities during the XVIII century. Both general scientific and special scientific research methods were used in the preparation of the work. Among the general scientific methods, analysis and synthesis were most widely used. Among the special scientific methods, the historical and legal method is of key importance, since the subject of the study involves the study of historical documents published in the Russian Empire in the XVIII century. The main conclusions of the study are the provisions that it was in the XVIII century that the origin and formation of landscaping as an object of administrative and legal protection took place. Started as a struggle with the population who did not want to accept the new realities of urban life, landscaping activities were gradually transformed into an obligatory element of the implementation of state government on an equal footing with the administration of justice and tax collection. The novelty of the research lies in looking at the history of the development of the Russian state in the XVIII century through the prism of urban amenities. With the modernization of Russian society, the cities in which this community lived changed at the same time. A sharp increase in the population led to the emergence of new and aggravation of existing problems. Epidemics and fires in densely populated cities had much more devastating consequences, therefore, in order to prevent them, it was necessary to bring urban amenities to a new level.

Prostitution in the Account of Joseph (Józef) Feliks Zieliński in Exile in France in 1832

Abstract The aim of the article is to present the issue of entertainment in the account of the Polish military and independence activist Józef Feliks Zieliński, from his first months in exile in France in 1832. He was one of the tens of thousands of Polish refugees (the Great Emigration) who, after the collapse of the Independence Uprising (1830–1831) (aimed at freeing the Kingdom of Poland from Russian rule), left their native country. A few thousand came to France, where they received money in the first few months. His observations are unique and of great value to a historian studying everyday life in exile in France. Compared to other diaries of the insurgents, they are distinguished by the description of intimate life. He presented the taboo subject of the use of prostitutes by representatives of the Great Emigration.

Проблемы частноправовой ответственности за недостоверность заверения об обстоятельствах в сделках M&A энергетических компаний в российском и английском праве

This article discusses the peculiarities of the institution of representations as a means of protecting a bona fide party in M&A (mergers and acquisitions) transactions of energy companies under Russian and English civil law. Special attention is also paid to the issue of terminological consistency and the nature of M&A transactions. The relevance of the topic is due to the rising number of M&A transactions in the energy sector, the tendency to the increasing importance of state participation in managing such companies, and the resulting need to provide legal protection for a bona fide party to the transaction. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of legal doctrine development in this area and the feasibility of using existing rules of both Russian and English law in energy company mergers and acquisitions. After analyzing various statutory acts and both foreign and domestic scientific literature, it can be concluded that the mentioned institution is novel to the legal system of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to improve the legal doctrine, use the principle of freedom of contract, and establish liability in specific contractual obligations. Additionally, the author suggests elaborating on the consequences of recognizing a reorganization (M&A transaction) as failed (invalid) due to false representations by one of the parties involved at the statutory level.

History of appeal of notarial deeds or refusal to perform them in court in Ukraine (late 18th - early 20th centuries)

The article is devoted to judicial control over notarial activities during the times of Austrian and Russian rule on Ukrainian lands (end of the 18th - beginning of the 20th century).
 It is noted that the 19th century is a significant period for the domestic notary, since it is at this time that it is formed as an independent institution in the system of law enforcement agencies. Two types of notaries were built on Ukrainian lands as part of the Austrian and Russian empires: Latin and state. As a result, the author conducts a comparative legal study of the mechanism of challenging notarial actions or refusal to perform them in court in different types of notary offices that were built in Ukraine at that time.
 It is claimed that the Russian notarial legislation was based on the Austrian one, in particular the Austrian Notarial Order of 1855 was laid as the basis of the Russian Regulation on the Notarial Part of 1866.
 It is concluded that it was not possible to build a Latin-type notary in Russia due to the lack of civil society and the prerequisites for its formation, as well as the desire of the state to put notary bodies under its control.
 On the other hand, the mechanism of judicial control over the activities of notaries in the two empires was similar. A notary public could be subject to civil, criminal and disciplinary liability for failure to fulfill his duties. It was within the framework of the latter that the institution of judicial appeal of notarial acts or refusal to perform them developed. Disciplinary proceedings carried out by the courts (in Austria also by the notary chamber as a notary self-governing body) regarding the consideration of such complaints were carried out outside the civil process, but it was possible to file claims to challenge the legal force of notarial acts under the rules of civil procedure. This was allowed by both the Russian Statute of Civil Procedure of 1864 and the Austrian Civil Procedure Code of 1895.

