Russian Nationality Research Articles

Funkcjonowanie notariatu w Cesarstwie Rosyjskim na przykładzie akt zespołu Starszego Notariusza Sądu Okręgowego w Grodnie

The article addresses the changes that occurred in the notarial system of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. The main research objective was to conduct a detailed analysis of the Notary Act of 1866 and its practical application in notarial contracts. The source base used in the study is the archival records of the Senior Notary of the District Court in Grodno, which are preserved in the State Archive in Bialystok. The author was interested in how different kinds of notarial documents were constructed, and in the rules relating to their approval and implementation. The most important hypotheses attempted relate to the questions of: to what extent the notarial system was different from the previous regulations; what the differences were between notary legislation in the Polish Kingdom and in the Western Governorates; what elements were included in the organizational structure of the notarial system, and what the rights and obligations were of senior notaries and “regular” notaries? Through the research, the author has also managed to identify some of the notarial officials who held office in the territory of the former Belostok Oblast. All senior notaries were of Russian nationality and belonged to the Russian Orthodox faith. They were loyal to the Tsar and some of them participated in combating the January Uprising of 1863.

Perception psychology on social distance to different countries: Russian view

Intercultural communication in the modern world is becoming more intense, expanding psychological perception that people have about other peoples and their cultures. This article discusses the psychological characteristics of perception of the students of St. Petersburg social distance to different peoples of the world. The article emphasizes the difficulties of perception and inter-cultural interaction depending on the stereotypes of perception and causal attribution errors and discrimination. Authors state that assertiveness as the ability to protect their rights and interests is evident in the increasing social distance and is a constructive way of protection. The goal of the present empirical research is to study the amount of social distance students of Russian nationality in relation to the representatives of the different ethnic groups of the world. Objectives of the study were to assess the magnitude of social distance in relation to populations that are not part of the Russian Federation; and in determining the dynamics of social distance, depending on political and economic world trends. Method of research is the social distance scale of E. Bogardus. Based on the results of empirical research, the following conclusions were made. The value of social distance students of Russian nationality shows their normal ethnic identity and positive attitude to the different people of the world. Interviewed students realize themselves as a separate ethnic group, have the desire and willingness to cooperate with other peoples. Social distance in relation to European populations is in general closer than to Asian and African ethnicities. Social distance of the students towards the brotherly Slavic peoples (Ukrainians and Belarusians) is closer than to the representatives of other nations, but students are ready to build friendships and business relationships with the Belarusians, as for the citizens of Ukraine and the residents of Donbass they have shown interest in recent years only in business relations. This represents a slight increase in the length of social distance in relation to Ukrainians. People push social distance towards the residents of the country, where a civil war is, psychologically protect, try to be emotionally away from military conflict. Authors conclude that this is a normal psychological reaction. In a situation of a terrorist act, the value of social distance toward terrorists and their victims also sharply increases.

Dental caries experience and determinants in young adults of the Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, North-West Russia: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundLittle information exists about the experience of and risk factors for dental caries in young adults in Russia. We investigated dental caries experience and determinants in medical and dental students in North-West Russia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 442 medical and 309 dental undergraduate students of Russian nationality aged 18–25 years from the Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia. Information on socio-demographic factors and oral health behaviour (regularity of dental visits, frequency of tooth-brushing, using toothpaste with fluoride, and skipping tooth-brushing) was obtained from a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Dental caries experience was based on the decayed (D) missing (M) filled (F) teeth (T) index and the Significant Caries (SiC) index, which were assessed through dental examination. Students with a DMFT index ≥9 were placed in the SiC group. Negative binomial hurdle and multivariable binary logistic regressions were used for statistical analyses.ResultsThe prevalence of dental caries (DMFT >0) was 96.0%, overall mean DMFT index was 7.58 (DT: 0.61, MT: 0.12, and FT: 6.84), and the corresponding SiC index was 12.50. Age 21–25 years (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.18), being a female (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01–1.20), high subjective socioeconomic status (SES) [IRR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02–1.21], and skipping tooth-brushing (IRR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00–1.19) were associated with a higher DMFT index. DMFT index also increased among students who reported regular dental visits (IRR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.10–1.36), but their odds of being in the dental caries-free group decreased (odds ratio [OR] = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18–0.82). Significant predictors of being categorised to the SiC group were older age (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.03–1.92), high subjective SES (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.13–2.19), and regular dental visits (OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.56–3.51).ConclusionsA high prevalence of dental caries and high DMFT index, with a dominance of FT, were observed in our Russian medical and dental students. Age, sex, subjective SES, regular dental visits, and skipping tooth-brushing were determinants of dental caries experience.

ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ НЕКОТОРЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКОГО И КЛИНИЧЕСКОГО СТАТУСА ИНФЕРТИЛЬНЫХ МУЖЧИН

The article presents the results of the research of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activity of components of antioxidant protection (AOP) in men of reproductive age with primary and secondary infertility, living on the territory of Buryatia and have abnormalities in spermogramme. Aim: to study the frequency structure of male infertility, the features of the system lipid peroxidation-antioxidant protection in men with normospermic and pathospermia Buryat and Russian nationality. A retrospective analysis was performed in 562 men of Russian and Buryat nationality, residing in the territory of the Republic of Buryatia. Study groups were as follows: 204 - Buryat, 358 - Russian. In this study we used clinical and laboratory methods and the statistical analysis of the obtained data. Study the contents of products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activity of components of the antioxidant protection (AOP) was studied in 113 infertile men (71 Buryat, 42 Russian). Group of infertile men were divided into a group with normospermia and pathospermia. High rate of male factor infertility in men of Russian and Buryat populations was found. No difference was found for frequency and structure of reproductive disorders in men depending on ethnicity. The frequency of male factor in infertile marriages and structure of the causes of male infertility and made comparisons based on ethnicity. Was found the presence of oxidative stress in patients with pathospermia. The findings suggest about the unfavorable pro-and antioxidant status of men with pathospermia, both Russian and Buryat populations. The differences indicate a different degree of activity of metabolic processes in infertile men of different ethnic groups.

Russia and Courtly Europe: Ritual and the Culture of Diplomacy, 1648–1725 by Jan Hennings (review)

SEER, 95, 4, OCTOBER 2017 766 Ufa, Andrei Ukhtomskii, sought to strengthen and police the boundaries of Orthodoxy by identifying it still more strongly with Russian nationality. On the eve of revolution, many of the threads that bound Bashkiria to the empire were unravelling, but they would be restored in somewhat different form in the early Soviet period, when, as Daniel Schafer has shown, Bashkiria became one of the crucibles of Soviet nationalities policy. Steinwedel is surely correct that Bashkiria is crucial to understanding wider patterns of Russian imperial governance, between the colonial separation visible in Central Asia and the attempt to create a more homogenous national core through assimilation in European Russia: ‘Bashkiria was located geographically just at the point where the two forms of governance met’ (p. 251). His book is thus both a skilful exercise in local and regional history, and an important contribution to the history of Imperial Russia as a whole. New College, University of Oxford Alexander Morrison Hennings, Jan. Russia and Courtly Europe: Ritual and the Culture of Diplomacy, 1648–1725. New Studies in European History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 2016. xii + 297pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £64.99. Russia’s integration into the European states-system, achieved by the establishment of permanent diplomatic representatives in Western capitals, is conventionally dated to the era of the Great Northern War (1700–21) and viewed as a dimension of the ‘westernizing’ policies pursued by Peter the Great (1694–1725). Jan Hennings’ fine new study overturns many of these established assumptions, and substitutes a much more sophisticated and convincing framework for what was a key political transformation, for the rest of Europe as well as for Russia. Pointing to the ambition of earlier Muscovite diplomacy, particularly from the reign of Peter’s father Alexis (1645–76) onwards, he argues that changes around 1700 built more on previous Russian developments than on imitation of the French diplomatic system perfected during the second half of Louis XIV’s long reign (1661–1715). Impressive research on widely scattered manuscript material, together with notably wide reading in printed sources and secondary literature alike, enables him to demonstrate the extent to which the Posol´skii prikaz (‘Ambassadorial’ or ‘Foreign Affairs Chancellery’), established as long ago as 1549, became increasingly important and also independent during the second half of the seventeenth century, as Russia sought to find allies against the Ottoman Empire. One established explanation for Muscovy/Russia’s slow diplomatic emergence has been an ignorance of Europe’s languages, but this cannot be REVIEWS 767 sustained in the light of Dr Hennings’s revelation that there were no fewer than 84 translators and 185 interpreters active between 1645 and 1682 (p. 76). While many of these men provided the linguistic skills needed to send periodic missions to Central Asia and to eastern and northern Europe, a significant proportion were able to handle central and western European languages. The linguistic barriers to expanded diplomatic contacts were thus far less serious than usually believed. A more serious obstacle to the development of Russian diplomacy was the relatively late establishment of a reliable postal system extending as far east as Moscow; this only really began to be created from the 1660s. Until that point Muscovite diplomats, in contrast to their European counterparts, were unable to maintain a regular correspondence with their superiors during their mission, instead presenting a consolidated report when they returned, a practice firmly established by 1600. Yet the Posol´skii prikaz was becoming a sizeable and important agency of government during the second half of the seventeenth century, with up to thirty ‘undersecretaries’ in post and perhaps as many as fifty during the 1670s (p. 75), together with increasing functional specialization. It was able to provide improved and more sophisticated control over policy than hitherto appreciated, and Dr Hennings’s account of its evolution will be of considerable value to anyone interested in Muscovite governance. The detailed account of the administrative framework (chapter 2), valuable though it is, is preparatory to the real heart of the book: an imaginative study of ceremony and protocol in Russian diplomacy. This incorporates the insights of what is known as the ‘Münster...

ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ОСТРОГО МИЕЛОБЛАСТНОГО ЛЕЙКОЗА У ДЕТСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ В КЫРГЫЗСТАНЕ

Objective: To study the ethnic distribution features of the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) among children in Kyrgyzstan.Methods: The study covers the period from 2006 to 2016 with the inclusion of all cases of AML. The calculation carried out on 1 million children according to the National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. For the investigated period, registered 121 cases of AML in children (age category from 0 to 14 years) in Kyrgyzstan.Results: When comparing prevalence rates depending on the nationality, the highest numbers were in Kyrgyz-children with a value of 8.36 per 1 million population. The morbidity indicators in persons of Uzbek and Russian nationality were lower, that amounting to 6.2 and 4.29 per 1 million people respectively. Comparison of standardized incidence rates showed a similar pattern: for Kyrgyz, Uzbeks and Russians, they amounted to 2.59±0.06, 1.33±0.03 and 1.9±0.02, respectively.Conclusion: The unevenness of AML incidence caused by different percentage ratios of ethnic groups on the territory of Kyrgyzstan, and the highest morbidity rates among Kyrgyz people are due to its greater number.Keywords: Acute myeloblastic leukaemia, a standardized incidence rate.

Improvement of methods of evaluation of investment projects in the context of import substitution

Due to the imposition of sanctions, based more on geopolitical interests, there were additional essential restrictions on sources of external credits, use of import raw materials and technologies, possibilities of attraction to work of the qualified employees which do not have the Russian nationality, participation in the international technology and scientific projects. At similar restrictions of different resources investment decisions are made extremely carefully, and especially careful and reasonable efficiency evaluation of the investments is required. Traditionally used techniques of efficiency evaluation of investment projects not fully consider strategic interests of owners of industrial enterprises and investors. Decrease in risks requires higher quality of project evaluation. In this work the method of multi-level consistently complex integral assessment of investment projects on an indicator of the integral indicator of their efficiency implementing consecutive selection of investment projects from a portfolio on essential indicators of commercial effectiveness, efficiency of production business activities, a financial state and productivity of activity is provided. The developed method of a complex assessment of investment projects is implemented for practical application by the software product allowing to create on the basis of economic-mathematical modeling specific recommendations in economic practice of industrial enterprises during the developing and implementation of investment strategies. The conclusion that for the Russian economy in the conditions of import substitution accounting of all set of interests of investors and owners of the enterprises provides development and implementation of reasonable investment strategies is drawn.

