Russian Police Research Articles

The influence of the Soviet period (1917-1991) on the development of modern administrative and tort law

Based on the historical and legal method, analyzing the sources of Russian police and criminal law in connection with the developing social and political situation, the author comes to the conclusion that administrative and tort law had a long and contradictory period of formation, acquiring historically determined features and features dating back to the Soviet period, a number of which do not correlate with modern the state and directions of development of the Russian state. Despite the fact that the Russian Federation is the historical successor of the USSR and the RSFSR, as a state it is strikingly different from them, due to the changes that have taken place in the last three decades related to the radical transformation of the state structure, the change in the socio-economic basis of society, and accordingly the legal regime, the foundation of which after the collapse of the USSR was the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Currently, the role of administrative responsibility has changed significantly, as has its understanding in the public legal consciousness, ceasing to be a surrogate for criminal coercion. At the same time, to date, it has not been freed from the foundations laid in the Soviet period, which once again confirms the need for a comprehensive state policy in the field of public liability, which should be aimed at updating the current legislation, taking into account its historical and theoretical understanding, a clear distinction between crime and administrative offense, and in particular perspective and criminal misconduct, their prevention and prevention.

Appeals to God in the documents of the law enforcement system of Russia (from ancient times to 1917)

Documents of the domestic law enforcement system from the time of Kievan Rus to 1917 are considered for turning to God – the source of immutable moral values from the standpoint of the Orthodox religious tradition. The study of this topic is of particular importance for understanding Russian history, taking into account the factor that Orthodoxy occupied in the life of the state and the individual. It is noted that the origins of the Russian law enforcement sphere coincide with the emergence of Christianity and statehood in Russia. On the basis of the anthology, published on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Russian police, and through the study of documents from the 10th to the 19th centuries, the nature of such appeals is investigated, and their comparative analysis is carried out. Three periods are distinguished: the first – from the first treaty between Russia and the Greeks until the introduction of the post of St. Petersburg General Police Chief; the second – from the introduction of the post of St. Petersburg General Police Chief to the establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; the third is from the establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the disbandment of the Gendarme Corps in 1917. The documents of each of the periods analyze the forms and context of appeals to God, which made it possible to identify the trend of changes taking place in society in relation to the highest value for the Orthodox faith – the Triune God. The conclusion is made about the period of preservation of the traditional for the Orthodox faith concepts of God in the documents of the law enforcement system of Russia, as well as the time of the beginning of the loss of such concepts. A hypothesis has been put forward about the possibility of reviving the highest traditional religious values in Russia at the present stage.

TRAINING AND ACTIVITY OF THE RUSSIAN RANKS OF THE MANCHURIAN POLICE, 1932-1945

This article examines the way the training and service of Russian emigrants in the Manchurian police took place. According to Japanese attitudes, the policy of Manchukuo was in full accordance with the foreign policy course of the Japanese Empire in building the Great East Asian Sphere of Co-prosperity. In this spirit, the indoctrination of all ranks of the Manchurian police took place. Additional work was done with Russian police officers to educate them in strict discipline and anti-communist beliefs, as well as loyalty to the Japanese and Manchurian authorities. The article traces how the ideological education of the Russian police officers of Manchuria was built, as well as their activities to combat banditry in Manchuria.

Organizational and legal bases of police activity in Russia and the USA (comparative legal analysis)

It is extremely necessary for each state to ensure internal security, to create a model of police that would meet all modern requirements. This problem is one of the key state tasks for the Russian Federation today. In this regard, the study of similar institutions in foreign countries becomes particularly relevant. Comparison of the Russian police with foreign internal security agencies and attempts to create a municipal police in Russia began in the middle of the 19th century, then subsiding, then growing with renewed vigor. A comparative analysis of the study of the organizational and legal foundations of the police of the two countries will reveal acute problems and aim at choosing the further path of development of the system of domestic internal affairs bodies.

Pedestrian mortality in Russia: a continuous decline over the last 25 years?