How the Information Warfare Turns Into Full-Scale Military Agression: the Experience of Ukraine

The article analyzes the main ideological components and tools of Russia’s information, hybrid and full-scale war against Ukraine. Since the time of Ivan III, Russia has implemented the model of eastern despotism, which claims a special historical mission (“Moscow as the third Rome”). This model involves imperialism, absolutism, anti-democracy, disregard for human rights and the rights of nations. Throughout its history (Moscow Princedom – Russian Empire – Soviet Union – Russian Federation), the external forms of this model changed, but its essence remained unaltered, which is why it was always hostile to European values.
 From the middle of the 17th century, when Ukrainian lands came under Russian control, it did everything to spread this model to them. To this end, it has taken such actions as rewriting history, banning the Ukrainian language and culture, destroying ethnic self-awareness, as well as repression and genocide against the Ukrainian people. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality.
 With the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), Ukraine got the opportunity to build its statehood on the values of freedom and democracy, and realized itself as a full-fledged member of the European family. Russia perceived Ukraine’s independence as a threat to its mission and moved to an ideological war against Ukraine. All methods of propaganda were employed, including distortion of facts, creation and mass distribution of pseudo-historical narratives, fakes, manipulations and outright lies. During the rule of Vladimir Putin, the doctrine of “Russkiy mir” (“Russian world”) was developed as a neo-imperial myth, and the Ukrainian state was viewed as a historical mistake that had to be corrected through new colonization. When during the Revolution of Dignity (2014) Ukrainians removed a corrupt pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych from power, Russia resorted to the hybrid war during which it annexed Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Although the civilized world did not recognize the Russian annexation, its reaction was too restrained. This gave Putin hope that the world’s response to further aggression would also be weak, and therefore on February 24, 2022, he ordered the full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
 The Russian ruler underestimated the will of Ukrainians to fight for their freedom, lives, and European ideals. Putin and his henchmen also underestimated the harsh reaction of the civilized world to Russian barbarism. An unpleasant surprise for them was the unprecedented military and financial aid that the West provides to Ukraine. Russian propaganda cannot hide from the world the terrible war crimes and offences against humanity committed by the Russian military. This war is not just a war between two states – it is a war between medieval barbarism and civilization. Ukraine’s victory determines not only the fate of Ukraine, but also the entire world order.

Realpolitik vs. Messianism in Russian Foreign Policy

Contrary to the prevailing view, messianic thinking has not driven Russian expansionism. Russian rulers have rather been guided by realpolitik in a search for security through the creation of strategic depth. When messianic thinking has infected Russian conduct abroad it generally has led to humiliating setbacks. In recent years, Russian President Vladimir Putin has abandoned realpolitik for messianic thinking. Such thinking lay behind his decision to invade Ukraine. It informs his escalating conflict with the West. And it will likely produce no better results for Russia than messianic thinking has in the past. This article is a slightly edited excerpt from the author’s new book, Getting Russia Right.

