Russian Policy Research Articles

Социальная трансформация в России в 1990-е годы: особенности формирования законодательной базы

The article reveals the problem of the formation of social policy in Russia in the 1990s, the features of the formation of the legislative framework.. In the 1990s, Russia faced a dual task – to formulate an economic policy based on market principles and, again based on the experience of Western countries, a new social policy. Western states are not unanimous on social issues, but social policies are formed and implemented by all. There are three basic models of it, in which the participation of the state in the implementation of social tasks is outlined in different ways. Russia faces the problem of adapting the state's social obligations to the consequences of market transformations. The Russian scenario turned out to be painful for the economy and social sphere. In Russia in the 1990s, social transformation laid some of the foundations for social policy. But it did not lead to the formation of social policy itself, which is incorrect to interpret as a certain sum of social measures, because any policy, including social policy, is usually understood as a mechanism developed by the state for regulating social relations, aimed at their harmonization. The authors made an attempt to establish socio-economic changes in society, highlighting individual periods that influenced the features of the formation of the legislative framework of the 1990s.

Сравнительный анализ федеральной и муниципальной миграционной политики на примере муниципального образования «Город Курск» (2016 – 2022 гг.)

The scientific work is based on the correlation of migration processes with the state of the labor market and examines the impact on the balance of supply and demand. The article analyzes the dynamics of migration and emigration in the Russian Federation and the city of Kursk. Special attention was paid to the migration flows of highly qualified specialists (within the framework of the resettlement program for former fellow citizens). The regulatory framework for regulating migration within the powers of federal authorities and authorities of the subjects is considered. The features of the migration policy in modern Russia are studied. The scientific works of various authors on the topic of migration are compared and comparatively analyzed within the framework of a retrospective.

Formation of Social Ties in P. I. Potemkin's Embassy to France (1680–1682)

Based on the extant complex of Russian and French sources, this article analyses the mechanisms of the formation of social ties of the Russian embassy in France in 1681. The embassy had both foreign policy and diplomatic significance for the representation of tsarist power and Russian culture in France: the envoys had not only to inform Louis XIV about the events in Eastern Europe, but also to get an overview of the French position on the preparation of the Perpetual Peace of Russia with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the conclusion of the Russian-French trade treaty, and to ensure the recruitment of foreign specialists. The author examines the formation of relations in the context of the new diplomatic history, paying special attention to the problems of power representation, the personalities of diplomats and the cultural side of their mission. For the first time in historiography, the article characterises the whole complex of archival documents about the embassy, the peculiarities of the formation of social ties of the embassy participants necessary for the successful implementation of the tasks of the diplomatic mission. The study is based on French court reports on ceremonies, notes of courtiers, internal correspondence of Russian and French diplomatic departments, materials of the Parisian periodical press, and reports of Russian envoys. Conclusions are drawn on the peculiarities of the strategies of the envoy P. I. Potemkin in establishing social relations, their significance for the development of Russian diplomacy, foreign policy, and cultural contacts with Western Europe, as well as on the peculiarities of the reflection of these relations in the surviving sources.

Политика интеграции в отношении зарубежных мигрантов: институциональные аспекты

Introduction. The relevance of this research is due to the need to develop an integration policy in Russia as an integral part of migration policy aimed at incorporating immigrants into the main social institutions. Intense migration flows with the absence of clear actors involved in integration policies, lead to the ethnic enclaves emergence, migrants isolation and other negative phenomena, which in their turn generate negative attitude towards migrants on the part of the local population. The purpose of the research is to single out the immigration policy time frame, which would correspond to particular models of external migrants integration into the Russian society, to analyze models of migrants integration in the context of public migration policy from 1992 up to now, and work out recommendations to formulate the migrants integration policy.Materials and methods. The research methods used are theoretical analysis of the text of regulatory legal acts, scholarly literature, comparison and analogy methods, comparative legal and statistical approaches, and qualitative analysis of documents as a specific sociological method.Results. Based on the analysis of various models of migrant integration proposed by domestic and foreign scholars, the author’s typology is given as the foundation to identify stages and characterize types of the real integration models. The need to improve migration processes management in the field of integration policy is substantiated, and steps to form an adequate integration model are identified.Conclusions. By now, a considerable amount of work has been done in the Russian Federation to create a system of sociocultural immigrant integration. However, integration policy is not yet sound enough; no federal law is adopted to adequately regulate relevant social relations.

