Russian Principalities Research Articles

Muslim Employees of Posolskij Prikaz: Between Islam and Christian Orthodoxy

Due to the necessity for continuous contacts between the Russian principalities, the Golden Horde khans, and the khan’s administration, in the 13th century specific structures designed to serve them were created. They partly survived even after the Moscow principality gained independence and were engaged in organizing diplomatic missions with neighboring states. The most stable element of these services were the Tatar servicemen of the Grand Prince. In the earliest period they were called Ordyncy [members of the Horde] and Delyus. With the creation of the Posolskij Prikaz, they become servant Tatars and Cossack inhabitants of a stanitsas of the Foreign Ministry and initially interpreters and translators from oriental languages were recruited among them. The status of the Ordyncy as personal servants of the Grand Prince allowed them to enjoy certain privileges, in particular, they had mosques in the places of their concentrated residing. Archival documents contain sporadic mentions of their imams. At first, the number of such Tatars could reach several hundreds. However, their number gradually decreased. Tatars lost the privilege to be the interpreters and translators of the Foreign Ministry, although descendants of the translators of the Posolskij Prikaz, who in some cases remained Muslims, continued to serve in the Collegium and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At the same time one can trace their mosque in the Zamoskvorechye District of Moscow as far back as the 18th century.

Tana between east and west in the 14th and 15th centuries

The paper examines the complex, multifaceted role that the settlement of Tana played for the Venetian and Genoese Republics, Byzantium, the Golden Horde, the Russian principalities, the Mendicant Orders, and long-distance trade in the Late Middle Ages. The author discusses some of the essential problems in the history of Tana, such as the relations between Venetian and Genoese settlers, between Venetian Tana and Genoese Caffa, and between the Western inhabitants of Tana and various groups of local population (Muslims, Greeks, Jews, Zich, and Circassians). It concludes that while the Venetians and the Genoese in Tana treated each other with a combination of rivalry and mistrust, they cooperated in trade to their mutual benefit and were usually able to form a united front in response to an external threat. In general, there was an intense confrontation between Venetian Tana and Genoese Caffa, but this does not seem to be the case between the Venetians and the Genoese within Tana. Other controversial issues raised in the paper include the so-called double suzerainty of the Italian settlements in Tana, the discrepancy between their economic and strategic significance and the size of the site, and the dating of the capture of Tana by the Ottomans.

История организации и проведения первой рудоискательной экспедиции 1491 года в Арктической зоне Русского государства

In the Middle Ages, the Russian state, formed around Moscow, was in dire need of metals. However, only comparatively poor quality swamp iron was mined on the territory of the Russian principalities. There were no deposits of copper, silver, gold, or any other nonferrous metals, and all these metals had to be purchased abroad, paying mainly in furs. At the same time, the supply of metals was constantly threat-ened by bans from Western countries. In the 15th century, during the reign of Ivan III, under the influence and with the active help of his wife Sophia Palaiologina, the Muscovite state was strengthened and developed, which required more and more financial resources. The development of artillery created a need for large quantities of copper. There was an urgent need for own metal deposits, the search for which began in the vast northern Novgorod lands, annexed to the Moscow state. In 1491, the first state ore prospecting expedition was sent to the Pechora River basin, with the participation of ore explorers from Western Europe, which discovered copper and silver ores on the Tsilma River. The Tsilemskoye deposit was the first developed ore deposit in the history of the Russian state. The first copper smelter was built here. Therefore, 1491 is considered to be the beginning of the mining and metallurgical industry in the Russian state. This expedition marked the beginning of prospecting, exploration and mining in the newly annexed lands of the Urals and Siberia, where new ore deposits were later found, which served to create the mineral resource base of Russia.

