Russian Regions Research Articles

Evaluating eco- and human capital efficiency in Russian regions: insights from subjective well-being indicators in the context of geo-economic fragmentation

Evaluating eco- and human capital efficiency in Russian regions: insights from subjective well-being indicators in the context of geo-economic fragmentation

Investment Climate in Russian Regions: Dynamics and Clustering

Investment Climate in Russian Regions: Dynamics and Clustering

Информационно-коммуникационные технологии в процессе принятия политико-управленческих решений на региональном уровне: опыт Пермского края

Introduction: The 2010s started a modern stage of informatization in Russia, aimed at the consistent introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) into the activities of public authorities. Following the deployment of informatization processes at the federal level of government, ICT are being introduced into the regional public space. Objectives: to identify the peculiarities of ICT application in the system of public administration of a single Russian region taken individually, the Perm Territory being used as an example. Methods: case-study through applying the model of political-administrative cycle; interview method. Results: the following peculiarities of ICT application in the political and administrative process of the Perm Territory have been revealed: (1) informatization processes in the regional public administration system were launched in 2017 with the arrival of new Governor, M. G. Reshetnikov. This started public discussion of key laws in the field of digitalization of governance and training of sectoral leaders of digital transformation; (2) based on the results of the informatization processes, the representatives of the sectoral ministry identify two major needs: (a) to increase the number of competent personnel, including programmers and IT specialists, and (b) to increase in time for the development, launch and implementation of ICT products; (3) new organizational institutions in informatization of the management decision-making process were introduced; (4) one of the effects of ICT development in the sphere of regional governance was the creation of new channels for interaction between government and society; (5) custom regional automated information systems were introduced, which are used throughout the whole decision-making process. Conclusions: identifying the peculiarities of how ICT are used in public administration of a single Russian region taken separately is an attempt to outline a regional cross-section of informatization processes; it reveals the challenges facing subnational elites in the digitalization era, as well as their response, already formulated, to these challenges as ways to resolve problems. The options by the Perm Territory political team in decision-making can be used both in the perspective of scientific cross-regional comparative studies and in practice – as recommendations for the ICT development in the public administration system of other Russian regions.

Heterogeneity in the Transfer of the Key Rate to Retail Rates on Loans and Deposits Across Russian Regions

Heterogeneity in the Transfer of the Key Rate to Retail Rates on Loans and Deposits Across Russian Regions

МЕТОДЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ГОРОДСКИХ АВТОБУСОВ

The article is devoted to the renewal of the fleet of city passenger buses in the Russian regions within the framework of the adopted state strategies and programs. It considers the problems of national and economic importance associated with improving the reliability of buses and safety of their operation. The purpose of writing the paper is to publish proposals to improve the reliability of urban route buses. The scientific novelty consists in the formation of the list of requirements to the newly created machines on the basis of the analysis of the experimental operation of the city buses in St. Peters-burg, supplied within the framework of the implementation of the transport reform. The methods of buses reliability improvement at the stage of their design by means of application of traditional mathematical apparatus are proposed.

Niche and Unique Tourism Products as a Current Trend in the Development and Branding of Tourist Destinations in Russian Regions

Niche and Unique Tourism Products as a Current Trend in the Development and Branding of Tourist Destinations in Russian Regions

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТЫВА В УСЛОВИЯХ ТРЕНДА ГОСУДАРСТВА НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ТРАДИЦИОННЫХ ЦЕННОСТЕЙ

At times of significant change or challenge for modern states, interest in understanding the phenomenon of political culture gains topicality. In recent years, Russia has developed a regulatory framework in the field of cultural policy, particularly in the preservation and strengthening of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. Based on the case of an ethnic minority region, the Republic of Tuva, the authors assess the significance of traditional values for the development of the region that determine stable and sustainable development in the current political conditions. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between cultural traditions and the centuries-old features of the political culture of the Tuva population. The article aims at considering the specifics of the political culture of the Republic of Tuva as one of the Russian national regions with the possibility of using the existing practice in the formation of technologies for strengthening the foundations of traditional culture in the Russian regions. The article highlights that the modern political culture of Tuva is a synthesis of the features of a common culture of Tuvinians, which ultimately determines the sustainability of the implemented policies of the regional authorities and shows a high level of support for the federal authorities in strengthening Russian traditional values.

