Russian Population Research Articles

Behavioral risk factors in the Russian population: focus on tobacco consumption. The ESSE-RF3 study results

Behavioral risk factors in the Russian population: focus on tobacco consumption. The ESSE-RF3 study results

Электоральные циклы в Грузии: опыт пространственного анализа

The article discusses three electoral cycles in Georgia: 2012, 2016, and 2020. Among the main issues in the political party programs that make the parties different are the territorial integrity of the country, relations with Russia and the collective West, as well as issues of economic stability that has become even more sensitive in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. Given these facts, the author seeks to understand how electoral support for the parties changed during the last three electoral cycles in Georgia municipalities. Besides, the author tries to uncover some possible patterns of electoral behavior that are closely connected with the present cleavages in Georgian society and economic situation. In order to answer the questions, the author used non-spatial models of spatial analysis. Firstly, the transformation of electoral preferences in Georgian municipalities is characterized with the use of cartograms of box blots of voting for Georgian Dream, United National Movement, and Alliance of Patriots of Georgia. Secondly, the author used multi-variable analysis on the basis of parallel coordinate plot (PCP) in order to analyze the voting patterns. When conducting the analysis, such indicators were included as the unemployment rate in municipalities, Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Russian, and Ossetia population, as well as Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Muslim population. Electoral choice in Georgia is determined, among others, by the spatial factor, the ethnic and religious composition of Georgian municipalities, their economic indicators, as well as their position on the map, i.e., which country borders a particular Georgian municipality. Little support for United National Movement is shown by municipalities that border the Russian Federation excluding Kakheti. Besides, municipalities with a big proportion of Armenian population also show low electoral support for the party. At the same time, municipalities bordering Turkey actively vote for United National Movement. As for Georgian Dream, Georgians in municipalities bordering Abkhazia and South Ossetia, as well as along the Russian border, highly support the party since one of its core issues on the agenda is recreating the territorial integrity of the state. However, Kakheti and Mtskheta-Mtianeti show low electoral support for the party. In addition, this party promotes the idea of expanding economic and political ties with Turkey, albeit the bordering municipalities are not enthusiastic about the idea and grant lower support for the party as a result. Municipalities on the Russian, Turkish, and Armenian border at the same time show high support for Alliance of Patriots of Georgia, which is connected with religious, ethnic, political, and economic cleavages.

Atrial Strain and Strain Rate in a General Population: Do These Measures Improve the Assessment of Elevated NT‐proBNP Levels?

Background. Noninvasive assessment of elevated filling pressure in the left ventricle (LV) remains an unresolved problem. Of the many echocardiographic parameters used to evaluate diastolic pressure, the left atrial strain and strain rate (LA S/SR) have shown promise in clinical settings. However, only a few previous studies have evaluated LA S/SR in larger populations. Methods. A total of 2033 participants from Norwegian (Tromsø 7) and Russian (Know Your Heart) population studies, equally distributed by age and sex, underwent echocardiography, including atrial and ventricular S/SR and NT‐proBNP measurements. Of these, 1069 were identified as healthy (without hypertension (HT), atrial fibrillation (AF), or structural cardiac disease) and were used to define the age‐ and sex‐adjusted normal ranges of LA S/SR. Furthermore, the total study population was divided into groups according to ejection fraction (EF) ≥50%, EF <50%, and AF. In each group, uni‐ and multiple regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to test LA and LV functional parameters as potential indicators of NT‐proBNP levels above 250 ng/ml. Results. The mean LA S/SR values in this study were higher than those in previous large studies, whereas the lower references were comparable. In normal hearts, atrial total strain (ATS) and mitral valve E deceleration time (MV DT) were independent factors indicating elevated NT‐proBNP levels, whereas in hearts with reduced EFs, the independent indicators were peak atrial contraction strain (PACS) and LV stroke volume. The areas under the curve for these significant indicators to discriminate elevated NT‐proBNP levels were 0.639 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.577–0.701) for normal EF and 0.805 (CI: 0.675–0.935) for reduced EF. Conclusion. The results confirm good intrastudy reproducibility, with mean values in the upper range of previous meta‐analyses. In the future, automated border‐detection algorithms may be able to generate highly reproducible normal values. Furthermore, the study showed atrial S/SR as an additional indicator of elevated NT‐proBNP levels in the general population, demonstrating the incremental value of both ATS and PACS in addition to conventional and ventricular strain echocardiography. Thus, the LA S/SR may be regarded as an important addition to the multiparametric approach used for evaluating LV filling.