The Organization of Embassy Service in the Russian Lands in the Thirteenth through Sixteenth Centuries

The features in the development of embassy service in the Russian lands of the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries are analyzed. In particular, the circle of people such as the baksheis, begouls, kilicheis, tolmaches, and grand-prince service Tatars (Horde, delyuis, chislyaks) involved at various times in the organization and maintenance of contacts with the Golden Horde and the states that became its heirs is considered. It is concluded that many well-known components of diplomatic service have risen from the need to maintain constant contacts between the Russian principalities and the Horde khans. The terminology denoting the circle of persons involved in this service is borrowed from the official practice of the Horde. However, on Russian soil, their duties underwent evolution over time. The appearance of yams was also considered as a necessary element to ensure uninterrupted contacts between the khan and the Russian princes. Originally created to serve ambassadors and to transport tribute to the Horde, this institution has been modified with time. Observations of the distribution geography of yams in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries make it possible to determine the earliest embassy roads to the Horde.

«Первая волна»: доминирование Шибанидов в Нижнем Поволжье в 1361–1367 гг.

Objective: To continue the study of the role of the Shibanids in the initial and part of the middle period of the era of “the Great Troubles” in the Golden Horde, which began in the previous article with the study of the role of the first Shibanid khan – Khizr. This article discusses the rule of the following three khans, who with varying degrees of probability can be attributed to the Shibanids – Murid (brother of Khizr), Khayr-Pulad and Aziz Shaykh. Research materials: The main written sources used in the article are Russian chronicles and late (in relation to the period of research) Chinggisid genealogical writings (mainly from Central Asia). The work of the Timurid court historian Muin al-Din Natanzi should be added. However, the information ин these sources is rather scarce on many issues for this period, and numismatic material and (to a less degree) archaeological data were widely used to expand the amount of information on the studied topic. Research results and novelty: The role of the Shibanids was examined in more detail, clarified, and specified. This is especially true for Murid, whose rule is very important for the initial period of the “Great Troubles”. As it turned out, he was trying to create a new administrative centre for himself in Gulistan, while, in many ways, continuing the policy of the Batuids, but not of his perished brother. It was also attempted to clarify, as much as possible in absence of narrative and documentary sources, the causes and the outlines of Khayr Pulad’s policies, known to us only from the numismatic data. In addition, some features of the policies of Aziz Shaykh towards the Russian principalities were explained. One of the important results of the study is the conclusion that the aforementioned Shibanid khans came from three different genealogical branches of Shiban’s descendants, and these branches varied in their importance.

An Expressionist Painter of the Fourteenth Century

Theophanes the Greek was one of the well-known artists of exceptional personality who lived in the second half of the 14th century. His talent stood out on account of the expressionist manner in which he portrayed his art creations and their impact on the school of Russian religious painting. His artistic talent, “swift brush” painting manner and life adventure can be compared with those of Doménikos Theotokópoulos (El Greco), another famous Greek painter, who brought the Cretan dramatic and expressionistic style to the West, influencing the Spanish Renaissance two hundred years after Theophanes. The artistic heritage of Theophanes stands between the short vibrant period of the Palaeologan Renaissance when the Byzantine Empire went through a terminal crisis, and the European Proto-Italian Renaissance. The artist seized the opportunity to unleash his creative work in the ancient Russian cities, unfolding his talent in the creation of large mural paintings. Characterized by his contemporaries as “Theophanes the Greek, icon painter and philosopher”, he enjoyed a high reputation in medieval Russian society. Present article questions Theophanes’ belonging to the hesychast movement and the attribution of the Muscovite icons and manuscripts to the painter. Considering the impact of Theophanes on Russian visual art, D. Talbot Rice stated: “It was thanks to the teaching of Greek immigrants like Theophanes that a sound foundation was established Russian painting, and it was on this basis that local styles were founded.” And it was in the Russian principalities that Theophanes developed his very distinctive style, enjoying carte blanche from the princes and boyars (aristocracy) to apply his creativity in various domains.

