Russian Linguistics Research Articles

«ПОЭТИКА И МЕТАГЕОГРАФИЯ»: ВСЕРОССИЙСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ, ПОСВЯЩЕННАЯ 75-ЛЕТИЮ ПРОФЕССОРА С. А. ГОЛУБКОВА (2-3 ДЕКАБРЯ 2022, САМАРА)

The article is devoted to a scientific event - a conference dedicated to the celebration of the anniversary of the Russian literary critic, lecturer, professor Sergei A. Golubkov. The authors turned to the milestones of the research and life path of the scientist, to the scientific problems he solves: comic and metageography. Both topics are significant and promising for Russian philology, which confirms the interest expressed by the participants of the event. The article cites excerpts from the report of S. A. Golubkov and review the topics raised during the conference.

Ambiguity in the Russian terminology of the energy industry

This article is devoted to the study of the formation and characteristics of ambiguous (polysemous) words in modern Russian terminology of the energy industry. In this article formation and development of terminology in Russia, the role of terminology in the XX and XXI centuries, the concept of terms and terminology in modern Russian linguistics, and the essence of polysemous terms in the energy industry are considered. This study is carried out by the lexico-semantic approach, observation, collecting and analysis of data. As the result of the collected data analysis, it can be concluded that 1) a number of ambiguous (polysemous) terms is found in the terminology of the energy industry; 2) those terms are widely used in different scientific texts, discourses and research; 3) some of them can be found with the similar or different meanings in various scientific fields; 4) the intended meaning of a polysemous term can be identified according to the context. The results of this article can be used in teaching and learning the Russian language as a native or a foreign language, in the development of training courses for professional communications, for translation of scientific texts and in the creation of dictionaries.

Принципы нормативности и историзма в русской академической лексикографии: еще раз о типе большого толкового словаря

The article is dedicated to the problem of correlation between the two essential principles of explanatory lexicography in the conceptual design of the Great Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language (hereinafter the Dictionary): these are the principles of normativity and historicism. Within the scope of the Russian academic lexicography, the problem in question has not been well-developed in relation to an explanatory dictionary of the great type. In the 20th-21st centuries, the type of a fundamental multi-volume academic dictionary of the Russian language was embodied in three editions: today, the third one (in 35 volumes) is being prepared. The Dictionary proposes a comprehensive lexicographic evidence of the Russian literary vocabulary and, therefore, is often referred to as the biggest achievement of the Russian lexicography. For all its undeniable advantages, the Dictionary combines two contradictory principles: the principle of historicism (reflecting the Russian literary language “from Pushkin to our time”) and the principle of normativity (codifying the current standard language). To a great extent, the combination of these two principles has emerged occasionally, which was determined by the following factors: first, the lack of research in the dictionary typology, in the theory of standard language, in the problems of synchronic and diachronic lexicography, which was typical of the early 20th-century Russian linguistics; and, second, a very close relationship of the Dictionary with the previous imperfect lexicographic projects. The combination of the two principles results in two contradictions: the typological one, making it hard to constitute the exact dictionary type, and the methodological one, which does not contribute to a proper implementation of various lexicographic techniques and approaches. The typological contradiction is considered with respect to the definitions of basic notions, to their correlation in the concepts of academic dictionaries, and to the historical reasons that determined the emergence of the abovementioned lexicographic conflict in the late 1930s when the Dictionary workflow was launched. The methodological contradiction is due to the co-existence of the two basic principles in the current Dictionary (the third one). In a single entry, the description of modern semantic, stylistic, and grammatical features of the word as well as the specifics of its use in the contemporary language is often combined with the description of features that were typical of this word in the 19th-early 20th centuries. In the article, based on the description of obsolete vocabulary and interpretation of the word semantic structure, the authors study the lexicographic areas where the conflict of normativity and historicism leads to inconsistencies that may hardly be worked through. The statement and brief analysis of the problem is the first step toward the development of a non-contradictory concept of the following-now definitely electronic-Great Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

The perspectives of students from the Faculty of Russian Linguistics and Literature, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City on the application of visual vocabulary self-study strategy