The health of the population of the region as a systemic object of sociological analysis (results of the pilot study)

The purpose of the study was to identify and study the systemic links between the basic factors of health and mortality in Russian regions based on correlation analysis methods, i.e., to study the relationship between health, morbidity and mortality. The object of the study was the regions of the Central Federal District (16 regions). The choice of this district as an object of study is due, firstly, to the significant population of Russians living in them. Secondly, in the regions of this district, a significant number of social relations significant for the health of the entire Russian society are collectively represented. Thirdly, numerous statistical and scientific research data have been accumulated on the state of health, diseases and mortality in these regions. The subject of the study is to identify the degree of influence of both objective and subjective factors of health, morbidity and mortality in the regions. The article shows that the understanding of the category of health in sociology has gone through several stages of understanding the category: as a combination of intrapersonal physiological and mental phenomena; as a complex of bodily, social and natural living conditions; as a systemic object of research, understood as a result of the interaction of individual and social factors. The results of studies in which health is analyzed as a systemic object of study, as well as the principles of an approach to the study of health as a systemic education, are summarized. The obtained data of the theoretical part of the study were tested in a pilot study, during which, based on correlation analysis, a significant relationship between social factors of health formation, disease prevention and mortality was confirmed. The conclusions of the pilot study showed the expediency of a systematic approach to the analysis and diagnosis of regional health, both in theoretical developments of the problem and in management activities to promote health. The use of the results of the pilot study is relevant for the development of regional health research problems, as well as for the organization of health diagnostics in the activities of administrative and managerial health management organizations.

РУССКИЕ В ТУРКЕСТАНЕ: АДАПТАЦИЯ К МЕСТНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ ИЛИ СЛУЖБА ВО ИМЯ СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ИМПЕРИИ?

The article considers the cultural adaptation of two generations of the Russian population in Turkestan. The biographies of the “first Turkestanians” — the diplomat (N. Petrovsky), military man and scientist (V. P. Nalivkin), missionary (N. P. Ostroumov), military man and administrator (N. S. Lykoshin) — are presented as examples of cultural adaptation to local realities. The biographies of these people catch a pattern: they were born in European Russia, came to Turkestan when they were young to make a career, taught and knew local languages and culture well. The main motivation for their actions can be describe as desire to serve faithfully and honestly to the interests of the Russian Empire in the East. Conditionally, we call them the first generation of Turkestan Russians who worked for the benefit and strengthening of the empire. The author also drew upon personal cards of bank employees of the “second generation of Turkestanians” who were actively involved in the socio-economic life of Russian Turkestan. The author believes that the views of the first generation of Russians on local culture were orientalist and Messianic. The first generation of “Turkestanians” dreamed of merging cultures and integrating the local economy into the general imperial one. The second generation of Russians, who were born in Turkestan, radically differed from the first generation, and was less orientalist, and they had almost no elements of exclusivity and Messianism. Russians born in Turkestan learned languages faster, adapted to the local culture, received education in Tashkent and Kokand, worked in local government and financial structures. When writing the article, the author used unpublished archival materials of the Russian Federation and Uzbekistan, memoirs, as well as personal correspondence of diplomats and military personnel.