Image of the Russian Tsar Peter in the works by Strindberg and other Scandinavian fin de siècle writers

The article deals with the image and the characterization of Russia’s tsar Peter the Great in a number of texts by some prominent Scandinavian writers from the turn of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The main focus is though on a short story “The Great” (English transl. “The Great Czar”) from the collection “Historical Miniatures” (1905) by August Strindberg. Surprisingly enough this text proofs to be an example of a highly apologetic narration of the famous Russian ruler and his doings. In the analysis suggested the reception of Peter is set against the background of Strindberg’s complicated relation to Peter’s foe Carl XII of Sweden, as well as to the Swedish writer’s self-perception within the contemporary literary circles. Moreover, “The Great” proves to be a manifestation of a providential view of history proclaimed by the author. In contrast to Strindberg his fellow nationals Selma Lagerlöf and Verner von Heidenstam suggest a much less complimentary interpretation of both tsar Peter and the time of his rule. On the other hand, the Danish Georg Brandes and Norway’s Knut Hamsun express quite acclamatory, though in the case of Hamsun vaguely based, views of Peter I. This lets us to conclude that the depiction of the monarch by the authors mentioned tells us more about themselves than about the tsar in question.

Discussion Of Armenian National-Political Problems In The Periodical “The Fight” (1897-1901)

In 1887 the theoreticians of the Hunchakyan party, which was founded in Geneva, unlike other parties, believed that after the liberation of the Armenian people from Turkish and then Russian rule, a socialist social order should be established in democratic Armenia. Going ahead of the natural development of events, Hunchakyans were engaged in propaganda of socialism in Western Armenia in the late 1880s - early 1890s.

Service in the Periphery of the Romanov Empire: Exile or Springboard for Customs Officials of the Administrative Authorities of Czarist Russia in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries?

Peter I, ruler of Russia, is regarded as the father of the modern administrative apparatus created in order to effectively administer the empire. The then introduced system of personnel selection and promotions became an inherent part of the practice applied during the reign of successive Romanovs until the end of the functioning of absolute rule in Russia. On the basis of preserved source materials of government origin, the fact of the service of customs officials on the borders of the empire was analyzed, as was its influence on appointments to positions within the central administrative authorities that managed the customs revenues of the Romanov Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries. For some officials, the necessity of serving on the borders of the empire was only a stage in their civil service career, which ultimately ended in the offices operating in the capital city of St. Petersburg. However, many failed to find employment in the capital, pursuing their careers on the borders of the vast Romanov Empire.

Current issues of ensuring road safety and enforcement of administrative penalties for violation of road traffic rules in Russia

The article studies topical issues related to ensuring road safety in cases regulated by part 2 of article 12.8 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences (CAO RF). The author suggests possible ways to optimize the content of the legal norm in order to solve controversial issues in the modern Russian legislation on administrative offences and improve the quality of proceedings on cases of administrative offences. Actual legal problems of execution of punishments in cases of violations of traffic rules, in particular execution of administrative punishments in Russia have been studied.

A Comparative Analysis of OIML Documents and Russian Rules on the Use of Reference Materials

The article analyzes the compliance of Russian legal documents with the Recommendations of the International Organization of Legal Metrology regarding the use of reference materials in the fields covered by the state control and supervision. The problem of ensuring the quality of measurement results is relevant for each laboratory, performing measurements in any fields of activity. In addition to a reliable and proven measurement method, a decisive role in obtaining comparable results is played by reference materials. In order to ensure the traceability of measurements, a reference material must be certified. Certified reference materials are obligatory for the state metrological control and supervision of the quality and safety of food and pharmaceutical products, quality of measurements in clinical laboratories, environmental safety, etc. Considering the important role of reference materials in the process of ensuring the uniformity of measurements in analytical laboratories, this study can contribute to the promotion of ideas for improving the Russian legislative framework in the relevant area.

Развитие института отбывания наказания в виде лишения свободы на территории белорусских земель в XVIII веке

The article systematically examines the development of the institution of serving a sentence of imprisonment on the territory of the Belarusian lands in the XVIII century. Due to the fact that the Belarusian lands of this period were part of both the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire, the influence of the two legal systems of these states on the development of this institution is noted. The attention is focused on the fact that the main normative legal acts regulating the development of the institution of serving a sentence of imprisonment on the territory of the Belarusian lands at that time should be recognized as the statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian and Zheimot of 1588, the Cathedral Code of 1649, the Military Article of 1715 and the manifesto "Institutions for the administration of provinces" dated November 7, 1775. Expanding the influence of Russian law, including criminal law (and its constituent penal enforcement rights), on the territory of the Belarusian lands occurred according to the rule of "soft influence", enshrined in various decrees and charters of the Russian rulers. It is concluded that the institution of serving a sentence in the form of imprisonment in the Belarusian territories began to develop actively both legally and organizationally only under the influence of a more systematic Russian criminal law in the last quarter of the XVIII century, in connection with the three sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the annexation of all Belarusian lands to the Russian Empire since 1795.