Operation of the Russian Aerospace Forces in Syria in the Official Russian Discourse

Abstract In this article, we analyze how the operation of the Russian Aerospace forces is presented in the official Russian discourse. The analysis is based on a collected database of statements made by the Russian authorities. Relying on social identity theory, we argue that the Russian operation in Syria became a key element in changing the Russian strategy in the Middle East. In other words, beginning in the mid-2010s, Russian policy in the Middle East moved from social competition to social creativity. Taking the Russian operation in Syria as an example, we assert that the second half of 2017 was a turning point because the military narration of the discourse was replaced at that point with the narration of the unique role of Russia in the regulation of the Syrian conflict. This narration included narratives related to ‘sovereignty’, ‘territorial integrity’, and the creation of alternative platforms to maintain stability.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS: GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION

The economic system of any country mainly defines and predetermines the essence of that social order and its driving forces. The production and economic relations formed within the society and, first of all, the flows of distribution and redistribution of national wealth and income are predetermined based on the property rights of people and different groups over the means of production. Especially the inequality of wealth and income within society, which deepens and expands with time due to that circumstance. Nevertheless, economic growth and its pace are of decisive importance for ensuring socio-economic acceleration and solving many problems. And, although the role of the economic system in sustainable development and social cooperation is great, Russia's 140-year economic history and implemented economic policy prove that the professional skills and experience of those implementing economic policy, the ability to correctly navigate difficult situations and find appropriate solutions, are of great importance.

Monetary policy of Russia at the present historical stage: the main directions, assessment and relationship with fiscal policy

Monetary policy of Russia at the present historical stage: the main directions, assessment and relationship with fiscal policy

The Essence and Meaning of Repetition in the Criminal Law of Russia

Introduction. From the standpoint of a critical analysis of the current criminal legislation of Russia, as well as the doctrine of criminal law and criminology, the article examines the essence and significance of the institution of repetition in the criminal law of Russia. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The research was carried out taking into account the directions of criminal policy in Russia, the constitutional analysis of normative legal provisions on responsibility for committing crimes. The use of the formal-logical research method made it possible to identify the essence and types of repetition in criminal law, and to establish the patterns of its implementation in criminal law. Results. In the course of the study, attention is drawn to the fact that the formation of the concept of “repeatedness”, in the context of the development of the sociological school of criminal law, implied the attribution to this institution, first of all, of situations of committing several criminal acts, bearing in mind the objective danger to society of the multiplicity of crimes and persons who commit them (for example, recidivists and professional criminals). At the same time, not only the multiplicity of crimes poses a danger to society and the State, but also the commission of other unlawful acts, which, if repeated, in some cases can acquire a qualitatively different character and reach the level of a criminal act. This position is the basis of the current institution of repetition and, in particular, the institution of administrative prejudice. In this regard, the presented work examines the essence, types, and meaning of repetition in its existing version in the criminal law of Russia. Discussion and Сonclusion. The problems of repetition are also considered in the aspect of the correlation of this institution with the theory of the dangerous state of the individual, the principle of the prohibition of punishment twice for the same act. The indicated aspects of the topic necessitated the appeal not only to works on the theory of criminal law, but also to the relevant issues of philosophy and logic. As a result, the author concludes that such a type of multiplicity as the repetition of offenses is singled out, the types of this multiplicity are determined and its importance for the criminalization and decriminalization of crimes is substantiated.