Infrastructure of the neighborhood and physical activity of the Russian population. The ESSE-RF3 study results

Infrastructure of the neighborhood and physical activity of the Russian population. The ESSE-RF3 study results

АНАЛИЗ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ РОЖДАЕМОСТИ КАК ФАКТОР ВЛИЯНИЯ НА РЫНОК ТРУДА В РЕГИОНЕ

The state demographic policy aimed at increasing the birth rate, against the background of the ongoing natural decline of the Russian population, is gaining priority, since the population, the level and quality of its life are among the key characteristics of stability in the country. The natural growth of the population, which is provided by the birth rate, forms potential labor resources in the long term, which is especially important in the context of an increasing shortage of personnel in the country. The problems of fertility and ensuring the reproduction of the population are multidimensional, because They are influenced by both socio- economic factors and factors that determine the target social attitudes. This study analyzes demographic trends, the labor market, implemented measures to support families, increase demography and the number of workers in the Russian Federation and the Lipetsk region. The factors influencing both fertility and the order of birth of children, as well as social support that helps maintain the well-being of families with children and their quality of life, including the development of the social sphere, are studied. Based on the results of the study, proposals have been developed to improve state policy measures to increase the birth rate and reduce the deficit in the labor market.

ВЫСОКОЧАСТОТНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ САНКЦИЙ НА ИНФЛЯЦИОННЫЕ ОЖИДАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

This article examines the impact of sanctions concerns on the inflation expectations of the Russian population during the period of large-scale sanctions in 2022–2023. Using the methods of text processing of data from posts and comments on the social network, indicators of inflation expectations and sanctions concern were built with a weekly frequency and then used in econometric modeling. By evaluating autoregressive models of the integrated moving average with generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity in residuals and exogenous regressors (ARIMA-X-GARCH-X), an attempt has been made to model both the value and volatility of inflation expectations. As a result, it was revealed that increased sanctions concern, other things being equal, leads to an increase in inflation expectations, but does not affect the uncertainty of the population regarding inflation expectations. Despite the detection of weak structural changes, the degree of impact of sanctions concern on the inflation expectations of the Russian population is relatively stable in the period from March 2022 to December 2023.

The diagnostic effectiveness of criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in the Russian clinical practice

To compare the diagnostic criteria of 2006 (DC 2006) and 2015 (DC 2015) in the Russian population of patients with suspected neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), with the calculation of their sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and predictive value. We reviewed medical records of suspected NMOSD patients who were therefore examined for the presence of serum autoantibodies targeting the aquaporin-4 water channel protein (AQP4-IgG) in 6 specialized Russian (Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow) medical centers. One hundred patients (78 female), aged 17 to 74 years (mean 38.1±13.3 years), were included. The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 108 months (mean 59.7±31.6 months). During the follow-up the diagnosis of NMOSD was confirmed in 32 people, and 68 patients had diagnoses different from NMOSD. At the disease onset, 68.8% of patients were seropositive for AQP4-IgG. The mean time for confirming NMOSD diagnosis was 15.2±14.2 months. At the disease onset, 36% of patients fulfilled the DC 2015, the diagnosis was subsequently confirmed in 77.8% out of them. 26% of the patients fulfilled the DC 2006, the diagnosis was subsequently confirmed in 84.6% out of them. The sensitivity of DC 2006/DC 2015 was 69%/88%, specificity 94%/88%, accuracy 86%/88%, negative predictive value 85%/94%, positive predictive value 86%/78%. The specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of modern diagnostic criteria for NMOSD In Russian patients is comparable to those obtained in foreign studies. DC 2015 helps to diagnose NMOSD earlier than DC 2006, but they have a lower specificity.

The Policy of the Provincial Authorities of the Southern Urals in Relations with the Kazakh Population in Late Imperial Russia (1911—1916)

This article is devoted to the policy of the provincial authorities of late imperial Russia in the southern Urals in relation to the Kazakh population, its acculturation, using the example of four main aspects of interaction, namely education, health, cattle breeding, as well as agriculture, which appeared among the nomads under the influence of the Russian population. The policy of incorporation or acculturation of the nomadic Kazakh population was necessary to ensure stability in the multi-confessional and multicultural regions of the country, such as the southern Urals and the Volga region. This policy especially affected the formation of the education system in the 19th century, but only from the second half of it became systemic. This allowed the formation of the Kazakh intelligentsia. As for health care in the region, it can be said that the local authorities saw their main task as fighting epidemics, which they successfully coped with. In the field of agriculture and cattle breeding, attempts by the authorities to influence the nomadic population have been manifested since the second half of the 19th century, but only in 1911—1912 the policy in these industries became systematic and effective.