SPORT IN VOLYN IN THE YEARS 1921–1939. OUTLINE HISTORY

Introduction. The aim of this paper is to outline the history of sport in Volyn (the area of the Volhynian province in the period of the Second Polish Republic) in the years 1921–1939. The Volhynian province was established on 19 February 1921. As of April 1, 1939 its area covered 35,754 km2 and had a population of 2,085,600 people (as of 9 December 1931). The population of Polish nationality was 16,6 %, of Ukrainian nationality – 68,4 % , of Jewish nationality – 9,9 %, of German nationality – 2,3 %, of Czech nationality – 1,5 %, of Russian nationality – 1,1 %, the remaining nationalities – 0,2%. Townspeople of the province represented only 13,3 % of the population. The province consisted of the following counties: Dubno, Horochów, Kostopil, Kovel, Kremenets, Liuboml, Lutsk, Rivne, Sarny, Volodymyr and Zdolbuniv. The county of Sarny (formerly included in Polesia province) became a part of the Volhynian province in December 1930. Methods and Research Problems. As part of preparation of this study the following research methods have been used: analysis of historical sources, the method of synthesis and comparison. The following research areas have been put forward: What did the development of sport in Volyn in the years 1921–1939 look like? What conditions influenced the development of sport in the Volhynian province in the years 1921–1939? What clubs and associations were engaged in sports activity in Volyn in the years 1921–1939? As far as the research is concerned preliminary research into archive sources was conducted. The literature used has been the one taking into account the issues of contributions to the history of physical education and sport in Volhynian province in the years 1921–1939. Findings and Conclusions. The years 1921–1939 saw the development of sport in Volyn. The development of sports infrastructure as well as trainings of personnel for the purpose of physical education and sport could be observed. The sports structures established in Volyn – in the form of district sports associations and the operation of Provincial, County and Municipal Committees of Physical Education and Military Training (after 1927) were conducive to the development of this field of sports activity. A significant role in sports activity was played by sports, youth and social clubs and associations. Sport was practised by all nationality groups residing in the Volhynian province.

ALLELE AND GENOTYPES FREQUENCIES OF CRP GENE POLYMORPHISM (C1444T; C1846T) IN OSTEOPOROSIS

The impact of immune inflammation to bone mineral density has been discussed recently. C-reactive protein is one of the marker of immune inflammation. The CRP base level significantly depends from individual genetic feature. They were founded that some genetic polymorphism of CRP gene associates with the development of cardiovascular diseases. The relationship of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis is being discussed also. The aim of study is to examine gene CRP polymorphism (C1444T; C1846T) in women with osteoporosis. Materials and methods. 118 postmenopausal women aged between 60 and 76 were examined. All women were Russian nationality and lived in Transbaikalye region. Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 60 women. Control group consisted of 58 women. The study was conducted according GCP principles and WHO Declaration of Helsinki. Gene polymorphism was determined by PCR method. We used reagents Ltd «Liteh» Moscow. The amplification of gene fragments was determined in thermal cycle (Model «Bis»-M111). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral venous blood by reagents «DNA-express-blood». Visualization of the amplification products was performed by electrophoresis in 3% agarose gel. For statistical analysis we used on-line calculator http://gen-exp.ru.calculator_org.php. For comparison of allele and genotypes frequencies we used χ2. It was statistically significant at p<0.05. Results. SNP polymorphisms of locusts 1444 and 1846 gene CRP were discovered in homo and heterozygous condition. The distribution of genotypes of polymorphous locus C1444T and C1846T CRP gene in group of women with osteoporosis and control group corresponded to Hardy - Weinberg law (df=1). It was founded that the relative probability of detection alleles C and T of 1444 locus gene CRP did not differ significantly between control group and group of patients with osteoporosis. -R for C allele was 0,97 (CI95% 0,57-1,69), for T allele OR was 1,04 (CI95% 0,61-1,75). It was shown that the frequency distribution of genotypes CC, TT and CT did not differ significantly. As concerns another point mutations of CRP gene (C1846T), it was founded that the frequency of T allele was 46% in patients with osteoporosis and it was 34% in control group (p=0,06). The relative probability was higher above 1,64 time (CI95% 0,932,77). About the genotypes frequency the next results were got: the homozygous genotype TT met frequently in women with osteoporosis - 18%, in control group they frequency was 34% (p=0,03). The relative probability TT genotype of C1846T locus was higher above 6,27 time (Ci95% 1,33-9,75). It was founded that the heterozygous genotype met rarely in patient with osteoporosis than in control group (57% and 62% accordingly), p=0,03. The homozygous genotype CC met rarely in patients with osteoporosis compared control group

