Russian Patents Research Articles

The paradox of government-funded innovation in weakly institutionalized environments

Government intention to spur innovation can result in the proliferation of low-quality patents, which is especially pronounced in countries with a low level of government accountability. This study examines the paradoxical effects of government-funded innovation in weakly institutionalized environments. I offer a game-theoretic model, in which the government has a stake in technological development and invests in research and development, although this encourages the growth of low-quality patents. Using Russian patents data between 1998 and 2016, I illustrate this mechanism by demonstrating the causal impact of Russia's government policy, which resulted in a simultaneous increase in the number of patents and a decrease in the absolute number of high-quality patents in the patent pool. This study provides a theoretical background for evaluating the impact of political incentives for investing in the creation of new technologies in the technological development of countries.

Исследование особенностей инновационной активности организаций в области рыбоводства и рыболовства в 2003–2022 годах с учетом анализа параметров результатов интеллектуальной деятельности

The article considers four groups of results of intellectual activity of Russia, the USA, the European Union and China in the field of fish farming and fisheries for the period 2003–2022. The first group includes patents found according to the international patent classification for the A01K subclass. The second group is based on high–tech patents selected for the A01K subclass together with the G- physics class. The third group considers the commercialized patents of Russia, selected from the first group. The fourth group includes Russian patents from the first group and dissertations on scientific specialties 05.18.17 «Industrial fisheries», 06.04.01 «Fisheries and aquaculture». The analysis of these four groups is carried out, the features of innovative activity of organizations are identified, and the forecast of its development is made.

Service to stimulate the student’s inventive activity at the university

The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the need to intensify innovation at domestic industrial enterprises to ensure accelerated technological sovereignty. The article presents the justification for the need to develop a university service to automate the process of generating a patent application, as an important component of inventive activity. The analysis of existing foreign software products for the formation and verification of applications showed that they cannot be used in domestic universities to obtain Russian patents. A step-by-step algorithm for the process of filing an application for a patent is formulated and an assessment is made of the possibilities of its automation using the service. For the possibility of developing a service to automate the process of generating applications, a description of its main functions is given (the presence of a line of application element templates; filling out a patent application form; assistance in compiling a description of an invention or utility model; support for multi-user work; integration with other systems; tracking the status of an application for grant of a patent, etc.). In addition, the qualification requirements for the service development team are structured in the form of the necessary knowledge, skills and practical experience. The main advantages of using the service for university students and other novice inventors are determined.

Biocatalysts and Processes of Enzymatic Conversion of Substrates Into Valuable Products of Chemical Organic Synthesis (Review of Domestic Developments)

Biocatalysis, both in homogeneous and heterogeneous modes, is an independent interdisciplinary direction of scientific and practical research of predominantly one-stage processes of conversion of initial reagents (substrates) into valuable products that are in demand on the market, with the participation, as a rule, of one enzyme as a catalyst. Biocatalytic single-enzyme processes, which have all the specific features of enzymatic catalysis, are alternative and quite competitive compared to traditional chemical production. This review provides information on the investigations and success of Russian research groups/laboratories that have been actively and productively working in the field of the biocatalysis over the past decades and have practical developments protected by Russian patents, which, under favorable circumstances, can be offered to commercial enterprises/companies for testing and use on a laboratory and/or semi-industrial scale with the prospect of industrial scale-up. In the review, special attention is paid to targeted systematic studies of lipolytic enzymes (lipases), which have a unique ability to catalyze reactions in organic solvents, including esterification and transesterification, which result in the production of valuable products of organic synthesis such as various esters. Lipases are active components of heterogeneous biocatalysts (BCs) prepared by attachment (immobilization) of these enzymes on the surface of solid supports and adsorbents. The review briefly describes the results of study by domestic research teams, provides a complete bibliography of their works, which contains information about the methods for preparing BCs, their catalytic properties (enzymatic activity, substrate specificity, operational stability), as well as the conditions for carrying out biocatalytic processes involving developed BCs such as the synthesis of acrylamide and various esters. Taking into account the average activity (A), close to the activity measured at the half-inactivation time (t1/2), and operational stability, characterized by the value t1/2, a rather rough assessment of the productivity of the BCs was carried out based on the amount of produced valuable product (in tons) per 1 kg of developed biocatalyst.