Forensic age diagnosis by assessment of sternum ossification processes

To study the sternum ossification processes that take place over time as well as the possibilities of sternum X-rays application to evaluate the age on the modern Russian population in forensic terms. Sternum X-rays with fragments of ribs' chondral parts were obtained from 369 male and female corpses aged 12-96 years without pathological and traumatic changes. The X-rays were done in frontal projection. The set of examined parameters included: complete and partial synostosis of manubrium and body, induration along the synostosis (or on the articulated edges of manubrium and body), complete and partial synostosis of body segments, traces of body segments union, complete and partial synostosis of body and xiphoid process, induration along the synostosis (or on the articulated edges of manubrium and body), form of costal notches, induration of articular edges of body, presence of calcification foci in sternal edge of II-VII ribs' cartilages, depth of sternum notches, overgrowths on articular edges of body, presence of union between body's costal notches and calcification centers of ribs' cartilages. Mean values, standard deviation and correlation coefficient were determined. The maximal correlation with age was found in such parameters such: overgrowths on articular edges of body (r=0.6), presence of calcification foci in sternal edge of II-VII ribs (r=0.6), induration of body's articular edges (r=0.5), presence of union between costal notches and calcification centers of ribs cartilages (r=0.5), synostosis of body and xiphoid process (r=0.4). A subsequent construction of linear model for age diagnosis has its details when comparing the predicted age with the real.

ДИНАМИКА ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ НЕОДНОРОДНОСТИ РЕГИОНОВ РОССИИ С 1959 ПО 2021 Г.

In the post-Soviet period, there has occurred a change in the main trends in the transformation of the ethnic space ofRussia, although some of them were laid down in the late Soviet period. The study aims to develop a classification of Russian regionsaccording to the dynamics of ethnic heterogeneity in the late Soviet period (from 1959 to 1989) and the post-Soviet period (from 1989to 2021). The paper examines the features of using such indicators of ethnic heterogeneity of territories as entropy, indices of ethnicpolarization and mosaic. To assess the dynamics of ethnic heterogeneity of the regions, the ethnic mosaic index (Eckel index) wasused. The classification of regions was carried out with the help of a cartographic technique that allows combining two most importantcharacteristics of ethnodemographic dynamics – the change in the proportion of the Russian population and the ethnic mosaic index.According to the nature of the dynamics of these indicators in the late Soviet and post-Soviet periods, classes of Russian regions weredistinguished (five for each period). The study showed that from 1959 to 1989 there prevailed the process of relative alignment of theethnic composition of the population in the regions of Russia. That period was characterized by an increasing ethnic heterogeneity ofboth the majority of regions formed not on the basis of nationality and national-territorial entities. Between 1989 and 2021 the processof regional ethnic polarization became predominant in Russia. It was expressed in growing mono-ethnicity in, on the one hand, theoverwhelming majority of regions with predominance of the Russian population and, on the other hand, most of the republics. Duringthat period, the process of ‘pulling’ the titular peoples into their national-territorial entities manifested itself to the fullest extent.