Using different data sources (HCoD, IRTAD, UNECE statistical database, police data), our research shows that the significant excess of pedestrian mortality over motor vehicle occupant mortality in 1988-1999 in Russia, according to RusFMD, is an abnormal phenomenon that most likely never occurred. Police data is preferable for assessing mortality levels by road user types in Russia. According to Russian police data, pedestrian mortality never exceeded motor vehicle occupant mortality. The steady decline of pedestrian mortality began in 2003, not in 1993, as vital statistics show. In 2008, pedestrian mortality for the first time reached the minimum level of the Soviet period. After significant fluctuations, motor vehicle occupant mortality dropped to the level of the early 1970s only in 2015-2017. The use of vital statistics is possible if it is necessary to differentiate road traffic mortality by sex, age, and type of settlements. Categorisation by road user types should be done with caution, using the following data sources: HCoD data from 1988 and RusFMD data from 1970 to 1988 and after 1999. It is suggested that difficulties in analysing long-term mortality by road user types based on vital statistics may occur in post-Soviet countries, where the Soviet abridged classification of causes of death (SC) was used. The prevalence of deaths coded by unspecified V-codes (V89) should also be considered.

Police legitimacy

The subject of the article is assessment of public confidence in the police and the legality of its activities by the opinion of the Russian population. The purpose of the research is to identify the reasons that affect the assessment of the police legitimacy, its perception by the population. The authors also dare to identify the role of "problem areas" of police activity (related to different violations of the law) in people assessment.The methodology of the research includes: sociological survey among Russians, comparative criminological, statistical, hermeneutic methods, expert assessments.The main result, scope of applications. The central link of the police legitimacy is public trust, recognition, leading to the cooperation between the people and the authorities. Legitimacy assessments are formed based on the study of public opinion – the official monitoring procedure. The website of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs provides information on the results of monitoring public opinion about the activities of the police, but an analysis of its content allows us to note its superficiality and unconvincing optimism. This is obviously affected by the shortcomings of the departmental legal regulation of the process of monitoring public opinion about the activities of the police, which, judging by the questionnaire questions (there are only three of them), is rather imitative in nature. We believe that the official monitoring of public opinion on the activities of the police, at a minimum, should be supplemented by the results of independent sociological studies aimed at establishing "problem areas" of police activity related to violations of the law, violence, ill-treatment, provocations, inducing someone, directly or indirectly, to commit illegal actions, other official abuses. Otherwise, the regulatory requirements for the activities of the police, which establish the foundations of its legitimacy, cannot be fully implemented. The survey of 362 citizens conducted by the authors allows to state that, with a fairly high assessment of the activities of the Russian police, respondents pay attention to the existence of such problems as: the lack of transparency of police activities and the presence of formal and informal means of evading the legality of police activity, the tolerance of justice authorities to police lawlessness, intoxication with power by police officers, the impact of police brutality on social and legal despair, violation of the law in the name of achieving its falsely understood goals. The extreme case of perverted official zeal is the execution of illegal orders. There are quite widespread ideas in public opinion that entrepreneurs often become victims of extortion by the police, that the police take bribes from medium and small businesses, that you can buy off police officers. At the same time, the results of the study indicate that a significant part of the population is determined to cooperate with the police.Conclusions. The public demand for the police is relevant, the honor and main meaning of which is to protect the interests of all people and serve justice. People need such policemen who will demonstrate not strength and power, but simple human complicity. This is the main secret of the legitimacy of the police. Another secret lies in the orientation of personnel policy towards professionals in the police: their selection, training and support in difficult situations.

Prospects for creation and development of robotic systems in the interests of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

The analysis of foreign experience in the use of robotic technological systems (RTS) shows that there are many possible areas of their practical application in the activities of state enforcement agencies. In the activities of the Russian police small-sized ground-based robotic systems and unmanned aerial vehicles have been used, which expand the capabilities of the internal affairs bodies in the course of resolving official tasks. The article presents the current state of the use of RTS in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, discusses the main problems to be solved, and considers the prospects for development of police robotic systems. The scope of use of RTS for various purposes is determined, depending on the application environment and the method of basing.