‘Polish-Lithuanian’ archaeological materials from the excavations of the town of Tara

In this article, the authors analyse materials from the excavations of the Tara fortress (Omsk Region, Wes-tern Siberia), founded in 1594 by Prince Andrei Yeletsky and functioned as the main outpost of the Russians in the Middle Irtysh region to counter Khan Kuchum, the Kuchumovichs, and then the newly-arrived population from Dzungaria and Kazakhstan, until construction of the Omsk fortress in 1716. The aim of this research is to identify amongst the finds the articles of Polish-Lithuanian origin, in outward appearance similar to Russian ones. Having studied the collections formed during the excavations of the fortress in 2007–2020, the authors came to the con-clusion that such items are definitely represented by the signet rings with nobility coats of arms, coins, and bap-tismal crosses made according to the Catholic canon. Potentially, Polish-Lithuanian origin could be assigned to some types of fabrics and leather goods, such as a travel compass case with images of French fleur-de-lis, some types of shoes, and handgun holsters. The presence of Venetian glass ware and plinth bricks in the layers of the 17th c., according to the authors, is also associated with the arrival in Tara of the population that had previously resided in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or on the western borders of Muscovy. The owners of these items ended up in Tara (and in Western Siberia) because they were taken prisoners or sided with the Rus-sians during the Russian-Polish wars. Over time, they formed a special category of service people called ‘Lithuania’. This is evidenced by numerous written sources. The basis for this conclusion is given by particular characteristics of Tara's trade relations established, primarily, with China, Lesser and Greater Bukharia, and the Uzbek Khanate, i.e., with the south in the 17th c., from where Chinese porcelain, silk and cotton fabrics, and some types of smo-king pipes came to Tara. At that time, weapons, bread, coarse fabrics, money for salaries of the servicemen of the Siberian garrisons, and cheap beads were imported to Tara from the west through Kazan, Kungur, and Lozva. In the 18th c., the main trade of the Russians began to concentrate in Troitskosavsk (Kyakhta since 1934) on the border with Mongolia, from where tea, silk, and porcelain were exported, whereas a flow of Russian-made goods, as well as European wines, sugar, some species of nuts, and spices, was established through Kazan into Siberia. Instead of ’Lithuania’, Germans started coming to Siberia. In the 19th c., Poles reappeared en masse in Western Siberia. However, those were no longer residents of Lithuania and Western Russian principalities, but ethnic Poles exiled to Siberia for participation in anti-Russian uprisings.

Anti-Russian trends in Ukraine's foreign policy

The article analyzes the main stages of the development of the political subjectivity of Ukraine, its formation as an independent state entity. Geographically located within the historical Old Russian principalities, despite its deep historical roots, nevertheless, it belongs to the category of "young" European states, the independent development of which dates back a little more than 30 years. The collapse of the USSR created the conditions for the development of Ukraine as a sovereign state. Nevertheless, the opportunities provided for the effective development of Ukrainian statehood were not realized. The result of ill-conceived, chaotic transformations was the development of crisis processes in all spheres of life of Ukrainian society. A special stage in the development of modern statehood of Ukraine and the implementation of its anti-Russian foreign policy course was the events related to the coup d'etat in Kiev in February 2014. The protests that began in November 2013, related to the suspension of the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union, eventually led to mass riots and a coup d'etat in Kiev on February 22–23, 2014. After the coup d'etat, the activities of the Ukrainian leadership that came to power are aimed at forming the image of the enemy in the person of Russia, guilty of all the troubles and troubles, the failed "Ukrainian showcase of Europe". The most significant results of the transformation of Ukraine's statehood that followed the coup d'etat were the destruction of the entire spectrum of bilateral relations and ties with Russia, the construction of an enemy image in Russia, progressive Russophobia, an internal political civilizational split in society, discrimination of the population of Ukraine on linguistic and religious grounds, and other destructive political processes. The influence of negative factors on the situation in Ukraine is significantly aggravated by the presence of a complex of unresolved internal political problems that generate a split in Ukrainian society, instability and escalation of tension and conflict. The article defines the main directions of the current stage of development of the Ukrainian state. The main directions of further escalation of the Ukrainian crisis are identified. The main sources and reasons for the implementation of the anti — Russian trend in Ukraine's foreign policy, the implementation of the concept of Ukraine — "Anti-Russia"are revealed.