Medicine of the future: the role of artificial intelligence in optimizing nutrition for the health of the Russian population

One of the most pressing medical, social and government tasks is to ensure health saving, improve the quality of life and increase the life expectancy of the Russian population. The most important lever to ensure the solution of these issues is the optimization of nutrition and the use of methods of artificial intelligence (AI) and new information technologies to support decision-making in this area. The purpose of the study was to familiarize specialists with the Scientific Instrument for Nutrition Analysis (SINA), created on the basis of AI technologies to optimize nutrition and prevent alimentary diseases in order to preserve the health of the population of the Russian Federation. Results. A patent was created and received for a scientific web tool (SINA) based on AI technologies for actual nutrition analyzing with subs equent assessment of health status and generation of recommendations, including a personalized diet, which is formed based on individual human needs for energy, nutrients and bioactive compounds, taking into account genome, gender characteristics, age, food preferences, profession, diseases, medication treatment, clinical blood parameters, individual morphological and constitutional characteristics, his physical activity, etc. Conclusion. The results of using SINA can reduce the labor costs of doctors; personalize diets as much as possible taking into account many factors; increase patient adherence to the prescribed diet and recommendations; increase public awareness of nutrition issues, reduce morbidity rates and improve public health. The high-tech approach using AI is advanced and is capable of solving many key challenges in the field of health care, prevention and medicine in general, and improve the quality of life of the population.

Implementation of Principles of a Healthy Lifestyle by Contemporary Russians from Different Socio-Demographic Groups

Introduction: Despite all significant efforts taken by the government, the issue of a healthy lifestyle remains highly relevant for the Russian population. Objective: To assess changes in behavioral practices of Russian people from various socio-demographic groups in terms of commitment to a healthy lifestyle. Methods: The main source of empirical information was the Russian sociological survey conducted on April 17–26, 2023 in 29 regions of the Russian Federation. The sample consisted of 1,516 people aged 18 years and older who were interviewed at their place of residence. The results were compared with the findings of previous surveys of the same design. Result: The study has demonstrated a decrease in the proportion of Russians who believe that they lead a healthy lifestyle (from 63.7 % in 2021 to 56.2 % in 2023). At the same time, only 13 % of the respondents were found to adhere to basic principles of a healthy lifestyle. Male sex, having no higher education, and low income were associated with a poor commitment to the latter. We have noted a rising trend in the prevalence of smoking among young people. In the group of 18–24-year-olds, we observed a 1.5-fold increase in the proportion of smokers over the previous year related to the growing popularity of vaping. We have also established an increase in consumption of energy drinks (from 16.6 % in 2013 to 22.8 % in 2023), especially among young people aged 18–24 (53.2 %). Only 27.2 % of the respondents under 40 having children reported regular physical activity and/or sports compared to a similar group of citizens without children (40.2 %). Conclusion: Recommendations given based on the survey results are related to the importance of improving directions in social policy that promote commitment to a healthy lifestyle taking into account the needs of representatives of different socio-demographic groups.

ХОЗЯЙСТВО И ЭКОНОМИКА КАК ОБЛАСТЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В ОБСКО-УГОРСКОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ

The author deals with the history of the Ob Ugrian husbandry and economy and aims at showing what phenomena of the Ob Ugrians’ economic life have attracted scholarly attention and how research approaches have changed. The works of ethnologists and historians are used as sources. Historiography is considered not so much as an account of achievements and discoveries of different authors, but more as ideas, research approaches that appear in a certain historical period. In the 18th–19th centuries, authors were concerned with the uniqueness of the economic activities of the Ostyaks and Voguls. They regarded fishing, hunting and reindeer herding as modes of livelihood strikingly different from those habitual to educated observers. In the middle 19th century, ethnographers paid attention to economic relations between the indigenous and Russian population of the Northern Ob Region and complied descriptions of trade at fairs and credit-trade relations. The turn of the 19th–20th centuries was the period of boom of ethnographic local lore, when empirical materials on the economy were supplemented with data on the Ugrian local groups, which were characterized by the accuracy of information and its attachment to a specific territory. In the 1920s, ethnographers were no longer attracted by the exoticism and uniqueness of northern peoples’ ways of economic activity. They sought to obtain the most accurate data on the husbandry and economy in order, relying on them, to overcome the “backwardness” of the aboriginal economy and raise it to the socialist level. In the 1960–1990s, Ugric scholars studied the traditional branches of the husbandry from the perspective of historical retrospect. During these years a lot of new data were introduced into the scientific turnover, the problems of formation and evolution of separate branches and economic complexes in different groups of the Khanty and Mansi were studied. The contemporary stage of the Ob Ugrian husbandry and economy research is characterized by special attention to the development of traditional industries under conditions of intensive industrial development and market relations.