Ethnic variability of bladder cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Aim. To study the bladder cancer incidence in ethnic groups of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Methods. The study, covering the period from 2004 to 2013, included patients with newly diagnosed and registered cases of bladder cancer. Statistical methods of cancer incidence descriptive epidemiology were used. Besides, age-specific, crude and standardized indices of bladder cancer incidence were calculated.Results.In total in 10 years 4887 patients with bladder cancer were registered in Kazakhstan. Crude incidence rate of bladder cancer among the Kazakh ethnic group was the highest in Akmola (2.2) and Kostanay (2.2) regions, as well as in Almaty (2.1 per 100 thousand population). The lowest incidence rate among indigenous ethnic groups was registered in South Kazakhstan region - 0.8 per 100 thousand population. The highest average annual incidence of bladder cancer among Russians was registered in Almaty - 11.4 per 100 thousand population. The same high figures were registered in West Kazakhstan (11.0), North Kazakhstan (10.5), Kyzylorda (10.5) and Aktobe (10.0 per 100 thousand population) regions. The lowest incidence was observed among persons of Russian nationality in the Atyrau region (4.0 per 100 thousand population). In general, the incidence among the Kazakh ethnic group was 1.59±0.41 per 100 thousand, that was significantly less than among Russians - 8.25±1.88 per 100 thousand population (pConclusion. There is considerable ethnic variability in bladder cancer incidence in Kazakhstan: the incidence among Russians 5 times higher than among Kazakhs.

ІСТОРИЧНІ ПІДСТАВИ АГРЕСИВНОЇ ЗОВНІШНЬОПОЛІТИЧНОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ РОСІЇ

Unprovoked armed aggression of Russia against Ukraine after victory of the Dignity Revolution in it and annexation of Crimea, kindling and financial and material support of separatist rebellions in the eastern regions of our country actualized analysis of international historical reasons of aggressive behavior of Russia, primarily regarding the former Soviet republics. Therefore, an attempt to look back this problem in the context of the medieval international relations in Central and Eastern Europe and the formation of autocratic ideology Grand Duchy of Moscow, Moscow kingdom and the Russian Empire was made in article. In view of that Rurik dynasty and related to them by women Romanovs had the beginnings from rulers of Kyivan Rus, Moscow grand dukes, kings and Petersburg emperors saw all the lands, that once belonged to it (mainly Ukrainian), as part of their historical heritage. Joining and later incorporation of Ukraine into the Russian Empire, from their point of view, was like returning of lost once patrimony. And the fact that Ukrainian and Belorussian lands formerly were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Rus and Rzeczpospolita, or had their own political autonomy and time to develop a separate cultural, religious and public-political tradition, was seen as distortions caused by ostensibly forced distancing of these countries from the king. Leading Moscow and St. Petersburg intellectuals both conservative and liberal-democratic were able and can to argue about the nature of Russian nationality, but they never had the slightest doubt as to «russkost» of Ukrainian, Belarusian and Baltic lands. This view completely coincides with the official position of the Russian autocracy and is now the basis for the foreign policy strategy of Vladimir Putin.

The frequency of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms in Russian patients with peptic ulcers treated with proton pump inhibitors.