Some issues of Russia's transport policy in the context of Western sanctions

The aspects of Russia's transport policy at the present stage in the context of the tightening of Western sanctions pressure are considered. The project of the North-South international transport corridor is considered as a transport response to attempts to push Russia away from the global South. Particular attention is paid to the political and technological aspects of the formation of the international transport corridor of the North-South project, the negative consequences of the sanctions imposed by Western countries against the transport industry of Russia are shown. An assessment of the actions of the United States and partners to counteract the creation of the North-South international transport corridor through the formation of alternative transport projects of the Lapis Lazuli Corridor and the Zangezur land transport corridor is given. Showing actions of the Government of the Russian Federation to defend the North-South project. In order to counter the threats from Britain and Great Britain, Russia and its partners in the formation of the North-South International Transport Corridor need to preserve sovereignty in international relations, counteract the interference of third countries in their plans, and strengthen the collective military security of their countries. It is important not to succumb to provocations, to show flexibility and mutual willingness to cooperate. This will not only help to overcome obstacles to the implementation of the North-South ITC project, but will also help the participating countries to move forward on integration issues, strengthening their relations.

Russian journals and the foreign policy of Russia during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895

Russian journals and the foreign policy of Russia during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895

Заснування Першої чоловічої гімназії у Житомирі та формування її педагогічного колективу

The purpose of the article is to analyze the prerequisites, reasons and circumstances of the establishment of one of the oldest educational institutions in Ukraine, and to characterize the quality of its teaching staff. The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific and special historical methods and adherence to the main principles of historical research: historicism, objectivity, systematicity in the process of processing archival sources and documents and preparing conclusions. The scientific novelty is that, for the first time, a set of archival sources related to the history of the First Boys' Gymnasium in Zhytomyr has been thoroughly processed, the historiography of the problem has been characterized, and the process of the foundation and formation of this educational institution, the formation of the teaching staff, has been followed in detail. For the first time, biographical information about the teachers of the gymnasium from the initial period of its existence is presented. New archival sources were introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The establishment of the First Boys' Gymnasium in Zhytomyr took place in the context of a change in the national policy of tsarism towards the Poles after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. By creating a network of Russian-language educational institutions, the tsarist authorities aimed to overcome Polish influence on the territory of the Volyn Governorate and implement the imperial Russification policy in the region. The Boys' Gymnasium in Zhytomyr, founded in 1833, is one of the oldest educational institutions in Ukraine and one of the first (after Kyiv and Nizhyn) to train future scientists for the newly established Kyiv University. Using the example of the First Boys' Gymnasium in Zhytomyr, we state that in the initial period of formation of gymnasium education in Ukraine, turnover of teaching staff, their flow from one educational institution to another, was characteristic. By transferring teachers from the Zhytomyr Boys' Gymnasium to St. Volodymyr University, the problem of staff shortage in the latter was solved.

NATO Enlargement and the US- Russian Relations in the 21st Century: A Critical Analysis

Cold War was the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States to expand their ideology and influence worldwide to become the most powerful state of the world. A significant element of the Cold War was the making of alliances by both the United States and the Soviet Union to materialize their objectives and to contain each other’s ballooning influence and ideology. The weakening position of the Soviet Union brought the two countries closer. In addition to this, the United States' assurances to the Soviet Union about restricting NATO’s borders normalized relations between the two rivals after being engaged in a Cold War for over 40 years. Later, the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s prompted the world to believe that the Cold War had come to an end. However, the North Atlantic Treaty’s inclusion of more European countries backed by the United States has again reinstated the Russia-US rivalry leading to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This paper delves into the role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during the Cold War era. The paper then tries to figure out whether there is any significant proof of American promises to the Soviet Union regarding the restriction of NATO’s borders. The paper then analyzes Russian policy in the 21st century and its invasions of Ukraine in the context of American promises.