Анализ инновационной активности в организациях АПК в области общего земледелия и растениеводства за период 2003–2022 годов с учетом особенностей динамики результатов интеллектуальной деятельности

The article discusses three groups of Results of Intellectual Activity of agribusiness organizations on the topic of general agriculture and crop production for the period 2003–2022. The first two groups of Results of Intellectual Activity include patents from Russia, the USA, the European Union and China. Of these, the first group combines patents in accordance with the classes of the International Patent Classification: A01B, A01C and A01D. The second group covers high-tech patents selected for these three classes of the International Patent Classification with the addition of the fourth: G — physics. In the third group of Results of Intellectual Activity, Russian patents from the first group of Results of Intellectual Activity and Russian dissertations defended in scientific specialties 06.01.01 «General farming, crop production» and 4.1.1 «General farming and crop production» before and after changes in their nomenclature in 2021, respectively, are collected and studied. The parameters that characterize these groups of Results of Intellectual Activity are proposed, the features of the influence of the dynamics of their patent and scientific activity on innovation activity are studied.

TECHNOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVE TGAF COMPOSITIONS ON THE BASIS OF RUSSIAN INVENTIONS

There are presented results of search and analysis of Russian patents on manufacture technology and properties of low-fusible, high-explosive compositions type TGAF containing trotyl, hexogen, aluminum powder and phlegmatizing agent. Such type compositions marked as TGAG-5, TGAF-5 and MS are widely used in Polish Armed Forces in large-sized munitions like aerial bombs, depth charges, sea mines, torpedoes and warheads of missiles. As a results of above search and analysis, there are found five patent descriptions of Russian inventions [1-5] containing several data on the TGAF explosive composi-tions. These data included information pieces on manufacture technology of such explosives, and data on their physical and chemical properties like chemical stability, heat of explosion, ability to do work by explosion products (performance), brisance (Trauzl and Hess tests), sensitivity to mechanical stimuli, i.e. to impact and friction, temperature of the beginning of thermal decomposition and cook-off temperature. Above information and data are of critical importance as it concerns safety of such type munitions during their production, usage and disposal.

Methods for Evaluation of the Region’s Needs for Human Resources based on Statistics and Patent Landscapes

Implementation of a new technological platform in Russia requires providing promising areas of professional qualification with human resources. Post-pandemic structural economic transformation has accelerated changes in the labour market and highlighted the need to develop new approaches and forecasting methods with the priorities of regional technological development. The study presents a methodology to reveal the regional demand for staffing based on the analysis of the factors affecting staff demands using structured and unstructured datasets. The study is focused on forecasting the region’s needs for human resources based on data mining and patent landscapes. That forecasting should consider the economic focus of a region as well as its location, investment and R&D development programme, labour market specificity. The advantage of the proposed methodology is obtaining reasonable estimates of the region’s needs for human resources with data mining and patent landscaping methods in conditions of limited official statistical data. Our database includes more than 25 million records: full-text collections of Russian and foreign patents, research papers, statistical indicators, etc. As a result, we identified promising training areas attractive for qualified personnel in the Vologda region corresponding with the priorities of regional technological development. The future development of this research is the improvement of the methodology for quantitative assessment of the regional need for professionals in particular industries. The obtained results can be useful to government bodies and research centres for the development of regional strategies.

Microwave Irradiation in Technologies of Wastewater and Wastewater Sludge Treatment: A Review

Every year, the human impact on the world’s water sources becomes more pronounced. One of the triggers to this increase is the use of ineffective wastewater and sludge treatment systems. Recently, the number of studies of microwave processing in handling liquid municipal and industrial waste has increased. This paper discusses heat treatment, change in properties, decomposition of substances, removal of metals, demulsification, pyrolysis, biogas processing, disinfection, and other topics. The findings of European, Chinese, Russian, and other authors are summarised and presented in this review. In addition, the most notable Russian patents for microwave installations/devices and reactors suitable for a wide variety of applications are discussed. In this article, the authors look at microwave wastewater and sludge treatment from the perspective of practical application in various fields of human economic activity.