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ СТЕПЕНИ ПРОНИКНОВЕНИЯ СОТОВОЙ СВЯЗИ В РЕГИОНЫ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ НА ОСНОВЕ S-МОДЕЛЕЙ

The article examines the dynamics of the degree of penetration of cellular communications in the Russian Federation. In general, for Russia, federal districts, Moscow and St. Petersburg, based on official data from Rosstat, models were built that describe the time dependence of the number of active SIM cards per 1000 residents. It has been established that this dependence is best described by the Gompertz curve containing the asymptotic level of indicators. The reliability of the resulting models exceeds 97%. The revealed ratios indicate a significant difference in the provision of the population of federal districts with mobile communication services. The asymptotic level of the number of SIM cards per person for the Central Federal District is almost twice as high as for the North Caucasus. The results of the study confirm the presence of digital inequality in Russian regions, noted in works devoted to the analysis of the spread of information and communication technologies. Socio-economic differentiation, the large extent of the country, gaps in the level of education and digital literacy of the population are the causes of digital inequality. And this, in turn, leads to a decrease in economic efficiency. The existence of an asymptotic level and a slowdown in the growth rate do not give reason to assume that the gap in the provision of cellular communication services will be eliminated.

Арктические регионы России в межрегиональных миграционных связях

To understand current and predict future migration, it is necessary to consider historical trends in migration connectivity of important Arctic regions with other constituent entities of Russia. The article aims to examine migration links between the Arctic and other regions using data from the All-Russian population censuses and statistics on interregional migration of the Federal State Statistics Service for 2007–2010 and 2017–2021. The conducted analysis revealed a decrease in migration mobility of the population, especially in the Russian Arctic. Eight out of nine Arctic regions are characterised by a negative net migration. To describe population localisation, a three-component model was proposed: centres of gravity, regions with independence of mutual localisation, and regions with normal localisation. This model is valid for all Russian regions; additionally, there is a direct connection between in – and out-migration. Analysis of the variation of localisation coefficients showed that migration flows from the Arctic regions have already formed, and incoming flows are more dynamic. The paper proposed a new approach to measuring the stability of migration flows over time based on assessing the coefficient of variation. The regions of the Russian Arctic were classified according to the stability of migration flows: regions with stable migration flows, with mobile migration flows and with unstable migration flows. Statistical analysis of such stability confirmed their stabilisation during the studied period. A hypothesis about the influence of the remoteness of regions on the stability of migration flows was tested, the dependence was observed only within 2 thousand kilometres between regional capitals. The findings present trends of lifelong and long-term migration between the Arctic and other Russian regions and outline the main strategic management directions in the field of interregional migration.

Неформальная занятость: влияет ли налоговый режим на профессиональный доход?

Informal employment is one of the most demanded economic issues in both developed and developing countries. The experiment on the introduction of a professional income tax, which started in Russia in 2019, had a certain positive impact on financial and economic indicators, including tax deductions. However, the question of the actual impact of the tax regime on the number of people employed in the informal sector is still open. The usual comparisons of statistical data do not allow us to speak unequivocally about the impact of a new tax regime on informal employment in Russia. The study purpose is to assess the impact of the professional income tax on the informal employment using econometric methods. One of the quantitative methods of policy assessment, the “difference-in-differences” method, was chosen as the main research method. The introduction of the regime in Russian regions at different times allows us to apply this method. Such estimates are not yet available in domestic works. The information base was Rosstat data on employment in the informal sector in the context of 82 regions for 2019–2020. A regression model with fixed effects was evaluated, taking into account the effects of time. The evaluation results showed that the tax introduction variable turned out to be statistically insignificant. Thus, we cannot say that it was the professional income tax that had a decreasing or increasing effect on the share of people employed in the informal sector. Data on the number of people employed in the informal sector in subsequent years are multidirectional, which indirectly also confirms the difficulty of an unambiguous answer to the question of the impact of the tax regime on employment in the informal sector, which includes the self-employed.

Региональные подходы к управлению агропредприятиями в контексте формирования национального продовольственного рынка Foodnet

Introduction: the authors summarized the positions of foreign and domestic researchers regarding the strategic management of the national food market for the production and consumption of agricultural products. Objectives: to analyze the transformation of the national food market and to identify trends in the further formation and development of the national Foodnet market in the context of digitalization and ensuring food security of the Russian regions. Methods: interviewing top management of leading participants in the Russian regional Foodnet market. Results: the study presents data on the cast value of the main segments of the global and national food markets. Three scenarios were identified that are likely to be implemented in the process of transformation of agricultural sector of the Russian regions. The research results demonstrate that key players in agriculture are focused on maintaining high autonomy in agriculture. Conclusions: the empirical study showed that the most important factors in the transformation of strategic management in the Foodnet sector, according to respondents, are the digitalization of agriculture, government policy, the macro- and microenvironment of the businesses in changing geopolitical situation and intensive shifts that have created a new reality of national food security.