IntroductionProton pump inhibitors, which are widely used as acid-inhibitory agents for the treatment of peptic ulcers, are mainly metabolized by 2C19 isoenzyme of cytochrome P450 (CYP2C19). CYP2C19 has genetic polymorphisms, associated with extensive, poor, intermediate or ultra-rapid metabolism of proton pump inhibitors. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 could be of clinical concern in the treatment of peptic ulcers with proton pump inhibitors.AimTo investigate the frequencies of CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, and CYP2C19*17 alleles and genotypes in Russian patients with peptic ulcers.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the cases of 971 patients of Caucasian origin with Russian nationality from Moscow region with endoscopically and histologically proven ulcers, 428 males (44%) and 543 females (56%). The mean age was 44.6±11.9 years (range: 15–88 years). DNA was extracted from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid whole blood samples (10 mL). The polymorphisms CYP2C19 681G.A (CYP2C19*2, rs4244285), CYP2C19 636 G.A (CYP2C19*3, rs4986893) and CYP2C19 -806 C.T (CYP2C19*17, rs12248560) were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsRegarding CYP2C19 genotype, 317 patients (32.65%) out of 971 were CYP2C19*1/*1 carriers classified as extensive metabolizers. Three hundred and eighty-six (39.75%) with CYP2C19*1/*17 or CYP2C19*17/*17 genotype were ultra-rapid metabolizers. Two hundred and fifty-one people (25.85%) were intermediate metabolizers with CYP2C19*1/*2, CYP2C19*2/*17, CYP2C19*1/*3, CYP2C19*3/*17 genotypes. Seventeen patients (1.75%) with CYP2C19*2/*2, CYP2C19*3/*3, CYP2C19*2/*3 genotypes were poor metabolizers. The allele frequencies were the following: CYP2C19*2 – 0.140, CYP2C19*3 – 0.006, CYP2C19*17 – 0.274.ConclusionThere is a high frequency of CYP2C19 genotypes associated with modified response to proton pump inhibitors in Russian patients with peptic ulcers. Genotyping for CYP2C19 polymorphisms is suggested to be a useful tool for personalized dosing of proton pump inhibitors.

RIGHTIST RITUAL, MEMORY AND IDENTITY COMMEMORATION IN LATE IMPERIAL RUSSIA

This article explores how Russia's right-wing groups drew upon concepts of memory and identity commemoration to inform their ritual practices. Their creation of various memorials, celebrations and cults represented a synthesis between conservative values of Orthodoxy, autocracy and Russian nationality, and a populist nationalist appeal that came to define the ideology and practice of the Russian ultra-right in the final years of tsarism. The analysis includes three different case studies. First, it explores the creation of a leadership cult amongst the radical right, assessing how followers celebrated the memory of the leader of the Russian Monarchist Party, Vladimir Gringmut, after 1907. Second, it analyses the activity of one of the most militant groups on the Russian far right, the Union of Russian People, in Ukraine during 1905–07. Finally, it considers the activity of the Union of the Arkhangel Mikhail in Bessarabia and their staging of commemorative activities in celebration of the centenary of Bessarabia's incorporation into the Russian Empire, held in 1912. All of these examples demonstrate how an illiberal, populist monarchism was developing away from the Russian state and even in conflict with it.

Role of glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) genes in the development and progress of chronic myeloid leukemia and in the formation of response to imatinib therapy.

The effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletion ("zero") polymorphisms on the risk of chronic myeloid leukemia development and progress and on response to imatinib monotherapy were studied in the representatives of the Russian nationality in the Vyatka region of Russia. Homozygotic carriership of GSTT1 "zero" allele was associated with a 3.66 times higher risk of chronic myeloid leukemia development in residents of the Vyatka region (OR=3.66, 95% CI=2.12-6.30; p<0.0001). Combinations of the "zero" GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were risk factors indicating the probable disease progress and failure of high cytogenetic response after 12 months of imatinib therapy (400 mg daily).

Ethnic and epidemiological characteristics of HIV-infected patients died in 2009-2010 in the Republic of Tatarstan

Aim. The research goal was to evaluate the ethnical and epidemiological characteristics of the deceased HIV-infected patients in the Republic of Tatarstan. Methods. Causes of death among HIV-infected patients were analyzed. Depending on ethnicity they were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=276, 71.1%) - Russian nationality, group 2 (n=112, 28.9%) - Tatar nationality. Results. Mortality of HIV-infected persons of group 1 was 3.2 times higher than among patients of group 2 (18.4 and 5.6 per 100 000 respectively, p 0.001). In both groups majority of patients (79.0 and 62.5% in 1 and 2 groups) were infected through drug injections. Highest mortality rate was observed in HIV-infected males younger than 40 years who lived in urban areas and was associated with tuberculosis, lung and cardiovascular diseases. The mean disease duration after diagnosis in the 1st and 2nd groups was similar (5.2±0.3 and 5.1±0.4 years, respectively). Shorter survival period was observed in females, older than 50 years, persons infected through sexual contact and patients with comorbidities. Conclusion. In the Republic of Tatarstan mortality among HIV-infected persons of Russian nationality was higher than in a group with Tatar nationality. Disease duration of HIV-infected persons had no association with their ethnic group.