Цифровые технологии для изделий авиационно-космической отрасли

The creation of new generations of products in the aerospace industry is possible by applying a fundamentally new method of designing and manufacturing solid metal multilayer monocoque. A new additive manufacturing technology based on Russian patents is proposed.

Анализ применения кислотных составов в высокотемпературных карбонатных коллекторах

The use of hydrochloric acid treatment goes back a century. For the first time the company “Ohio Oil” applied acid for formation stimulation in 1895, and the patent for acidizing limestone was obtained by the company "Standard Oil". However, with a significant increase in production volumes, it turned out that acid solutions caused very strong corrosion of downhole equipment. Therefore, the hydrochloric acid treatment method had not been used for 30 years. The discovery by John Grib of “Dow Chemical” in 1931 – slowing down the effect of hydrochloric acid on the metal with arsenic – made it possible to return to this method, and three years later “Halliburton Oil Well Cementing” began to practice acidizing on an industrial scale. As the analysis of the field material has shown, there are many technologies with the use of modified acids intended for acidizing, which are characterized by a high degree of success. Nevertheless, according to the estimates of different authors, the treatments success varies in the range from 60 to 80%, and for repeated treatments – less than 50 %. The urgency degree of the problems associated with acid treatment of the bottomhole formation zone and the tendencies of its development was investigated. Analysis of patent information according to the International Patent Classification for 17 years (from 1997 to 2013 inclusive) for Russian patents and for 15 years (from 1999 to 2013 inclusive) – for American ones showed stable activity of Russian organizations, while foreign organizations showed in this respect a significant growth of interests and achievements. Foreign experts mainly investigated the modeling of acid treatment [6–11], while Russian specialists were more inclined towards service support of acid treatment. It was revealed that there were no methods for calculating the risks of falling out of heavy oil components during acid treatment, depending on the geological and physical conditions of the target.

The potential use of new impulse fire-fighting machinery for qualitatively new large-scale disinfection

Introduction. This paper is an overview of the use of standard equipment capable of spraying disinfectants and powders and fi ghting viral infections during a pandemic.Aims and objectives. The objective of the paper is to substantiate the need to develop a new method of combined disinfection. The following problems are to be tackled to meet this challenge: 1) the study of shock waves and their effi ciency if applied to microorganisms; 2) the substantiation of the effi cient use of the available fi re-fi ghting machinery, standard charges and sample equipment for shock-wave disinfection; 3) the search for the optimal and effective cycle of large-scale disinfection; 4) the compatibility substantiation of the shock-wave mode of large-scale spraying of chemical disinfectants; 5) the development and adjustment of impulse fi re-fi ghting equipment to ensure fl exible disinfection control in a wide range of areas.Materials and methods. The weaknesses of disinfection by spraying disinfectants and the impossibility of their elimination by upgrading traditional hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, without changing their operating principles, have been demonstrated.Results and discussion. A new disinfection method, based on the accumulated experience of operation of impulse fi re equipment, is proposed. A disinfection methodology that contemplates the shock-wave destruction of microorganisms has a strong potential. The optimal cycle of spraying disinfectant chemical solutions (DCS) and powders has been substantiated; it assures comprehensive disinfection based on various mechanisms of action: 1) impact compression and prompt heating; 2) pressure relief that destroys microorganisms; 3) convection heating using a squall front that has high-temperature steam whirls; 4) chemical disinfection using micro-drops and DCS vapors sprayed on various surfaces that have irregularities, slots, cracks, irregular shape items.Conclusions. The proposed advanced equipment has no close substitutes in the world. It is protected by the Russian, Ukrainian and Chinese patents. Its production is expedient if launched at defense plants in operation if suffi cient funding is available.

COMBINED FIRMWARE OF DEEP CHANNELS OF VARIABLE CROSS-SECTION

Variants of manufacturing deep channels of different cross-sections in typical details of modern equipment are considered. Most of the methods were created with the participation of the authors of the article and are protected by Russian patents. The results of the research are implemented in production at enterprises of various branches of mechanical engineering. Information is given about the original methods of piercing deep holes with a depth-to-diameter ratio of more than 25:1 by using combined processes with the imposition of high-frequency vibrations and the possibility of obtaining holes of variable cross-section in pressed ceramic and metal workpieces. The production of mating surfaces from small cross-section channels and narrow grooves is considered,which allowed us to offer an original technological process for the erosive chemical production of precision parts. This technology has been used in the manufacture of parts whose traditional processing methods are poorly understood or not feasible.In particular, a new application of combined firmware for obtaining deep holes of small cross-section in metal workpieces obtained by pressing is shown.Typical parts containing deep channels are given, the combined processing of which is the most technologically advanced and allows for a high economic effect.