Структурные сдвиги в занятости индустриального региона: к вопросу о повышении уровня жизни населения

Introduction. The labour market is the most important part of the economic system of the country and the region, while the ongoing changes reflect the current trends in economic development. There are many studies aimed at identifying cause-and-effect relationships that have led to a decline in the standard of living among population in the Russian regions, but only a few are focused on the analysis of employment as the main factor in the standard of living. The aim of the study is to assess the shifts in the employment structure of the region. To do this, the study analyses the dynamics of labour income and employment in the context of the sectoral structure of the economy in Chelyabinsk Region and the Russian Federation, refers to the shift-share analysis, identifies promising sectors of the economy in Chelyabinsk Region with the localization coefficient, and recommends scenarios of regional socio-economic policy with regard to the proposed typology of economic activities. Materials and Methods. The shift-share analysis and the localization coefficients help examine the dynamics of structural elements. Chelyabinsk Region was chosen to be the object of the analysis in the context of current growth of economy driven by the technologically developed industrial regions. The period of the study is 2017–2022. Results. The article examines the dynamics of living standards, labour income and employment of population in terms of the sectoral structure of the economy in Chelyabinsk Region in 2017–2022. The calculated localization coefficients define the priority industries for investment and support. Conclusions. The results of the study demonstrate the decline in the living standards of the population in the industrial region, the insufficient remuneration of employees in the majority of economic activities, which means the regional employment policy is ineffective and requires adjustment of its methodological support. The methodology proposed in the article can be used to design an employment policy and manage regional investment resources.

Измерение и оценка человеческого капитала для рынка труда региона

Despite the rapidly growing bibliography and a relative scientific consensus, the measurement of human capital at different levels, degrees of detail, socio-economic traditions remains a topical issue due to the use of various conceptualisation, measurement and interpretation techniques. However, the results of obtaining and measuring human capital so far have fallen short of expectations for a number of reasons, some of which are addressed in this article. Considering the specificity and diversity of Russian regions, assessment of their human capital gained importance in Russian scientific discourse in both quantitative and qualitative research. The present study aims to examine the influence of significant factors, including those determining regional specificity, on the self-assessment of human capital for the labour market in different segments of the economically active population. To obtain data, a new (for Russian scientific discourse) method of asking a group of questions and measuring total human capital for the labour market was applied. The study used the authors’ database and identified groups of factors and their effect on the self-assessment of human capital in accordance with well-known theoretical propositions. As a result, the article explained the influence of both external (satisfaction with living in a region and trust in local authorities) and traditional factors on the quality of human capital for some categories of the working population on the example of a specific Russian region.

Комплексная оценка уровня жизни в регионах России: среднесрочные перспективы

Introduction: improving the population living standard is one of the main tasks facing public authorities in the Russian Federation. At the same time, this concept itself is interpreted ambiguously, which makes quantitative assessment difficult. Forecasting its change is even more difficult, since there is an influence of many heterogeneous factors. However, it is impossible to make effective decisions in the sphere of territorial socio-economic development without a scientifically substantiated forecast. Objectives: building scenario forecast of the integrated assessment of living standards in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the medium term, using formalised methods. Methods: grouping and indicators dynamics analysis are used for an integral assessment of the quality of life, correlation analysis used in determining the indicators weights. Economic and mathematical modelling, trend analysis, scenario modelling are used within the framework of the forecast formation. The information base was formed by the data presented in the publications of the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. Results: the authors developed an approach to the assessment and forecasting of living standards in the regions of the Russian Federation, with the use of a twostage convolution procedure, considering the weight characteristics of elements and allowing to build a medium-term scenario forecast considering the retrospective dynamics of private indicators. The differences between the scenarios were determined by the level of indicators growth rates differentiation in the regions of the country. Based on the forecast of private indicators changes, the changes in the population living standards in the Russian regions were assessed. The corresponding rating of the regions was formed, which is characterized by a comprehensive consideration of heterogeneous factors. Conclusions: it has been shown that differentiation level of Russian regions is not decreasing. A closed spiral is formed, within which each of the problems of socio-economic development aggravates the other. The contradictory development of regions has been identified: being leaders in some areas, they can at the same time be significantly inferior in others. The result of the study allows to identify regions interested in the implementing a particular scenario, as well as to quantitatively show the effects to be obtained in the case of each scenario implementation.

Agglomeration Processes in Russian Regions: Specifics and Challenges Related to the Intensification of Positive Effects

Agglomeration Processes in Russian Regions: Specifics and Challenges Related to the Intensification of Positive Effects

Sustainable urban development in Russia within a green economy framework

The article outlines the author’s proposal for sustainable development in Russian regions, focusing on economic priorities in the context of smart cities and green economy integration. The vision highlights the need for addressing new challenges to ensure ecological and sustainable urban development across Russian territories. Drawing from international examples, the authors pinpoint leading nations and establish key indicators for evaluating sustainable development in regions, emphasizing the significant role of advancing a green economy within smart city frameworks. The article is of interest to specialists in the field of regional and municipal management, for researchers, lecturers, graduate students, undergraduates and students economic and managerial universities.