Military and Political Agitation of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Ivan Terrible (Materials of Various Literary Monuments of Livonian War Era)

The Livonian War led to an increase in the number of anti-Moscow works in Europe. Western authors closely followed Russia’s successes and failures in the struggle for the redistribution of the Baltic states. The main target of criticism in propaganda texts was Ivan the Terrible, who was portrayed as an enemy of Europe, equal in power to the Turkish sultan. This article analyzes the features of the anti-Russian information campaign based on various genres of texts published in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The study of the statistical aspect of the circulation of pamphlets showed that during the later stages of the war, Polish-Lithuanian typographers significantly influenced the formation of the news field in Europe. The examined works of minor literary forms demonstrated that the description of the confrontation between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia was presented in the context of a defensive war. Due to the noticeable increase in the number of propaganda texts during the reign of Stefan Batory, it was concluded that the Polish king played a primary role in the information campaign to discredit Russia. Batory understood the power of printed propaganda and invested numerous resources in tarnishing the image of the Russian ruler. As a result, by the end of the war, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth managed to have a significant influence on the emerging negative image of Russia and its ruler in Europe.

:Imperial Russian Rule in the Kingdom of Poland, 1864–1915

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PROSES HUKUM TERHADAP PRESIDEN PUTIN ATAS DUGAAN KEJAHATAN PERANG DALAM AGRESI RUSIA KE UKRAINA

The world was shocked by the issuance of an arrest warrant against Russian President Vladimir Putin by the International Criminal Court (ICC). The arrest warrant was issued on charges of war crimes in the form of the forced deportation of Ukrainian children during a special Russian military operation. The Kiev side reported that more than 16,000 children from Ukraine had been deported to Russia since the invasion began February 24, 2022. Many of them were allegedly placed in orphanages or adopted by Russian citizens. Furthermore, a warrant for Putin's arrest was issued a day after United Nations investigators condemned the forced transfer and deportation of Ukrainian children, seizing them from their parents, as war crimes. UN investigators said the parents of the "dispossessed" children disclosed that their children would later be placed in foster families or in orphanages under Russian rule. As head of state of Russia, Putin is held criminally responsible for war crimes committed by Russia against Ukraine. Specifically, deportation of minors. The Rome Statute of 1998 Article 8 paragraph (vii) states that the unlawful deportation or transfer of persons or unlawful confinement constitutes a war crime.

Образы русских в произведениях Базара Барадина

The aim of the study is to determine the specifics of the depiction of Russian characters in B. Baradin’s works. The study is novel in that it is the first to identify the entire spectrum of Russian characters in B. Baradin’s works, to propose their typology and establish the connection of these images with the historical and cultural context. As a result, it was determined that in B. Baradin’s works, there is a whole range of Russian characters, which can be divided into types, each of which is associated with the cultural and political context of the era. The first type of Russian images is a negative image of a Russian colonizer associated with the discourse of the Buryat national movement, which denounced the colonial policy of pre-revolutionary Russia in relation to the Buryat people. The second, opposite type is a positive image of a Russian who enters into constructive interaction with Buryats, offers them help, new knowledge and skills. A separate category consists of the images of Russian rulers – the image of Peter I in the play “The Great Shaman Sister”, which, on the one hand, continues the folklore tradition of glorifying the “White Tsar” and, on the other hand, hints at the prospects for positive cooperation between Buryat politicians and the new Russian government, and the image of Lenin in the poem “The Great Time”, which comes from the new Soviet historical narrative.