Historical and Pedagogical Analysis of the Development of the System of Professional Training of the Russian Police Staff (Police): XVIII - XXI Centuries

Introduction. The article examines the results of the study of the problem of professional training of police officers (militia) in the historical and pedagogical aspect.Materials and Methods. The study is based on an analysis of various sources: regulatory legal acts of different years, dissertation research, scientific articles, memoirs of leaders and officers of the police (militia), historical periodicals, monographs. The leading methods were: periodization method, comparative-historical method, logical-historical analysis of sources.Results. The analysis of historical sources made it possible to identify the reasons and conditions that had a qualitative impact on the formation and development of the system of departmental education of the police (militia): political, economic, social, cultural, operational and service. The interdependence of the conditions noted made it possible to determine four historical stages in the formation and development of professional education of the police (militia): the first stage (I quarter of the 18th - I half of the 19th centuries), the second stage (II half of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th centuries), the third stage (the beginning of the 20th – the beginning of the XXI centuries), the fourth stage (2011 – present). Each historical stage is determined by the socio-economic and political conditions for the development of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as a state law enforcement agency, characterized by certain professional requirements for the personality of a policeman (policeman), and the directions of development of departmental education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.Discussion and Conclusions. Based on the historical analysis, it is concluded that the modern development of departmental education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia has retained the essence of the historical concept of law enforcement training and education.Scientific novelty. The paper presents the results of the historical and pedagogical analysis of the development of the system of departmental law enforcement education, identifies the stages of development of this system, taking into account the requirements put forward for the professional and personal qualities of a police officer in different historical eras; features of vocational training, including in the system of additional vocational education; educational and target tasks implemented in the process of teaching and upbringing. The proposed description of the stages allows us to correlate the historical aspects of the formation of professional training of police officers with the modern goals and objectives of vocational education; the requirements put forward for the professional and personal qualities of the employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as determine the further prospects for the development of this system.Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the professional training of future bachelors, specialists of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, in teaching educational disciplines of a pedagogical and legal profile, in the development of methodological materials for advanced training and retraining courses for police personnel, in carrying out activities in extracurricular activities (scientific circles).

Актуальные вопросы качества полицейского законодательства России

The article evaluates the current state of Russian police legislation, taking into account author’s earlier research, and identifies ways to improve its quality.

Features of sociological diagnostics of russian police and its media representation in the aspect of improving management quality

The article considers theoretical and applied assessment of Russian police sociological diagnostics. In Russian society there is a problem of improving efficiency of internal affairs bodies management system, overcoming formalism, voluntarism, bureaucratization and other negative effects. In this article there are analyzed the general theoretical aspects of sociological diagnostics integration into the management practice of internal affairs bodies, the possibilities and limitations of quantitative and qualitative methodology of empirical analysis. The police is treated as a local and integrated institution of the institutional system, simultaneously represented in the social consciousness by the means of traditional and new media resources. The article presents the results of research investigation and methodological-oriented empirical study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of internal affairs bodies management system, as well as searching for weaknesses of sociological diagnostic system. The conclusion is formulated as follows: the symbiosis of quantitative and qualitative empirical sociology (based on theoretical and methodological constructs of positivism and phenomenology) allows establishment of feedback with the controlled object.