Foreign Policy Aspects of the Activities of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the First Convocation (on the 30th Anniversary of the Start of Work)

The article considers the foreign policy aspects of the activities of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the First convocation. The specifics of the main results of parliamentary votes of this period, which were related to international-political realities, in the context of their relationship with the conceptual foundations and implementation of Russian foreign policy, have been characterized. Features of the composition and nature of the activities of the lower house of the Russian parliament of this period have been identified. The conceptualization of the Russian Federation’s foreign policy has been analyzed. The initiatives and decisions of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the First convocation in the field of foreign policy and international relations have been assessed. It is shown that these were due to the specifics of its personal composition, where there was no strict factional discipline and a clear advantage of any political force, which determined the need for situational interaction. The normal work of the lower house of parliament became possible largely due to the efforts of its Chairman, who took a centrist position. It is substantiated that the State Duma, operating in conditions of complex socio-economic problems and the colossal weakening of Russia’s international political positions, demonstrated significant activity in international political initiatives that covered a wide range of topical issues with an emphasis on the situation in the states of the post-Soviet space. These decisions were relatively balanced, which was explained by the approximately equal distribution of resources between the so-called “left”, “right”, “centrists” and “national patriots”, as well as the presence of “common bloc” issues, positions on which coincided or did not cause obvious contradictions. The international political initiatives of the State Duma of the First convocation were distinguished by greater realism and emphasis on the protection of national interests than the content of conceptual documents and the foreign policy course pursued by the state. This happened against the background and simultaneously with the beginning of the process of rethinking the foreign policy approaches of the Russian Federation, which had a significant influence on it.

On the question of fixing the national-language composition of the population in the All-Russian population census 2020–2021

The article carries out a critical analysis of the quality of the results of the questions of the 2020–2021 Russian population census on nationality, native language, knowledge of Russian and other languages, and language use. The study reveals the uneven distribution of “non-answers” by regions, between urban and rural areas, and age groups. The interpretation of the published census results is hampered by the quality of answers, lack of distinction between non-answers and negative answers to questions, and questionable grouping of nationalities and languages. Therefore, it is not possible to use the results of Russian language proficiency and knowledge of other languages in several of Russia’s federal subjects. The situation is aggravated by a sharp increase in the number of non-responses to the questions on nationality and language in the 2020–2021 census compared to the previous censuses. This hinders the analysis of these questions of the 2020–2021 census and the understanding of the dynamics of national and language processes in Russia using census statistics. The article reveals foreign experiences of conducting censuses and statistical survey of the national and linguistic sphere. Many countries resort to various methods (including the use of surveys as a source of census), ways of assessing national, cultural affiliation, knowledge and proficiency of languages, ensuring the efficiency of fieldwork, and evaluating the quality of census data. They pay more attention to the methodological support of the national and language block of the census. The authors call for a balanced use of the results of the national and language issues of the 2020– 2021 Russian population census in research work and in decision-making in the government national policy, since national and language relations in Russia are very sensitive for the country’s numerous ethnic communities.

Anti-sanction and sanction economic policy of Russia in 2022–2025. Part 3: analysis of anti-crisis measures, managing Russian sanctions and anti-sanctions

Anti-sanction and sanction economic policy of Russia in 2022–2025. Part 3: analysis of anti-crisis measures, managing Russian sanctions and anti-sanctions