Противостояние Русского государства с государствами Чингизидов: макросоциологический и исторический аспекты

Domestic history of the 13th-17th centuries contains important controversial aspects concerning, among other things, the problem of the confrontation between the Russian lands and the Chingizid states. The article focuses on the consequences of the collision of Russia with the Mongol Empire and its heirs - the Chingizid states. The authors believe that, in the 16th century, the Moscow state experienced a stage of high military tension, which was associated, among other things, with military operations against the Crimean, Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberian khanates. The high financial burden on the Russian principalities is emphasized due to tributary payments to the Golden Horde. The authors note the positive significance of the changes that took place in the military logistics of the Moscow state. The article examines the reasons for the effectiveness of the “cannon and musket revolutions” in the context of the confrontation between Moscow and the Chingizids. The “cannon and musket revolutions”, which were part of the “gunpowder revolution”, were not in themselves factors of the progress of society and an increase in its defense for Russia, they became such only in combination with socioeconomic, cultural, and spiritual changes. The Moscow principality managed to achieve national unity in the territories subject to it already at the end of the Mongol period. In many respects, the national unity of the Russians turned out to be due to the religion common to all the East Slavic lands, the disappearance of division into tribes in the Kiev period, the development of uniform methods of organizing economic activity and agricultural technologies. The Chingizid states outside Mongolia had an “alien” character, which ultimately led to disintegration in their societies, vivid examples of which are the rebellions in the Kazan and Crimean khanates, as well as in the Golden Horde itself. The authors emphasize that the liberation of Russia from long-term dependence on the Golden Horde was the result not so much of transformations in military affairs as the creation of a single Russian centralized state, the revival and further effective socioeconomic development of the Russian lands, the growth of agriculture and handicrafts, primarily metallurgical production, and national identity. Domestic history of the 13th-17th centuries shows that progress is not only the fruits of the work of various technologies, but a complex multifactorial process, including, first of all, successful economic development, a powerful centralized state, and the Russian national spirit, whose awakening is evidenced by the literary monuments of the Kulikovo cycle, the Tale of the Stand on the Ugra, and folklore tradition.

Legal regulation of trade and economic relations of russian principalities with german lands in the period from the IX-XIX centuries

Legal regulation of trade and economic relations of russian principalities with german lands in the period from the IX-XIX centuries

Development of Legal Regulation of Actual Marriage Relations under Family Law Operated in Ukraine in the X–XXI centuries

The scientific article investigates the historical aspects of the development of legislation that operated on the Ukrainian lands regarding the legal regulation of actual marital relations. In particular, the author determined that in Ukraine the legal regulation of actual marital relations took place already during the existence of the Greek cities-states of the Northern Black Sea region according to the norms of Roman law (institute of concubinage). From the 9th to the 20th centuries Ukrainian lands were part of different states, i.e. Kievan Rus, Russian principalities, Kingdom of Rus, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Ukrainian Hetman state, Tsardom of Russia, Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. Before 1917 attitude of the state in the issue of legal regulation of actual marriage relations and the legal consequences of actual marriage did not change significantly; such relations did not generate legal consequences of marriage. Legislation recognized exclusively church marriage as the sole basis for the emergence of the rights and obligations of spouses, parents and children. Only at the end of the 18th century the rights and obligations of children born in marriage and out of wedlock were partially equal as for the right to upbringing and support. Due to the changes in family law in 1917–1926 there was a replacement of church marriage into the marriage registered by the civil registration authorities as the sole basis for the emergence of the rights and obligations of the spouses. This replacement led to the partial recognition of actual marital relations (in part rights and obligations of the spouses) and the final separation of the legal status of parents and children from the presence of a registered marriage between the parents of the child (except for a short period from 1944 to 1969). Adoption of the current Family Code of Ukraine has led to the recognition of a number of legal consequences in the property and personal non-property sphere by virtue of actual marital relations, in particular as to the commonality of the property acquired in these relations, the possibility to regulate the legal regime of the property by contract, as well as the alimony and adoption rights.