Farm typology analysis in Russian regions with different small entrepreneurship development level

Based on the results of cluster analysis, the article identifies four types of peasant farms: small, medium, large and very large, in the highest (Rostov Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan) and lowest (Perm Krai and Smolensk Oblast) groups of Russian regions by the level of development of peasant farms. The number of clusters by regions was determined by the "elbow" method and the "silhouettes" coefficient. In each of the studied regions the effect of scale of production can be traced, larger farms are also more efficient. The groups identified by the cluster analysis method in the regions with the same level of development of peasant farms differ significantly in size, but at the same time they are similar in the regions from different groups (Rostov Oblast and Perm Krai). As a result, when developing a typology of peasant farms, it is proposed to ignore regional peculiarities and to establish uniform criteria for their classification for the entire territory of the Russian Federation, for example, based on the income of peasant farms, as it is done in the USA and the EU.

Актуальные проблемы развития регионов России: экономика и демография

The subject of the study is the relationship between Russian regions and the federal center based on the analysis of the degree of effectiveness of subsidies provided to them from the federal budget. The purpose of the work is to establish the expediency of expanding the legal framework of the subjects of the Russian Federation to solve their demographic and economic problems and ensure sustainable growth. The influence of partial financing of national projects on solving demographic and economic problems is considered, and the need to take into account the peculiarities of the region in conducting regional policy is shown. The concept of a "chronically lagging region" has been introduced. It is shown that by reducing the supermortality of men of working age, compensation for more than 80% of the population loss is possible. The reduction of male supermortality in Russia has been identified as a priority task of financial, budgetary and health policy. It is noted that the differentiation of the population by wealth in poor regions is greater than the national average. It is concluded that in Russian statistics it is necessary to identify metropolitan statistical areas that do not coincide with the existing metropolitan statistical area, on the basis of which the growth of large cities takes place. Initiatives have been put forward to hold annual negotiations between federal and regional governments on the size of transfers and to reconsider the consideration of a healthy environment as a national and territorial, and not only as a global public good.

ПЕРВЫЙ ГОД РАЕЛИЗАЦИИ ПРОГРАММ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ В РЕГИОНАХ РОССИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ

Russia has developed and is implementing regional strategies for the digital transformation of economic, social and public administration sectors for 2022-2024, the results of which are the focus of this study. A comparative analysis of planned and actual estimates of digital maturity was carried out for various Russian regions using data on per capita financing of planned values of digital maturity for the period 2022-2024 and actual estimates of digital maturity were calculated. It is shown that at the initial stage, the digital transformation of Russian regions is ambiguous; there are regions where the actual values of digital maturity of industries are higher than those predicted for the coming periods, which indicates significant differences in digital development in the regions of the Russian Federation. These indicators of digital maturity in the presented regions were independently calculated by the authors of this work on the basis of regional digital transformation programs according to the official calculation algorithm taken from Order No. 600 of the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications. In addition, the paper presents the planned and actual values of the country's digital maturity index. The difference between the planned and actual values in 2022 seems to be significant, especially in the sectors of healthcare and public administration. It is concluded that a large gap between the planned and actual values may cause that the planned values in some regions in 2023 and 2024 will not be reached, which may have a negative impact on the level of development of the country as a whole. The need to intensify efforts on digital transformation in healthcare and public administration in order to achieve the target values by 2024 is indicated. To do this, it is necessary to strengthen measures for the development of digital transformation in these industries at the regional level and reflect them in strategies. The results of the study do not pretend to be all-inclusive, but they influence the formation of methods for assessing regional digital maturity and will be of interest to regional authorities and researchers whose field of interest includes current trends in management and digital transformation.

Перспективы экспорта продукции растениеводства России в Китай и продовольственная безопасность КНР

The article makes a contribution to academic discussion about the actual global problem of providing world’s population with the food. The paper focuses on cooperation between Russia and China in the context of economic development of Russian border regions and food security in China which is both largest food producer and food consumer. The main research question is how the situation with the food security in China influences cooperation between Russia in China in agriculture production and trade (especially grain trade) and could Russia benefit from it. And otherwise, what makes it difficult to cope with China in this aspect: alarmist sentiments, bureaucratic troubles or lack of food in Russia itself. On the basis of the analysis of sources about Russian production, Chinese consumption and the flow of goods via Russo-Chinese border the author concludes that import of Russian products (especially soybeans) has important but not crucial role for China’s food security while the demand for Russian production would maintain in the future. It is becoming more profitable for Russian agriculture business to produce food for Chinese market in recent years so now large-scale Russian corporations displace small-scale Chinese farmers from the Russian Far East soil but involvement of Chinese trade companies maintains crucial. There are good prospects for development of agriculture in the eastern regions of Russian (not only Far East but Siberia as well) while increasing of export to China could be provided only after the construction of special port terminal in the Russian Far East. Author proposes several variants for location of such a port terminal and analyzes actual situation in this sphere.