Полиция Российской империи при Николае I (1825–1855)

The article examines the activities of the Russian police during the reign of Nicholas I, based on the study of official documents. One of the first decrees of the emperor was the law on the prohibition of secret societies in Russia. To combat the influence of subversive literature, as well as its penetration into the country from abroad, decrees on censorship were approved. The creation of the Third Department, the Gendarme Corps, and the subsequent police reforms were the reaction of the country's monarchical authorities to the Decembrist uprising, as well as the uprisings in Poland of 1830–1831 and the peasant unrest in Russia. In order to streamline the work of ministers, governors and local officials, Nicholas I approved several laws designed to systematize and improve the work of the administrative apparatus in the country, as well as to introduce personal responsibility for the performance of official duties.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И МЕТОДИКА В ОБУЧЕНИИ ПОЛИЦЕЙСКИХ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭТИКЕ В РОССИИ И ПОЛИЦЕЙСКОЙ ЭТИКЕ В ЕВРОПЕ

The article makes sense of the influence of the methodology of competencies in vocational education on the methods of training on the example of the discipline Professional ethics and service etiquette in professional educational organizations of the police. The methodology for training professional police personnel has manifested itself with regard to training in police ethics. In different ways, a set of methods for teaching professional (police) ethics to employees of internal affairs bodies has developed in Russia and a number of European countries. Attention to the moral culture of a police officer, traditionally significant in Russian educational organizations, is the essence of the new methodology. It is methodically correct to immediately combine the acquisition of knowledge with the second stage of the formation of the moral consciousness of the person – the transformation of the ethical knowledge of listeners into their own norms and beliefs. The selected ethical content is provided in the very first classes, which forms the moral consciousness of the police officer related to the professional activities of the police. The methods of competent training in police ethics training emphasize its applied nature. A significant increase in the number of practical classes allows you to apply active methods: modeling professional situations in the audience, writing essays on a given topic. The deontological method, which is a system of working with texts that record the moral duty of the police, is relevant. The new Russian Code of Ethics and Official Conduct affects police officers through the consolidation of standards of conduct in the service and abroad, bringing requirements to the personnel, awareness of their importance by each employee. The change in the methodology of professional education rearranges not only the methods of organizing the educational process, but also the choice of educational disciplines, which will certainly affect the level of professional morality in the Russian police.

Полиция Российской империи при Александре I (1801–1825)

Based on the study of official documents of the Russian Empire, the article examines the activities of the Russian police during the reign of Alexander I. In the country, the reverse reform of the reforms of Paul I was carried out, including the administration of the police and its executive bodies. The metropolitan police was again subordinated to the military governor. The country's social and political life was relaxed: torture and censorship were officially banned. In order to improve the administration of the country, ministries were established, including the Ministry of the Interior, consisting of four expeditions. Police affairs were handled by the second expedition. The State Council was created to centralize the management of all parts of public affairs. Masonic lodges were prohibited. The struggle was waged against «kormchestvo» and vagrancy.

Полиция Российской империи при Павле I (1796–1801)

The article examines the activities of the Russian police during the reign of Emperor Paul I on the base of official documents. Deanery councils, as collegial bodies, were liquidated, and police officers and assistants were appointed to provincial cities. The city police were subordinate to the military governor or military commandant. In the capitals, police functions were transferred to the Commission for Supplying the Residence with Supplies, as well as to the military Governor, who was assisted by the chief police officer and two police officers. However, the country maintained a volatility control by the police. The police were periodically subordinate to either the military or the civilian governor.

Paradoxes of the Russian Police Assessment in the Public Opinion Polls

Paradoxes of the Russian Police Assessment in the Public Opinion Polls

Нормативное правовое регулирование информационного сопровождения деятельности МВД России в контексте обеспечения права граждан на информацию

Achieving the goal of law, embodying the meaning of legislation, ensuring rights and freedoms, is carried out, inter alia, through the adoption of laws and the publication of bylaws. A significant role in this process is assigned to departmental rule-making. Through concretization in normative legal acts, rights and freedoms acquire certainty, acquire real existence. The right to information, as an essential human right, is no exception. Practical implementation, the implementation of the right to information in life, largely depends on the quality of departmental regulatory legal regulation. The article, using the example of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, reveals the nature of the normative legal regulation of informing the population by posting information on the Internet and in the media. The main normative documents governing the organization of interaction between the Russian police and the media, the procedure and issues of the content of the official website have been consistently analyzed. The study used methods of comparative analysis and synthesis, a formally logical, general scientific dialectical method. Based on the analysis of the normative legal acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the field of mass media circulation, the practical significance of bylaws in the legal system of the Russian Federation, aimed at solving the problem of ensuring the right of citizens to information, is revealed. Departmental normative legal acts, regulating the activities of departments on interaction with the media and posting information on the Internet, are simultaneously aimed both at solving internal organizational problems and ensuring the right to receive information. Determining the main forms and topics of information messages, establishing the procedure for the circulation of information, the powers of officials, regulatory legal documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, allow you to obtain comprehensive, objective information about the activities of the internal affairs bodies.