«Татарский брак» вдовы и младшего брата Андрея Мстиславича Черниговского

Research objectives: To study Russian-Horde relations in the period of formation of Russian principalities’ dependence on the Mongol Empire and the ulus of Jochi – a historical phase connected with a 1246 trip of a Russian prince and the widow of his elder brother to Batu. This elder brother, Prince Andrei, had been executed earlier by the Mongols. The aim of the work is to clarify the causes and consequences of the conflict situation that arose as a result of the refusal of Andrei of Chernihiv’s relatives to permit a marriage “according to the Tatar custom”. Research materials: Russian chronicles and collections of Church law (Just Measure, canonical answers of Metropolitan John II [1080–1089]), the so-called “Books of the Pilot”, princely statutes (Statute of Prince Yaroslav of the Church courts), religious letters, the Lyubetsky Synod, as well as some Latin and Muslim sources. Results and novelty of the research: Based on an analysis of the information contained in Old Russian sources of Church law, chronicles, princely religious letters, the reports of the papal diplomat John of Plano Carpini and accompanying representatives of the Franciscan mission, C. de Bridia and Benedict of Poland, as well as sources containing information about the legal norms and customary law of the Mongols (e.g. the travel accounts of William of Rubruck, Marco Polo, and Ibn Battuta), the author comes to the following conclusions: Batu’s demand for marriage between the widow and younger brother of the previously executed Prince Andrei Mstislavovich of Chernihiv “according to the custom of Tatars” fully corresponded to Mongol customary law. However, it came into sharp contrast with two canonical prohibitions of Russian Church law: the ban on marriages of closely related individuals and marriage without a Christian wedding. Possible practical reasons for the Mongol marriage demand could include the desire of the authorities of the ulus of Jochi to exclude the younger brother of Prince Andrei from the number of contenders to rule the Chernihiv Principality, the desire to test the political loyalty of applicants for the inhe­ritance of the executed prince, and an aim to eliminate the dual rule which was ostensibly established in the Chernihiv Principality after the death of its previous ruler. The refusal of the brother and widow of Andrei of Chernihiv to comply with the Batu’s demand caused a strong reaction of the Horde’s authorities, ending in a ritual of forced marriage. This ritual was accompanied by a series of humiliating processes, one of the likely goals of which was to demonstrate to the Russian ruling elites the priority of Mongol legal norms over the legal norms of states that were politically dependent on the Jochids.

«Но все это понятно: ведь поляки и немцы в большинстве – враги России»: западнорусские интеллектуалы о польском вопросе (конец XIX – начало XX века)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the publicism on the Polish issue of the three West Russian intellectuals – M.O. Koyalovich, A.S. Budilovich and P.A. Kulakovsky. Publicists expressed their views on all the aspects of the Polish question: the reasons for the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the debates on the historical and cultural affiliation of the Western Province, granting of autonomy to the Kingdom of Poland, assessment of the experience of solving the Polish question by Austria-Hungary and Germany, participation of the Poles in the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907. The publicists were convinced that the fall of Poland was the natural result of its historical development, and Russia was not at fault for the Polish destiny. The territories of former Old Russian principalities, incorporated into the Empire, were part of the Russian and not the Polish world. They believed that the Poles had no rights to Western Russia. At the same time, they draw the society’s attention to the existence of the Russian-Polish conflict in the region and its topicality. Publicists argued that Poland’s autonomy would only lead to another Polish rebellion. According to them, Polish autonomy in Galicia demonstrated the true attitude towards the Russian people. A similar situation would be in the Western Province if the Poles could actively pursued the polonization of the Eastern Slavs in the region. Budilovich and Kulakovsky were convinced that the revolution of 1905–1907 was only an instrument of the Poles in achieving their cherished goal – the restoration of the Commonwealth within the borders of 1772.