POLITICAL ACTIVITY AND VOTERS TRUST IN THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ELECTORAL PROCESS

The role of the state in the formation of trust institutions is undeniable, but in practice we have to face a number of difficulties. The introduction of new mechanisms and tools for electronic voting leads to the transformation of familiar algorithms in the electoral system. These changes inevitably affect all participants in the electoral process. This study is the result of a long discussion among many scholars and practitioners about the impact of electronic voting on voters' political engagement and trust in the voting process. The purpose of the study is to analyze the indicators of political activity (turnout) of voters as one of the criteria of the level of their confidence in modern technical means of counting votes - ballot processing complexes (BPCs). The object of the study is the electoral system of the Leningrad region in the context of electoral campaigns from 2014 to 2020, grouped by level: federal, regional and local elections. The main method is content analysis of scientific publications and mass media, normative analysis of legal acts, subsequent comparative and cross-system analysis of the information obtained. The experience of using BPCs presented in the article can be assessed both positively and negatively. The practice of using means of fixed electronic voting demonstrates a positive trend and opens a wide space for further digitalization of the electoral process, especially given the high "digital readiness" of the Russian population. A regularity was observed in the decrease of voter turnout at polling stations where BPCs were used for the first time. With further operation, the situation evens out due to the "habituation" of participants in the electoral process to the digital formats of elections. Because of the low overall level of trust in the institution of elections, any innovation in the electoral system leads to significant changes in routine processes and requires careful study and time for gradual implementation and adaptation.

РАЗВИТИЕ БИЗНЕС-МОДЕЛИ ПО ПЕРЕРАБОТКЕ ТВЕРДЫХ КОММУНАЛЬНЫХ ОТХОДОВ С ЦЕЛЬЮ МИНИМИЗАЦИИ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ ПРИРОДНОГО И ТЕХНОГЕННОГО ХАРАКТЕРА В РЕГИОНАХ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article defines the issue of the relevance of waste recycling. It is said that improperly and untimely recycled waste can lead to environmental pollution and a serious deterioration of the epidemiological situation. These negative factors can increase the risks of emergency situations (hereinafter referred to as emergencies), as well as increase the level of danger to public health and can significantly worsen the quality of life of people. The thesis is given that the growth of the destructive influence of anthropogenic factors on the environment can lead to a crisis socio-ecological and economic state. The main problem among the components of the ecological crisis, which has the most threatening character, is pollution and the depletion of irreplaceable resources such as water, air, and soil. The article also says that the volume of waste is growing annually, and with it the number of landfills and the area of land allocated for landfills of solid municipal waste (hereinafter referred to as MSW) is increasing. Most of those sent to landfill are valuable and useful materials that can be used to produce new things. The article discusses current methods and methods of processing household and industrial waste, the introduction and development of which will create favorable environmental conditions for the Russian population and will allow the secondary use of the obtained raw materials in various production processes. The emphasis is on the introduction of a scheme for working with MSW, in which it is necessary to intensify the interaction of the society-business-state system. organs.

Детерминанты отношения населения России к экологическим вопросам: роль геополитической напряженности