Mathematical modeling of thermal processes during "cassette" crystallization of chalcogenides

A new, relatively simple and highly efficient modification of the directional melt crystallization method in the form of a multi-cassette process has been considered. This study is based on Russian Patents and technological studies conducted at National Research and Technological University MISiS. As a result, mathematical models of a multi-cassette method have been developed for 3D radiation and conduction analysis of thermal processes in the entire volume of the heating unit and 2D analysis of convection and conduction heat exchange in a separate cassette. Parameters have been calculated on the basis of these mathematical models for clarifying the effect of heating unit component arrangement and dimensions on the formation of thermal fields in cassette units, the effect of vertical homogeneity of heat supply to the cassette unit and heating power reduction rate during crystallization on the shape of the crystallization front, as well as the effect of small asymmetry in cassette design and violation of cassette bottom cooling homogeneity on convection and asymmetrical heat transfer. Application of the conductive and radiative heat exchange model to the entire heating unit has allowed us to calculate process parameters on the basis of which we have analyzed the effect of heating unit components, their arrangement and temperature on the heat exchange conditions at the cassette unit boundaries. Application of the convective and conductive model to one growth cassette has shown that asymmetrical design and boundary thermal conditions as well as unstable vertical temperature gradient lead to the formation of convection vortices and substantial crystallization front deviation from planar shape. Calculations on the basis of the convective mass exchange model have shown that an increase in the crystallization rate by one order of magnitude greatly increases the tellurium flow into the crystal thus substantially altering the melt composition in the vicinity of the crystallization front and hence serving as a potential origin of dendrite growth. The authenticity of the calculation results has been verified in a number of tests aimed at analyzing the effect of heat and mass transport on crystallization front shape for cassette cooling rates that are typical of polycrystalline bismuth telluride growth processes.

Analyzing an academic field: the case of Russian patents

The authors analyze a sample of 60 Russian patents over the 1993 to 2016 period in a specific scientific discipline defined as ‘posturography’, or ‘stabilometry’. The analysis reveals the most significant inventors in terms of the number of registered patents. Out of 128 authors, 43 participated in the creation of two or more patents. Twentyfive authors have two patents, and 18 persons have three or more patents. The activity of the most productive inventors is highly correlated with the location of manufacturers of scientific instruments. Patents of private organizations are more frequently supported than that of the state-owned organizations. The paper provides figures related to «abandoned» patents. The analysis of the inventions’ content points to their different academic value. Certain patents are a priori impracticable or based on misconceptions. Interpretation of quantitative and expert analysis of the patents’ sample includes the «instrumentalist» idea, implying that the quality of available methodological tools affects the attainable results causing the impact of small groups on the whole scientific field. The authors discuss the hidden implications of the patent activity not solely limited to the commercial use of the inventions.

Bronchoscopy in Children for Research with Questionable Indications: An Overview of Russian Patents and Publications.

This review is a continuation of preceding papers on invasive methods applied for diagnostics or drug delivery with questionable clinical indications and/or research purposes. It aims to serve as a reminder that the risk-to-benefit ratio should be kept as low as possible. Review of literature and Russian patents; author's observations since 1983. The use of bronchoscopy as a diagnostic and drug delivery method in asthma, bronchitis and tuberculosis is discussed in some detail. Bronchoscopy was applied in children and adults with asthma both during remissions and exacerbations, as well as pre-asthma defined as bronchitis with elements of bronchospasm and allergy. In the pediatric clinic of the Moscow medical academy, endoscopic methods have been applied in children and newborns for diagnostic, therapeutic and research purposes since the 1960s. Various bronchoscopic methods have been patented; several patents are presented here as examples. The concept of informed consent and assent applied to children and adolescents is also discussed. Significance of the procedural quality assurance in endoscopy is stressed, particularly, training methods not involving patients. It is also important to monitor endoscopic skills and objectively select capable trainees.