Legal state and «state of the truth» in the works of M.V. Shakhmatov

In the early 1920s, the Eurasian movement emerged in the Russian emigration. Its representatives tried to explain the causes of the Russian revolution, re-evaluating the historical path of the country and its cultural characteristics development. In the first half of the 1920s, the movement loudly declared itself and quickly gained popularity among the Russian intelligentsia. Its leaders began to attract new authors for publication in Eurasian publications, including Mstislav Vyacheslavovich Shakhmatov, a graduate of the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. He published only two articles in Eurasian publications. However, its role and importance in the Eurasian movement in modern historiography is estimated differently: from being ranked among the founders of Eurasianism to denying any significant role in its history. M.V. Shakhmatov considered the features of the ideal state doctrine of the old Russian principalities and the Moscow Kingdom based on Chronicles and other works of ancient Russian script in his works published in the Eurasian Periodicals. M.V. Shakhmatov thought that the right to the content was super-conscious and followed from religious premises, from the truth of God. Ancient people spread these ideals to the area of state-legal phenomena. In his opinion, the state set three main tasks: the protection of Orthodoxy, the establishment of the truth on earth and protection of the physical existence of the people. The idea of podvigopolozhnichestvo of the Supreme power of the early history of Christianity came from Byzantium. M.V. Shakhmatov noted that the political reality of the life of the old Russian principalities and council cities was very different from the ideals laid down in the chronicles and other works of ancient Russian script. However, the ideal of the state of the truth is remained in the works of Slavophiles, F.M. Dostoevsky, P.I. Novgorodtsev, and individual manifestations in the practice of the Russian Empire.

TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN PRINCIPALITIESIN THE IX-XII CENTURIES AND THE TODAY IMPORTANCEOF THIS ISSUE

On the basis of historical sources and scientific literature the article describes the territory of Russian principalities in the IXXII centuries (the Old Russian state.) It is shown that in the IXXII centuries Ukraine as a state did not exist and the Moscow Principality gained strength and became the spiritual and political center of Russia. As the center of Russia, Moscow then provided all assistance to those who formed the Ukrainian state. The part of the Ukrainian political elite is acting counterhistorically when it denies the Russianness of their territorial roots.

The System of State Power and the Formation of Armed Forces of Russian Principalities in the X–XIII Centuries

The article deals with the problems of the system of state power and the basis of the formation of armed forces in the principalities of Ancient Russia. The role of cities in the formation of the armed forces and their relationship with the princely power is studied. The differences in the legal and political status of different categories of city-states in the Russian principalities are studied. The article deals with the problems of real rights to land in the aspect of the formation of the armed forces and the formation of the feudal elite of the old Russian principalities. The legal status of soldiers in comparison with other categories of the population is studied. The questions of common interests of the ruling princely dynasty and the population of Ancient Russia, as well as the contradictions arising between them in the aspect of the formation of the army as the most important coercive force of the state are studied. The analysis of documentary sources on the history of ancient law, chronicles, norms of Russian Truth, the diplomatic correspondence of the Russian princes with the Byzantine emperors, etc. Conducted a comparative analysis of the formation of feudal elites in the armed forces in the state of the Franks and in Ancient Russia. The differences in the formation of the Lena army in the countries of Medieval Europe and the Prince's squads in the Russian principalities are revealed. The interrelation of construction of system of the state power, tax system, the social device and completing of armed forces is studied.