Currently, the visual vocabulary self-study strategy is increasingly influencing foreign language learners and is an effective support tool to help them improve their vocabulary. This paper aims to find out students' perspectives on the importance, benefits, and challenges of using the visual vocabulary self-study strategy. The participants of this survey were 127 students from the Faculty of Russian Linguistics and Literature, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Viet Nam National University, Ho Chi Minh City. The results of this study show that students highly appreciate the importance of the visual vocabulary self-study strategy in the Russian vocabulary self-study process (M=4,3). In addition, this self-study strategy also gives students a lot of benefits in the process of vocabulary learning (M=4.17). Specifically, students assessed this strategy to help them easily review learned vocabulary with the highest average value of M=4.24, and acquire vocabulary faster than traditional learning strategies with the lowest average value of M=4.09. Simultaneously, the research results also show that students also face some certain challenges (M=3.75) when applying this strategy in Russian vocabulary self-study process due to the main reasons coming from the students' low sense of learning (M=3.88), as well as the lack of learning time, the habit of vocabulary learning by traditional strategies, the lack of specific instructions or the unfamiliarity of this strategy for students.

Humour and Irony as research objects and as parts of everyday discourse in Russia

The paper addresses the issues of humour and irony research by Russian scholars and the functioning of humour and irony in everyday interaction. The aim of the paper is twofold: firstly, it presents an overview of humour and irony research in modern Russian linguistics, anthropology, ethics and literary studies. Secondly, it describes functioning of humour and irony in Russian everyday spoken, written and computer-mediated modes of discourse to demonstrate the variety of their forms and conveyed social implications. There is no single perspective that underlies existing approaches to non-bona fide forms of communication. In the Soviet Union, the use of humour and irony was largely controlled by the state. Therefore, there was a strong ideological influence on the research of non-bona fide genres and the choice of empirical data: researchers focused only on the “good examples” of humour taken from classic literary works. Also there was a strong tradition to use the terms humour, the comic, laughter, irony and satire as near synonyms, so sometimes it is not easy to draw a borderline between humorous and ironic discourses. In the past decades spontaneous non-bona fide forms of discourse have attracted researchers’ attention. Among a variety of genres canned jokes (or anecdotes) is the most popular humorous genre. Instances of humour and irony can be found not only in written texts, but also in spoken and computer-mediated modes of discourse, and in all modes humorous and ironic utterances are used to convey social implications or challenge existing social norms.

КУЛЬТУРА В ПЕРЕВОДЕ: ЗАРУБЕЖНЫЕ И ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ КОНЦЕПЦИИ

This article discusses the views of Western and Russian translation scholars on the problem of the relationship between culture and translation. Whereas in Western theory of translation uses the term “cultural turn”, which united a large number of researchers in the second half of the 20th century, the same cannot be said about Soviet and Russian translation scholars. The purpose of this work is to describe and analyze the milestones of the “cultural turn”, to determine what affected certain translation concepts, and to consider the views of a number of Russian researchers in this regard. To this end, we first outline the origins of the “cultural turn” and the formation of the Manipulation School of translation studies. Then, the focus shifts to postcolonial translation studies and concepts of Western theorists that formed later. After that, the ideas of Russian linguists are described. The conclusions made in this article will develop into further research in the field of the history of translation studies.

Features of the Language Assessment Expression
 in B. Akunin’s Cycle of Novels about the Nun Pelagia

The article is devoted to the study concerning the peculiarities of the expression of linguistic evaluation in a literary text. The subject of the study comprises the evaluation tools used in B. Akunin’s cycle of novels about the nun Pelagia when the
 writer creates the image of the main character. The purpose of the analysis regarding the means of expressing evaluation is to identify their role in revealing the author’s idea and in the formation of the hero’s image in the literary work, as well as to determine the individual author’s features of language evaluation.
 The study of evaluation as a universal category and its reflection in the language is based on the concepts and methods that have become classical in Russian philology (the works of N.D. Arutyunova, E.M. Wolf, A.A. Ivin, etc.), as well as on the achievements of modern research.
 The study has found that language evaluation tools play a significant role in revealing the image of the main character in the cycle of novels by B. Akunin. The paper notes two directions of the formation of axiological meanings in creation of the image of the nun Pelagia: an assessment of the appearance and an
 assessment of the heroine’s character. The analysis has showed that the linguistic means of expressing evaluation are used in the context of the situation and the heroine’s role (Polina Andreyevna Lisitsyna, brother Pelagius, nun Pelagia). Most often, lexical means of expressing evaluation are used: adjectives, nouns,
 adverbs with an evaluative meaning. The use of forms with diminutive suffixes contributes to the formation of evaluative meanings. As the author’s method of expressing evaluation, there is a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility,
 which gives uniqueness to the evaluation tools used.
 B. Akunin quite actively uses language assessment in describing the appearance, as well as the character and actions of the nun, while there is a discrepancy between the assessment of the external appearance of Pelagia and her internal qual-
 ities, which contributes to the implementation of the author’s idea when he creates the image of the main character represented in the cycle of detective novels.

UPDATING THE PARADIGM OF CORRESPONDENCES TO GERMAN COMPOUND WORDS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

In Russian linguistics, there is a categorisation of equivalents to German compound words in Russian. The article discusses the features of the existing approach and suggests refinements based on the conducted analysis. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that it complements the existing criteria and expands the ideas concerning possible correspondences to German compound 66 words in Russian, which is a contribution both to the study of compound words in German, and to the comparative study of German and Russian languages, in general. Compound words in the German language as a specific phenomenon in the word formation of this language present the object of the study, and its subject is the categorisation of correspondences between compound nouns in German and their equivalents in Russian. The method of comparison includes correlating German compound nouns with their equivalents in Russian, identifying the frequency of using certain models when translating German compound nouns into Russian on the basis of an excerpt from the original text and its translation. The purpose of the article is to systematise the correspondences of German compound nouns in Russian on the example of a certain literary text. The author’s task is to update the categorisation of correspondences for compound nouns in German and their equivalents in Russian, suggested in previous studies, in the process of identifying the predominant type of correspondences on a specific literary material. The following methods were used: a continuous sampling method, the component analysis, a descriptive method, a comparative analysis of the original and translation, and the method of quantitative analysis. The study combines the comparative (proper linguistic) aspect and the translational one. The main models of correspondences to German compound nouns in Russian found confirmation within the analysed material, while the author suggested some additions, which present the novelty of the research. The following results were noted: in terms of frequency the model of “an adjective plus a noun” takes the first place among correspondences to German compound nouns in Russian; the second place is taken by root and derivative words of the Russian language; the third place occupies a group of translation transformations, supplemented by the author; the fourth place is taken by a model of “a noun plus another noun in the genitive case”; the fifth place goes to prepositional word combinations. Two small groups - compound nouns of the Russian language and set expressions - are added by the author. In the identified group of transformations, the use of various translation techniques is noted, for example: adding and omitting lexical units, replacing parts of speech, generalisation, concretisation, semantic development, holistic transformation, replacement of one syntactic construction with another.

Scientific interpretations of discursive competence in teaching a foreign language to students of higher and secondary education

The paper presents a diachronic analysis of existing concepts of discursive competence and features of its formation among college students. Two stages of discursive competence (DC) studies are considered, including Western and domestic linguistic studies. The stages of development of the concept of discursive competence are traced based on the theory of communicative competence of D. Haims and N. Chomsky, which was then continued in the works of Canale and Swain and conceptualized for educational purposes by Celce-Murcia, Dornier and Turell. The component composition of the DC includes, according to Celce-Murcia, the categories of connectivity, integrity, conversational structures, compliance with the order in conversation. The Council of Europes Language Policy Regulation (CEFR) on the essence of discursive competence, which includes the students ability to arrange proposals in the desired sequence, was also considered. Russian linguists and teachers also contributed to the understanding of the recreation center, in particular, N.D. Arutyunova, L.O. Gelivera, A.G. Gorbunov, E.N. Elistratova, N.V. Popova and others. In a generalized form, according to their opinions, the formation of the recreation center includes the creation of coherent statements in compliance with their thematic organization, cohesion and coherence, the interaction of the author with the reader within the functional style required by the communication situation. The novelty of the presented research is to consider the methodology for forming a discursive competence in classes on a foreign language in college, using the authors textbook on discursive analysis. Experimentally, the author defines the main components of the formation of foreign-language discursive competence of college students and discloses their content for the implementation of oral and written communication of students.

Жанр «миссия организации» в русскоязычном банковском дискурсе: структура, прагматика и языковое наполнение

The paper aims to identify the pragmatics and structural-linguistic peculiarities of the texts belonging to the genre of mission statements that play an essential role in external and internal communications initiated by modern banks. The research is novel in that it is the first in Russian linguistics to examine the texts belonging to the genre of mission statements in relation to the corporate culture supported by the Russian banking community, using original empirical materials. As a result, the role that the genre of mission statements plays in the space of Russian-language banking discourse has been identified; the syncretic nature of the texts of this genre produced by Russian banks have been revealed; the linguistic mechanisms used by the banks to create a positive image at the explicit and implicit levels in the process of informing on their corporate philosophy and values have been described. It has also been found that Russian banks use positively charged words, superlative forms of adjectives, rhetorical devices and expressive syntactical techniques, as well as implied or overtly unexpressed meanings of linguistic forms and non-verbal components of the text when solving PR tasks in the texts belonging to the genre under consideration.

Современные тенденции словообразования веб-сленга (на материале французского языка)

The paper examines the main trends in web slang word formation using the material of the French language. The work cites various sources: dictionaries of linguistic terms, scientific articles, thesis abstracts. These sources are analysed from the viewpoint of their scientific relevance, modernity, fundamentality, scientific authority of their authors. The research aims to describe the current trends in the word formation of French web slang. The research is novel in that it is the first attempt in Russian linguistics to conduct a comprehensive study of the main ways of web slang formation in the French-speaking sector of IT specialists. As a result of the research, the notion of “web slang” has been clarified and the main ways of web slang word formation have been identified. These include affixation, subdivided into suffixation and prefixation; compounding; clipping, subdivided into apocope and aphaeresis; abbreviation, subdivided into acronyms and blending; a contaminated way of word formation: clipping + suffixation; semantic shift; semantic broadening; semantic narrowing; eponymy; lexical borrowing; hybrid vocabulary; onomatopoeia; erratography. Based on a detailed comparative analysis of lexical units of this language system, some considerations have been made regarding the most and least popular ways of word formation in the French language.

КОММУНИКАТИВНАЯ ФУНКЦИЯ ДЕФОРМИРОВАННЫХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМОВ В РЕЧЕВОМ КОНФЛИКТ

Statement of the problem. Idioms, due to their special features as units of language, constantly attract the attention of Russian linguists. Despite a significant number of studies devoted to them, idioms can hardly be considered to be studied comprehensively. In particular, clarifications are needed for the so-called “idiomatic innovation,” that is, both intentional and erroneous transformations of idioms (changes in composition, literalization, etc.). Some authors believe that deformation of an idiom is a special stylistic device. On the other hand, as a result of a change in verbal composition, an idiom simply ceases to be so. The purpose of the article is to examine the extent to which external changes in idioms make it difficult for the addressee to understand its semantics and especially imagery. Materials and methods. The actual material is extracted from some television shows, where one of the main baselines is obviously simulating a spontaneous speech of people; their personal life has been seriously tested (in accordance with the plots), and, therefore, the speech of the participants is characterized by increased emotionality. To provide the characters’ speech with additional imagery, idioms, though often distorted, are present in their discourse. The main method of our research is structural and semantic. As a result of the analysis, involving a number of authoritative lexicographic sources, it was possible to establish that the possibilities of deformation of idioms are quite limited and do not interfere with their perception by interlocutors. This is facilitated by the memory of native speakers, who have captured the original structure of idioms and the images encapsulated by them. In addition, it should be borne in mind that in the modelled nature of speech communication, some of its participants wish not so much to share information about some events and individuals as to express publicly their opinions and assessments about them. Thus, the communicative value of idioms in such situations is reduced, and deformed idiomatic expressions, more precisely, their rudiments turn out to be only conditional signals of certain emotions.

Метафорические номинации, характеризующие концептуальную сферу механизм (на материале английского научно-популярного биологического дискурса)

The paper aims at identifying the connection between the target domain and the source domain (represented by the PARTS OF MECHANISM, MECHANISM REPAIR, MECHANISM ACTIVATION). The author uses continuous sampling method, as well as methods of conceptual and component analysis, in order to elicit multiple target domains and the mapping principle. The sentences under research (512 metaphorical expressions) were taken from various British and American popular science journals on Biology. The author considers the key works written in the field of conceptual metaphor (G. Lakoff, E. Maccormac), linguistic picture of the world (D. Berdnikova, S. Dracheva), written by the Russian linguists. The theoretical analysis is finished by a review of the works in the sphere of the popular science and scientific discourses and the place of metaphor in them (O. Desyukevich, S. Chistyukhina, E. Mazyar, E. Mityukova). In the course of the material description the author has drawn some conclusions about the way the English conceptualize biological processes. It is important to note that most frequently the metaphorical meaning is a broader, more general one, whereas in other cases, it alternatively makes the object or a process more specific, or it can have a completely opposite meaning. Molecule, cell, bacteria, fungi and viruses serve as target domains, which can be explained by the immense significance of the processes that lay the “foundation” of human life. A very extensive metaphorical thesaurus of the mechanism conceptual domain is indicative of this conceptual domain being well-structured. It is worthy of note that the lexemes with the denotational meaning of stopping are barely present in the research which means that the described genes, molecules and cells are doing a never-ceasing job of maintaining life on earth.

Philological analysis of a literary text as science and art in Academician N. M. Shansky’s works

The article characterises the conception of philological analysis of a literary text which was substantiated and developed in Academician N. M. Shansky’s works. The goal is to show the connection between this conception and the spiritual origins of philology as well as the traditions of Russian philological science. The research highlights the decisive role of the scientist’s ideas in the formation and development of the philological analysis of a literary text as science and art in Russian linguistics, literary criticism, and didactics. Additionally, the paper provides an extensive list of the academician’s writings focusing on the addressed problem.

Russian phraseology in the context of N. M. Shansky’s teachings

The article focuses on the contribution to Russian phraseology made by the famous Russian linguist Nikolai Maksimovich Shansky whose 100th birthday anniversary is celebrated in 2022. The research aims to analyse the scientist’s views on phraseology and his conception of phraseological units. Moreover, the paper explores the multi-aspect descrip- tion of the Russian phraseological fund and the classifications of phraseological units based on different grounds, namely with regard to their structure, origin, and stylistic marking. The research demonstrates the relevance of N. M. Shansky’s teachings at present. The scientist’s works in the fields of phraseology and linguodidactics comprise the material of the study. The scientist’s versatile knowledge, his linguistic knack, and great diligence enabled N. M. Shansky to contri bute significantly to the development of phraseology and phraseological formation. He also succeeded in substantiating the connection between phraseology and lexis, phraseology and stylistics, word formation and phraseological formation as well as in highlighting the role of phraseological units in preserving the Proto-Slavic lexical heritage. The paper notes the immense contribution of the scientist to popularising the Russian language, which is implemented in the numerous books, textbooks, and dictionaries for schoolchildren, including phraseological ones, which he authored. The results of N. M. Shansky’s scientific and methodological activities determined the development of scientific research in Russia and abroad for many years to come. The systematisation of N. M. Shansky’s phraseological legacy is accompanied by references to the works by phraseo logists, lexicographers, linguoculturologists who develop the scientist’s ideas. In addition, the paper contains my historical and etymological materials developed in line with the traditions of his scientific school.

Метаязык наук о языке: от хаоса к космосу

Review of the gizaurus “Metalanguage of Linguistics” (St. Petersburg, 2021), developed by S.V. Lesnikov. The work marks a new stage of conceptualization in modern Russian linguistics, offering innovative approaches to the systematization of terminological systems of language sciences.

Performing control in the Swedish Twitter sphere or: How a 1920s' Russian linguist helps us understand dynamics of digital authority

Social media has created new public spheres that provide alternative sources of social and political authority. Such “digital authority” has conventionally been interpreted in metric terms, without qualitative distinctions. Based on Twitter data from four different Swedish state agencies during the first 15 months of the COVID-19 crisis, this paper looks at the different kinds of modes of interaction Twitter enables and their impact on state agencies digital authority. Theoretically this paper applies Valentin Voloshinov's classical theory on reported speech, developed in the 1920s, to the concept of digital authority in the Twitter-sphere of the 2020s. Besides these theoretical contributions to media and communication studies, the main findings are that retweets are generally used to affirm and spread information thus strengthening the digital authority of the origin of the tweet whilst replies and quote-tweets are used to undermine the credibility of the sender and the content of the original tweet, often by resorting to irony. As the COVID-19 crisis prolongs, we observe increasing share of critical commentary and diminishing overall attention to government actors in Sweden. The roles of different state agencies are mirrored by the type of interaction they generate. This article also shows the usefulness of qualitative study of social media interaction in order to reveal the dynamics of digital authority construed in social media.

An analysis of the Q–A unities constructed by the interrogative pronoun какой

Abstract Language is a symbolic system consisting of the signifier and the signified. There is an asymmetrical binary correspondence between them, which is also widespread in Russian linguistics. There are two main types of interrogative sentence formed by the interrogative pronoun какой. Traditional lexicography and grammar have limitations in their understanding of какой and of the interrogative sentences it forms. The analysis of such syntactic phenomena should be included in the Q–A unity, which can be described in terms of argument structures, generic relations, deixis, relevant characteristics, properties, or attributes of objects, etc.

L'évolution des séries de formation de mots en langue française

The research is devoted to the study of the evolution of the series of word formation in French of the XI-XX centuries and to the identification of the dynamics of the functioning and development of their links. The interest in this diachronic study of the French language word formation series is explained by the need to develop theoretical and practical questions of historical word formation, whose main task is to describe the formation and development of the training system for them. The evolution of the word formation system in the French language as a system of word formation series has not been the subject of particular research, although certain questions of historical word formation have attracted the attention of scholars, domestic and foreign scientists. The history of the development of the French language from the 9th century to the present day is covered, among others, in the works of N. A. Katagoshchina, N. M. Vasilyeva, L. M. Skrelina, L. A. Stanova (Katagoshchina, 1997; Skrelina, 2001). On the other hand, the works of Russian linguists provide a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary processes that took place at the phonetic, morphological and syntactic levels of the development of the French language, but do not consider in detail the changes that took place in the system. French word formation.

Knowledge Mapping and Research Trends in Russian Linguistics: 1992-2021

본 연구의 목적은 지난 30년간의 러시아 언어학 연구 동향을 서지 분석을 통하여 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 1992년부터 2021년 사이에 Web of Science에 등재된 학술지에 게재된 3,278개 논문의 서지 정보를 활용하여 러시아 언어학 연구 발달단계에서 나타난 중요한 연구 주제를 분석하고 확인하였다. 보다 구체적으로는 논문들 사이에 주제어(keywords)가 서로 공기하는 체계를 네트워크로 분석하여 러시아어 언어학이 발전해온 모습을 시각화하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 과거에는 전통적인 언어학 세부 분야가 중요한 연구 주제였던 반면, 최근에는 러시아 언어학과 타 학문 간의 학제 간 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 이와 더불어 러시아 언어학 논문 발표 숫자 추이, 게재된 학술지의 정보, 연구주제의 년도 별 연결 관계와 시기에 따른 활발한 연구 주제에 대한 분석 결과가 함께 제시되었다. 이를 통하여 지금까지 수행되어 온 러시아 언어학의 방법과 문제 및 변화를 확인하여 향후 러시아 언어학 연구의 나아갈 바를 조망해 볼 수 있다.