Complex technology of navigation and geodetic support of airborne electromagnetic surveys

The paper considers a complex technology of navigation and geodetic support for airborne geophysical surveys by the example of an airborne electromagnetic survey that makes use of an outboard platform connected to the helicopter with a cable. The technology is based on satellite and photogrammetric methods. The innovation methods used to determine navigation and geodetic parameters are protected by the Russian patents and have been tested in practice. The paper presents the results of the authors’ long-term experience in this field of research.

Modification of plaster compositions for building facade finishing with nanotechnological materials

Analysis of the modern state of the facade system market was conducted, major deficiencies and basic requirements to facade surfaces and materials were identified. It was established that high quality of the surfaces is achieved through stability of the composition and properties of the raw materials used, and fillers – their quantitative content and dispersity – play a particularly important role. The problem of the optimal filling of plaster compositions, labor intensity and low profitability of natural filler production was raised A solution was suggested: expand the nomenclature of fillers for plaster compositions of the new generation, apply nanotechnological raw materials, in particular, carbonate sludge – the product of reactant treatment of waste water from thermal power plants and carbonate siliceous product – flue dust from asphalt concrete plants. Both wastes are depositable anthropogenic sources of environmental pollution. Formulations of facade compositions, modified with nanotechnological mineral fillers with high properties (adhesive strength, compressive strength, cold resistance), confirmed by a number of Russian patents, have been developed.

Russian Patents on Catalysis 2000-2014: Bibliometric and Topical Analysis

The database Chemical Abstracts Plus of the data retrieval system SciFinder was used for comparative bibliometric and topical analysis of patents on catalysis published in 2000-2014 in Russia and worldwide. Since the beginning of the century, the number of annually registered patent on catalysis has increased by a factor of 1,4 in Russia, but by a factor of 2,5 in the world and 22 in China. In the worldwide base of patents on catalysis, the current share of Russia is 2 % that corresponds to the sixth position. The topical distribution of the Russian patents on catalysis differs from that in the world: most of the Russian patents deal with processing of fossil fuel, while this topic is in the forth position in the world, and the top position relates to high-molecular chemistry, air cleaning from contaminants and industrial hygiene.

Проблема выбора индикаторов, отражающих долю наукоемкой продукции на глобальном рынке

According to the results of the implementation of the priority «industry of nanosystems» an analysis of the use mechanism of protection of intellectual property rights in the global namespace. Argues that only the intellectual property identificeret prospects for capturing a share of the global market of science-intensive products. Therefore, to capture and consolidate global technological leadership in the postindustrial society, primarily in the form of its institutionalization in the system of world standards intellectual property. Noted that the reports of UNESCO and the world intellectual property organization (WIPO), published in 2015, the Program of nanoindustry development in the Russian Federation recognized as not effective in the criterion of low patent activity. The data of the patent analysis in three technological fields of nanotechnology, highlighted WIPO’s as mainstream, estimated the share of Russian patents in the world portfolio in each of these areas.The conclusion about the fundamental relevance of this indicator the priority areas as «the number patents with a priority of the Russian Federation, obtained in foreign countries» to assess the country’s share in the global market high-tech products.

Surfactant Therapy of Pulmonary Conditions Excluding those with Primary Surfactant Deficiency and Bronchoscopy as Delivery Method: An Overview of Russian Patents and Publications

Preparations of pulmonary surfactant are used for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in a newborn. Their applicability as a method of routine for lung diseases beyond the neonatal period is questionable. Some publications from the former Soviet Union (SU) have reported on successful surfactant therapy of ARDS in children and adults as well as for inhalation injuries, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Bronchoscopy was used and recommended as a method of surfactant delivery for ARDS, some types of pneumonia and tuberculosis. Manufacturing processes of surfactant preparations from bovine lung and amniotic fluid, described by Russian patents, and bronchoscopy as a delivery mode are discussed here. A concluding point is that some reports from the former SU about administration of exogenous surfactant in pulmonary conditions, excluding those with primary surfactant deficiency, are only partly confirmed by the international literature.