Distributional Effects of Expected Climate Mitigation Policies in Russia

Objective: The importance of assessing the socio-economic impacts of climate policies is growing as regulations are being adopted to promote decarbonization processes. Since Russia has committed to carbon neutrality by 2060, a large and diverse policy package should be launched to attain this goal. The policies need to be based on the effectiveness, equality and motivation. This paper presents the results of the first-of-a-kind research aimed to assess the impact of individual decarbonization policies on the distribution of consumer incomes and expenses for Russia. Methods: A system of simulation models was used to estimate prospective greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions pathway for Development Driven by Decarbonization and Democratization (4D scenario) and related macroeconomic effects (evolution of prices, incomes, employment and energy expenditures across major economic sectors and industries), which were used as inputs to the simulation model distributional effect of national decarbonization (DEFEND), which was specially developed to estimate the effects of climate policies at the household level split by income deciles. Results: This paper shows that only low carbon transition will sustain Russian economic growth by promoting reduced concentration of wealth and less centralized political system, whereas maintaining the extraction-based administratively ruled economic model will cause GDP to decline and form a “shagreen skin” economy. Conclusion: The paper concludes that many of the explored policies have regressive distributional effects, but sophisticated socio-economic engineering can tailor neutral climate mitigation policies to help to at least maintain the balance of income and expenses compared to the basic trajectory. This study identifies data and knowledge gaps in calibrating the models that look into the distributional effects.

Private Military Companies in Russian Foreign Policy: 2014–2023 Years

Private Military Companies in Russian Foreign Policy: 2014–2023 Years

On the formation of public housing policy in Russia: A retrospective review of the issue

On the formation of public housing policy in Russia: A retrospective review of the issue

Analysis of the mutability of the legal framework for migration policy in Russia (1990-2023) in the context of the effectiveness of migration governance

The article analyzes the dynamics of changes in the institutional and legal framework of Russian migration policy from 1990 to 2023. Based on legal statistics, the authors investigate the frequency of amendments to key laws in the field of migration regulation in the Russian Federation. By comparing the series of events in political, legal, and institutional changes to migration governance, the authors identify external factors that influence the changes in legislation. Through comparative legal methods and an analysis of relevant literature, we discuss issues related to the differences between adaptive governance and agile management, as well as the impact of rapidly changing laws on the stability of the legal system. The analysis of the data revealed a high frequency of changes to migration laws, with an average of up to 5-6 amendments per year, and in some cases, up to 15-17 amendments per year. Acts of federal and regional authorities are also frequently amended. During the pandemic, a decision of the Moscow government was in effect for a little over a week. There is a significant excess in the number of secondary legal acts compared to the number of primary ones. The constant amendment of migration regulations reflects the state's response to diverse and sometimes unforeseen challenges in modern society, and demonstrates the adaptive nature of Russia's migration policy. This increase in adaptability raises questions about where the line is between improving the efficiency of legal regulations and their instability. Additionally, a special multidisciplinary approach is required to assess how changes in migration policies affect socio-economic development. The relevance of this study is linked to the fact that improving the efficiency of migration governance is a challenging task. Migration is both a source of economic development and potential risk to socio-political stability.

The Influence of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev’s Work on the Economic, Cultural, and Spiritual Development of Kazakhstan in the Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century

The significance and relevance of the issues are predetermined by the fact, that, by the time of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev’s activity, the political and social situation of Kazakhstan in the early 20th century was on the verge of collapse. The main factor that influenced this situation was the policy of spreading illiteracy, people alienated from religion language, and writing. From the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kazakhstan suffered from the colonial policies of the Russian Empire. Currently Kudaiberdiev writes a work “Catechism of Muslims”. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the consequences of the creative work on the economic and spiritual and cultural development of Kazakhstan. During the analysis, several scientific sources and materials were analyzed, and the following scientific methods were used: structural-functional and dialectical methods, the method of synthesis, logical and comparative analysis, and the method of generalization. During the research, it was proved that in the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev the calls to fight against the policy of tsarist Russia and to revive their language, customs, religion, and history were present. The main result of this research is proof that the works of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev had a tremendous impact on the social status, culture, religion, and language of the Kazakh people. His works acted in opposition to Russian policy and encouraged people who were tired of colonial oppression. The research on this issue is actively developed, therefore this work is of practical value for the definition of the role of Shakarim’s creativity during the economic, cultural, social, and political development of Kazakhstan at the end of 19 – the beginning of 20 century.