Chromosomal Q-Heterochromatin and Sex in Human Population

Individuals in the population differ from each other in number, location, size and intensity of fluorescence of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin regions (Q-HRs). It has been shown that human populations differ significantly as concerns this feature. The question remains open as to whether there exist differences between individuals belonging to different age groups. This fact is very important for understanding the possible biological role of the broad quantitative variability of chromosomal Q-HRs in human genome. The quantitative content of chromosomal Q-HRs was studied in individuals of Kazakh and Russian nationality from different age groups. It was shown that chromosomal Q-HRs are most numerous in the genome of neonates, while they are the least numerous in the genome of elderly subjects (aged 60 years and older). It is supposed that the lesser amount of Q-HRs in the genome of elderly subjects is due to the selective advantage in their survival to old age. The possible selective value of chromosomal Q-HRs is discussed.

Chromosomal Q-Heterochromatin and Age in Human Population

Individuals in the population differ from each other in number, location, size and intensity of fluorescence of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin regions (Q-HRs). It has been shown that human populations differ significantly as concerns this feature. The question remains open as to whether there exist differences between individuals belonging to different age groups. This fact is very important for understanding the possible biological role of the broad quantitative variability of chromosomal Q-HRs in human genome. The quantitative content of chromosomal Q-HRs was studied in individuals of Kazakh and Russian nationality from different age groups. It was shown that chromosomal Q-HRs are most numerous in the genome of neonates, while they are the least numerous in the genome of elderly subjects (aged 60 years and older). It is supposed that the lesser amount of Q-HRs in the genome of elderly subjects is due to the selective advantage in their survival to old age. The possible selective value of chromosomal Q-HRs is discussed.

EPA-0379 – Cognitive dysfunctions in persons from different ethnicity with alcohol dependence

Background Regarding investigations having ethno-cultural character drawing methods are more preferential because a drawing is a universal medium of communication. Peculiarities of cognitive dysfunctions in persons with alcohol dependence are mirrored regarding decline of memory, and namely regarding decrease of productivity of mediated remembering. Material and methods Clinical and experimental examination was made in 134 alcoholic patients, from whom 70 persons of Tuvinian nationality and 64 persons of Russian nationality, permanently living in Republic of Tyva. For study of peculiarities of attitude toward the illness and intellectual safety of patients we used method of pictogram. Results Values of index of reproduction of methods of pictograms, characterizing productivity of mediated remembering in groups of Tuvinians and Russians are low than normative what is associated with cognitive disturbances accompanying alcohol dependence. Level of intellectual safety of persons with alcohol dependence in whose image of pictogram there are alcohol subjects, is characterized reliably by more substantial disturbances of operational side of thinking, decrease of logical appropriateness of associative links (p=0,017) and increase of number of inappropriate associations (p=0,002); decrease of originality of associations (p=0,0004); increase of’confabulative’ associations (p=0,015). Peculiarities of cognitive dysfunctions of alcoholic patients of Tuvinian nationality in whose pictographic images there is alcohol subjects consist of major severity of perseverative tendencies manifested in repetition of one and the same drawing for two or more notions (p=0,042), as compared with ethnic Russians. Conclusions We have revealed specifics of cognitive sphere of Tuvinians characterized by presence of culture-specific associative patterns.