It is widely recognised that public interest in environmental issues is a driver of low-carbon economic development, owing to the fact that the degree of community concern about environmental quality is tightly associated with the implementation of green initiatives by business and government. In its turn, public support for environmental protection is a function of socio-economic, cultural, historical and political conditions. Russia is an economy that has managed to increase its prosperity and qualitatively transform institutions over the past two decades. The country’s economic growth has been accompanied by environmental degradation, especially at the regional level. More importantly, social and economic upswing in Russia was associated with greater involvement of the population in environmental protection issues. There has been a steady increase in the share of the population who prefer environmental protection to economic growth, and the proportion of Russians who are convinced that human activity has a significant impact on the environment has considerably grown. However, at the current stage of development, sociological surveys indicate a significant decrease in the interest of Russian citizens in environmental issues. Escalating geopolitical uncertainty and macroeconomic turbulence may contribute to the fact. This study aims to identify the determinants of the Russian population’s attitudes towards environmental issues over the period of 1995–2023, with a special focus on the role of geopolitical tensions. The results obtained by means of the sophisticated econometric techniques – Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Non-Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) – indicate that income level, education, as well as the spread of information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) stimulate the involvement of Russian citizens in environmental issues, while geopolitical tensions reduce the share of the population that prioritises environmental protection. At the same time, the study sheds light on the fact that maintaining the interest of the Russian population towards environmental issues is most relevant in the context of high geopolitical risks, as environmental degradation is most likely to be observed during this period.

ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЗДОРОВОЙ ЖИЗНИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ПРОГНОЗОВ

Significance. The relevance of the study is related to the need to develop adequate tools for assessing and monitoring achievements of the national demographic goals. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the association of age and loss of health in the context of the forecast on aging of the Russian population. Material and methods. A comparative assessment of the Rosstat demographic forecast options until 2045 was carried out from the standpoint of analyzing the pace of demographic ageing; data of the Rosstat sample observation on the quality and accessibility of services in the field of education, health, social services, and employment conducted in 2019 were used; indicators characterizing various aspects of health loss were selected. The relationship between the criteria of ill health was investigated using factor analysis methods and a generalized indicator “quality of life from the standpoint of health” was offered: Using the Sullivan method, an assessment of healthy life expectancy and losses associated with ill health was carried out: first, using each criterion separately, then using the generalized indicator. Results. It has been established that under any demographic forecast scenario, the population over the working age will grow at the maximum rate - under the most favorable option from the point of view of population dynamics. At the same time, there will be a progressive ageing of the elderly population with a higher increase in people aged 85 and older. The use of various criteria for assessing ill health results in significant variability in healthy life expectancy. If we are to take into account the criteria characterizing the most severe conditions of health loss: 1 and 2 group disability; significant limitations of life activities; self-rated health as “poor” and “very poor”, etc., then they provide more precise estimates of the loss of healthy life expectancy. The use of the generalized indicator based on three criteria increases the loss of high-quality life expectancy according to the criterion of health by 2.5-3 years. Scope of application. The results can be applied to the assessment and monitoring of healthy life expectancy at the national and regional levels

Attitude of Russians to Economic Inequality: Substantiation of Economic-Psychological Experiment

Nowadays Russian society is experiencing changes in attitudes towards various social phenomena and processes, among which the attitude towards economic inequality takes a special place. The consideration of the social-psychological aspects of the attitude to economic inequality in the scientific literature is insufficiently reflected. The study of the peculiarities of attitudes towards inequality will make it possible to clarify public attitudes and attitudes necessary for further social and economic reforms. In addition, traditional research methods do not always reflect representative characteristics of the population's attitude to various social problems, so there is a need to develop a more relevant method (economic-psychological experiment) to identify personal aspects of respondents' economic behavior. The aim was to study the features of the Russian population’s attitude to economic inequality in society by the economic-psychological experiment and substantiating this method as promising for studying attitudes towards social and economic phenomena. Focus groups, which included group interviews and discussions on problems of inequality; a survey aimed at examining attitudes towards inequality and behavior in relation to charity; an economic and psychological experiment (quasi-experiment), in the framework of which situations were simulated for respondents to make economic decisions (choosing a society for a hypothetical grandson). Russian respondents equally want to live both in a risk unequal society, to get higher incomes, and in a society with fixed average incomes. Most Russians are not ready to give up part of their income in order to help those who live worse. The attitude to inequality (the preference of equal and unequal societies) among Russian respondents does not change in any simulated economic conditions. The results obtained using the economic-psychological experiment represent original aspects of respondents' attitudes towards economic inequality in comparison with survey and testing methods.