Агентура русской вспомогательной полиции на оккупированной немецкими войсками территории Курской области. По материалам архивно-следственных дел территориальных управлений КГБ СССР

This article addresses one of the least studied issues of the Great Patriotic War — German special services and collaborative security agencies using their agent assets in the occupied territory of the Kursk region. The chronological frameworks of the study cover the period from the seizure of the Kursk region by German troops to its liberation by the Red Army units. The corpus of sources on the subject is extremely limited. The authors draw on the materials of archival investigatory records on former active accomplices of the German occupiers from among Soviet citizens, who throughout the post-war period were actively sought by the Soviet state security organs. Among the defendants in this category of cases were former leaders, their assistants, senior investigators of the city and district departments of the Russian auxiliary police, created under direct supervision of the German occupation authorities in the territory. Analysis of archival investigatory records shows that the vast majority of heads of collaborative repressive bodies (police, gendarmerie, prisons) joined of the German invaders consciously and voluntarily. This circumstance contributed to their zealous service to German invaders. In order to prove their allegiance to the German command and to avoid punishment for failure, these officials actively recruited secret informants — their agents. These agents were mostly recruited from local residents who, for various reasons, agreed to cooperate with the leaders of Russian police agencies. The tasks of the agents included timely information on the anti-Nazi underground, Soviet intelligence, leaders and participants in the partisan movement in the occupied territory of the Kursk region in 1941–43. Quite often, agents were used by the directors of city and district prisons, which were opened by the German occupational commandant's offices in the region. Information about secret agents was carefully guarded. All agents were on allowance from the territorial bodies of the Russian auxiliary police. Due to scope and activity levels of the partisan movement in the occupied territory of the Kursk region, pro-Nazi agents were most active in the Valuyki, Grayvoron, Dmitriev, Rylsk, Sudzha, Shchigry, Shebekino districts.

Moral and ethical foundations of the activities of Russian police officers

Moral and ethical foundations of the activities of Russian police officers

The subject of liability in road traffic accident involving a highly or fully automated vehicle

The object of this research is the system of socio-legal relations in the sphere of ensuring road traffic safety. The subject of this research is the legal norms that regulate the administrative-legal status of the driver of automated vehicle in the instance of committing offense that caused a road traffic accident. The goal of this article consists in the analysis of the normative framework that regulates operation of automated vehicle on the road, as well as the administrative-legal status of the driver of such vehicle. Analysis is conducted on the foreign experience, federal legislation, bylaws and departmental acts pertaining to consolidation of the the legal status of the driver of automated vehicle in the instance of committing offense that caused a road traffic accident. The novelty of this work is defined by practical and scientific relevance of the problems of the activity of law enforcement agencies in the area of ensuring road traffic safety, as well as the need for improving the legal framework that regulates the authority of the Russian police. The acquired results can be used in legislative activity of the government branches, activity of the law enforcement agencies, educational institutions, scientific research of the experts dealing with the problems of ensuring road traffic safety, improvement of the branches of Russian legal system.

Правовая основа укрепления служебной дисциплины в полиции Российской империи по «Уложению о наказаниях уголовных и исправительных» 1885 г.

Правовая основа укрепления служебной дисциплины в полиции Российской империи по «Уложению о наказаниях уголовных и исправительных» 1885 г.