Faddei Bulgarin ja baltisakslased: enese positsioneerimine äratuskella metafoori kaudu

The article focuses on the complicated relations between Russian writer and newspaper editor Faddey Bulgarin (1789–1859) and Baltic Germans, and on the self-positioning tactics he used in the town of Tartu, as expressed in his travel stories, articles and political messages. These texts were written for different reasons and for different readers, but despite their pragmatic characteristics, they give an adequate impression of the dynamics of the author’s ideas in differentiating between his self and the other. The theoretical basis of the article is laid on the imagological opposition between one’s own and the other (auto-image and hetero-image). Among the essential factors distinguishing the two are time and its flow. According to Bulgarin, who had acquired Karlova Manor near Tartu, the lives of Baltic Germans flow in an entirely different tempo – cyclical, insular, and orderly, but still somnolent. In his letters from the 1830s describing Tartu and the way of life of its inhabitants, published in the newspaper Северная пчела, Bulgarin creates a much-idealised and nature-centred romantic image in the spirit of Rousseau. He depicts Tartu as a paradise of virtue, an idealised utopia where the author’s spirit can find peace after St. Petersburg’s colourful life of intrigues.However, the writer sees his role as being an alarm clock, a local awakener. This refers not only to his ambitions to play an important role in the town or enhance the dialogue between the Baltic Germans and Russians, but also to increase the cultural and political influence of the Russians. The latter ambition can clearly be seen in the correspondence written in his role as a secret agent and sent to the Third Department (Tsarist Russia’s secret police). The metaphor of an alarm clock, described in such a context, relates to Bulgarin’s role as a “message-bearing angel”, aimed at informing the local Baltic German nobility of the favourable policy of the tsarist government, breaking the self-encapsulation of Baltic German cultural circles, etc. Bulgarin depicts the local Baltic Germans as sincere, naive and emotional children of nature or cold, enlightened sceptics who are critical of Russia. We can see how the latter description becomes more and more dominant in his texts. Thus, following the metaphor of an alarm clock, we can observe the evolution of Bulgarin’s thoughts: after the 1830s the “awaking” is related to conflicts with the local elite, and the alarm clock does not awaken the Baltic Germans any more but, rather, informs the authorities about danger. Bulgarin’s view of the Baltic Germans changes from positive to negative (opposed to the authorities, distrustful, hostile to Russia). As a result, the previously idealised image of Baltic Germans as innocent and sincere is replaced by one describing the locals as lazy, rebellious and amoral people. It is important to notice that the author even points out that besides the Baltic Germans, local students of Russian nationality also oppose the authorities. In this context, the original opposition, Russians – Baltic Germans, is replaced by state supporting – state opposing. To illustrate this point further, the author also mentions how the activities of a Baltic German, a state official Craffström, are useful for the state and support the authorities. Bulgarin’s auto-image undergoes an important, dramatic transformation as well: the initially naive philosopher and poet, the message-bearing angel and political awakener finally becomes a guardian of public order and a fighter against German ways and customs.

ВЫРАЖЕННОСТЬ ЭКСТРЕМИСТСКОЙ И ПАТРИОТИЧЕСКОЙ САМОИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ КАК ТИПООБРАЗУЮЩИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ МОЛОДЕЖИ

Results of the empirical research directed on check of a hypothesis of existence of types of civil identity, caused by various combinations of level of extremist and patriotic self-identity, and the assumption of distinctions of ethnic identity of data of groups are presented. Residents of Smolensk and Smolensk region of the Russian nationality without experience of participation in the extremist organizations took part in research. Empirical research was conducted in the form of questioning. Techniques of psychological diagnostics were used: scales of definiteness, scales of valency of ethnic identity and scales of level of an interethnic intolerance (N. M. Lebedeva, A.N.Tatarko), a questionnaire "Types of ethnic identity" (G.U.Soldatova, S.V.Ryzhova) and author's scale of level of extremist and patriotic self-identity. Mathematical processing was executed in program the Statistica 6.0 (methods of descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U-test). As a result of research 5 types of civil identity are found. The most numerous types: «patriot-no extremist» and «the fluctuating patriot-no extremist». Other types («patriot-the fluctuating extremist», «no patriot-no extremist» and «the fluctuating patriot-the fluctuating extremist») aren't numerous. Distinctions of ethnic identity of the revealed types are described. The type «patriot-no extremist» is norm of civil identity. Results of research can be used for regional and federal programs of prevention of extremism and improvement of system of patriotic education, at training of specialists for work with youth, in psychological diagnostics, psychological prevention and psychological correction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2013-9-62