Генуезькі та венеційські колонії Причорномор’я і Приазов’я в політиці та міжнародних відносинах (1400–1475)

At the end of the Middle Ages, the Black Sea region became an area of increasing political importance. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in this region (the Black Sea and the Azov Sea) and even in the regions of Southeastern and Eastern Europe, the interests of numerous political players were confronted: Genoa, Venice, Florence and Pisa, Vatican, the Holy Roman Empire, the kingdoms of England, France and Aragon, the Duchy of Burgundy, the Byzantine Empire, Georgia, Russian principalities, Tatar states, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland, Hungary and Wallachia, the Mamluk Sultan and, finally, the growing Ottoman Empire were just a short list of actors on the political scene at that time. However, against the background of the growing Ottoman threat, neither the metropolis of the colonies itself, Genoa, nor Casimir IV, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, nor Vladislaus II, the King of Bohemia and of Hungary, who was also an enemy of the Ottomans, could help Caffa. Caffa and other Genoese and Venetian colonies were captured by the Ottomans in 1475. Thus, we can see that there were numerous wars in Southeastern Europe in the fifteenth century, which eventually led to the domination of the Ottoman Empire.

Evidence on “Burunday” in the Galician-Volhynian Chronicle

The article analyzes the information about the Mongol military commander “Burunday”, preserved in the Volhynian chronicle (the second part of the so-called Galician-Volhynian Chronicle) of the late 13th century. “Buruday” is presented in this source as an important factor in shaping the system of foreign political relations of the Old Russian principalities in the times of the Mongolian invasion. The figure of Burunda is surprisingly present at all important stages of the Mongolian invasion of Eastern Europe for 30 years. Applying the method of the “slow reading” of the text, the author of the article demonstrates the late origin and legendary character of this information, which was introduced into the description of the events of 1236—1260 in the course of revision of the original text.

ВИКЛАДАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ІСТОРІЇ В УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ СВ. ВОЛОДИМИРА

The process of teaching Ukrainian history at the University of St. Volodymyr during the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. The methodological basis of the publication was the historical and dialectical methods of research. It was found that during the 19h century at the University of St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian history was taught in the context of Russian history. And only at the beginning of the 20th century the teaching staff and students made an attempt to organize the work of the Department of History of Ukraine, which proved to be unsuccessful. It was established that in the Nykolay era only Russian history was taught, based on the imperial ideals of the existence of a single Russian people, whose ethnic minorities were Ukrainians and Belarusians. Teaching was conducted at a low professional level. The situation changed dramatically with the advent of V. Antonovich's Department of Russian History, who not only studied Ukrainian history independently, but also offered her to explore her students. So, in the second half of the nineteenth century future well-known Ukrainian historians M. Dashkevich, P. Golubovsky, V. Danilevich, M. Hrushevsky written a series of works devoted to the history of some ancient Russian principalities. These students received gold medal awards for their studies. Their hypotheses have not lost their relevance in our time. Under the guidance of V. Ikonnikov, Kyiv students began to actively explore certain historical monuments from the Ukrainian past. At the beginning of the 20th century teachers V. Danilevich and P. Golubovsky developed separate courses on the history of Ukraine. Іt is proved that in the student's works (abstracts, coursework, semicircular) the Russian history is mainly covered. Ukrainian issues are limited to the Old Russian period. Most of these works are of a compilative nature and written in the context of Russian historiography. Only after the revolutionary events of 1917 the former students of the University of St. Volodymyr, well-known domestic scientists will focus on studying the problems of Ukrainian history, putting forward new hypotheses and recognizing Ukrainians as separate peoples.

Vladimir Pashuto’s Heritage in the Study of Foreign Policy of Ancient Rus’ during the Period of the Scattered Russian Principalities: a Historiographical Context and Prospects (The Case of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality)

Vladimir Pashuto’s Heritage in the Study of Foreign Policy of Ancient Rus’ during the Period of the Scattered Russian Principalities: a Historiographical Context and Prospects (The Case of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality)