Russian-language Literature Research Articles

EDUCATION AS AN OBJECT OF CULTURAL ANALYSIS: THE FORMATION OF THE “BOLSHEVIK WORLD” IN THE KHERSON REGION

The purpose of the article is to analyse the peculiarities of the formation of the “Bolshevik world” in the education and culture of the Kherson region. The current situation in Ukraine is somewhat similar to the beginning of the 1920s when the “Bolshevik world” was formed, and the population was instilled with a Soviet worldview. The scientific novelty consists of studying artificially created cultural and educational paradigms in Ukraine as a phenomenon of humanistic genocide by the Bolsheviks. The research methodology consists of applying the approaches of cultural studies, pedagogy and history, and analytical, structural and problem-chronological methods to find out the purpose of the Bolshevik educational policy in the formation of a new cultural space. Conclusions. It is proved that after the seizure of power in Ukraine, the Russian Bolshevik elite began to impose the “Bolshevik world”, spreading ideologically directed Russianlanguage literature as a means of fighting for the masses. The author noted that the Russian language was automatically transferred to the Ukrainian educational process, the main element of which was the propaganda of communist ideals. The school basis was labour and social education, collectivism, commune and herd thinking. The most critical in the political world was assigned to institutions of higher education, admission to which was carried out on a social basis. Culture should also serve to popularise and instil communist ideology. Art was defined as a form of social Marxist-Leninist ideology in the interests of the proletariat’s class struggle for communism. Almost all representatives of Soviet culture were tested entirely. Only works of art that corresponded to Bolshevik dogmas were allowed, and political and ideological attitudes measured their artistic value. The population had to read “ideologically correct” literature only, not have their own opinion and work. Consequently, a certain “genetic” selection was made when people of proletarian origin loyal to the Party were needed to govern the country. In the mass consciousness, socialist culture promoted absolute faith in leaders and Communist dogmas.

Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in the patients with familial adenomatous polyposis colon (case report)

Familial adenomatous polyposis is one of the most difficult to diagnose diseases in medical practice, at an early stage, multiple colorectal adenomas are clinically most often not manifested in any way, and at a later stage they inevitably transform into colorectal cancer. Poor clinical manifestation rarely make it possible to establish a diagnosis before the onset of malignancy, so extraintestinal symptoms can be a lifeline in the diagnosis of this disease. Congenital retinal pigment epithelium hypertrophy is a benign tumor that develops from the retinal pigment epithelium and can occur both in an isolated form and in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis of the colon. Unfortunately, in the Russian-language clinical literature there are practically no scientific papers devoted to this problem. Clinical case of patient P., 35 years old, who was routinely admitted to the surgical unit with a diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis is presented. During the additional examination, multiple tumor-like lesions of the eyes were revealed according to the type of hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. From the anamnesis, it was found out that in 2017 the patient underwent a check-up by an ophthalmologist, where an early pathological condition was detected for the first time, but the doctor’s attention was not paid to this clinical manifestation, and the patient was not subsequently referred for a consultation with a coloproctologist with suspicion of familial adenomatous polyposis.

The Image of Buenos Aires in Oksana Chernyavskaya's book «What is Argentina, or the Logic of Absurdity»

Domestic literary studies increasingly pay attention to modern literature in Russian created outside our country. These corpus of texts is often called «Russian-language literature», «literature in Russian» or «Russophone literature». Hence, this paper is based on the work of Oksana Chernyavskaya, an author who lives in Argentina, but writes in Russian. Notably, this author's works are virtually understudied at the moment. The research deals with the image of Buenos Aires, described in the book «What is Argentina, or the Logic of Absurdity» by Oksana Chernyavskaya. The study employs the methods of literary and comparative analysis. Based on the study of works by Russian and foreign scholars devoted to the image of Buenos Aires in the works of Latin American writers, as well as the book by O. Chernyavskaya the conclusion is made that the portrayal of the Argentinean capital in the book in Russian partially coincides with the image of Buenos Aires in the Latin American poetry and prose of the XX century. The text by O. Chernyavskaya also contains the image of Buenos Aires as seen by tourists and immigrants. The image of the capital is created also through the North/South and capital/ provincial dichotomies. Findings of this research can be used by students and teachers in schools, specialized secondary schools and higher educational institutions, where contemporary Russian literature (literature in Russian of the XXI century) is studied.

The History of Early Modern Philosophy in Russia. The Case of Archimandrite Gabriel

This article is the first part of a study analyzing the formation and transformation of the canon of Early modern philosophy in Russian-language philosophical literature. The canon of Early modern philosophy was fixed in European and American textbooks on the history of philosophy at the end of the 19th century. It is based on the standard narrative about two main rival epistemological traditions, i.e. rationalism, represented by Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz, and empiricism, represented by Locke, Berkeley and Hume. However, this account of the history of Early modern philosophy emerged in a confrontation of different historiographical traditions (Kantian, Hegelian, positivist, etc.), each of which offered its own schemes for classifying and ordering the philosophical systems. Signs of this struggle can be found in the emerging 19th century Russian-language literature on the history of philosophy. This article aims to examine and analyze the narrative on Early Modern philosophy in Russian academic literature of the first half of the 19th century in order to identify prominent trends in the formation of the canon of Early Modern philosophy both from the point of view of its main representatives and from the point of view of the narrative. The focus of this paper is the “History of Philosophy” (1839–40) of Archimandrite Gavriil (Voskresensky), which turns out to be a transmitter of the French historiographical tradition of Victor Cousin to the Russian historiography of philosophy.

A case of treatment of acute spontaneous spinal subdural hematoma in a patient with the novel coronavirus COVID-19. Literature review

The aim of the work is to describe a case of spontaneous subdural spinal hematoma surgical treatment in a patient with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, manifested by compression myeloradiculopathy. Materials and methods. In patient N., 70 years old, during the treatment of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, signs of myelopathy from the dermatome level were revealed. Subdural hematoma was diagnosed at the Th7-L4 level with compression of the dural sac, ponytail and left spinal nerves at the Th12-L2 vertebral level. Results. Performed in the volume of decompressive laminectomy L1, removal of subdural hematoma with a good result in the form of restoration of spinal cord function. Early rehabilitation was carried out in the Department of neurosurgery. Conclusion. Spinal subdural hematomas are extremely rare. We have not found any reports of spinal hematomas in patients with COVID-19 in the Russian-language literature. Alertness to possible hemorrhagic complications in patients with a new coronavirus infection receiving anticoagulants, rapid diagnosis in a multidisciplinary hospital will allow timely neurosurgical care and achieve a good functional result.

РАЗРАБОТКА ВАКЦИН ОТ SARS-COV-2

Background. Currently, an active search for effective vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus continues. Purpose. To analyze the literature and assess the status of active vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Material and methods. We analyzed Russian and English language literature sources on the problem of finding an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Results. Structural proteins of the coronavirus have been analyzed as basic compounds for the development of vaccines. It was found that protein S is an ideal structure for creating vaccines that effectively induce the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies and provide the formation of immunity. Information about current trends in vaccine development has been obtained. Conclusions. The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to mutate, which leads to the emergence of new highly contagious strains such as Delta, Omicron. In this regard, more research and clinical trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, or to continue developing the new ones.

The microbiological and physical properties of catheters for intermittent catheterization: a systematic review on the impact of reuse and cleaning.

Systematic Review. To review systematically the clinical evidence of the effectiveness of various intermittent catheter cleaning methods that have been proposed as methods to prepare catheters for reuse. A keyword search in Medline, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, was undertaken to identify all English, Russian and German language literature evaluating the effectiveness of various intermittent catheter cleaning methods. Studies selected for review included analytical experimental, prospective cohort and cross-sectional. Cleaning methods reviewed included heat-based sterilization, chemical cleaning solutions, mechanical abrasion, photocatalytic sterilization, and combined methods. Overall, 12 studies were included. Heat-based sterilization and mechanical abrasion methods were either not effective or damaged the physical properties of catheters. Two studies reported evidence that their chemical cleaning methods (i.e., soaked catheters in a 70% alcohol solution for 5 min or combined approach detergent wash followed by soaking in Milton sterilizing fluid also known as the Milton method) both preserved the structural integrity of their catheters and were bactericidal. Numerous cleaning methods resulted in the destruction of catheters. However, there are two reported cleaning methods, submersion for 5 min in 70% alcohol and the "Milton method", that eliminate bacterial colonization while leaving the physical properties of the catheters unchanged. While these cleaning methods are promising, each was published in just one study, therefore higher-powered / longitudinal studies confirming the safety and efficacy of these cleaning methods must be obtained before current clinical recommendations can be modified.

PUBLICATION OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRARIAN ECONOMY AND FISHERIES IN ANCIENT SOCIETIES OF “BARBARIAN” EUROPE: MID-XIX CENTURY. – 1950 S.

The authors presented an article on the publication of printed matter covering the history of agricultural economy and trades in Central, Northern, Northwestern, and Southwestern Europe in antiquity. The report is based on editions of Russian-language literature published in Russia in the mid-19th century - the 1950s.

УТОМЛЕНИЕ: ПОНИМАНИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ И СИСТЕМНЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ЕГО РАЗВИТИЯ

The purpose of the research is to determine the modern ideas about fatigue and the physiological mechanisms of its development. Methods and organization of the research: a review of publications using Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Research results and discussion. When analyzing scientific and methodological publications related to the study of fatigue, many problems has been revealed, such as the ambiguity of interpretation of the word "fatigue" often used in sports science and mechanisms of its development that are not fully understood. The exact understanding of each definition will depend both on the semantic groups of the words and on their morphological structure. At the same time, when studying the physiological mechanisms of fatigue, the central and peripheral mechanisms of its development are separated. The first will include processes emanating from the central nervous system, and the second - processes occurring in the peripheral nervous system. The processes of fatigue on the periphery are associated with the depletion of energy resources, an increase in the number of metabolites (hydrogen ions, lactate), with the magnitude and localization of flows through various ion channels, with a change in the electrochemical gradients of Na, K and Cl inside and outside the muscle fiber membrane, with intensity and duration muscle stimulation. At the level of the central nervous system, the processes are associated with limitations in motor control related both to the processes of synaptic transmission of neurotransmitters and psychological factors, which are currently poorly understood, but, nevertheless, show their influence in experimental data. Conclusion: this review article puts forward objective proposals for the exact understanding of each of the above definitions in the Russian-language literature and highlights some of the nuances of understanding in the foreign one. Also, ideas about the physiological mechanisms of central and peripheral fatigue are revealed.

РУССКОЯЗЫЧНЫЙ ЛИТЕРАТОР В СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНЫХ КОЛЛИЗИЯХ ХХ-ХХI ВВ.: ЛИТЕРАТУРНАЯ ДИАСПОРАЛЬНОСТЬ КАК КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ТРЕНД

The article deals with the transformation of the status and priorities of Russian-speaking writers who find themselves in a diaspora. The cultural background of literature in Russian was originally historical Russia within the Russian statehood. In the 20th century, this literature divided into the literature of the metropolis and the literature of the Russian-speaking diaspora. Since the end of the XX century, due to historical and political perturbations, literature in Russian is produced in different countries of the world, resulting not only from literary migrations, but also from autonomous literary processes in these regions and countries. It is possible to speak of both global communications in the Russian-speaking world and the existence of local Russian-speaking literary communities. Literature is created by Russian-speaking writers on different cultural bases, it acquires specific features depending on this basis, but also in conjunction with memories of the Russian literary tradition and global literary trends. The subject of the study is not the diaspora community as such, but the historical and cultural situation in which Russian-language literature, originally based primarily within certain state boundaries, goes beyond them and exists independently of those state institutions that have traditionally been associated with it in one way or another. The article characterizes the cultural phenomenon of diaspora as “ethnic marginality”, an ethno-cultural community functioning in a non-ethnic context, and considers the main historical and cultural stages of the relationship between the metropolis and the diaspora. Particular attention is paid to the crisis situation in the writer's work. Being in an alien socio-cultural environment, the writer acquired a special cross-cultural writing experience as a condition and creative reflection, caused by a change of environment and the loss of the familiar, usual values of the native culture, and by questions about one's identity, when previous experiences became an attribute of memory and reflection.

Общественный договор о науке: конвенция достоинства

The main subject of the article is “dignity” as a category of scientific ethics in the aspect of its attributive qualities in relation to the concepts of knowledge, sci­ence, man. The author offers a justification for the consistency and plausibility of the hypothesis about the relationship between the categories of dignity of science and dignity of man. The need for the justification is due besides all to the results of a pilot scientometric study paradoxical at first glance: they show that the in­crease in the number of publications on the topics of Integrity in Research and Research responsibility is accompanied by a decline of academic interest in the topic of dignity in Russian-language literature in the period 2016–2021. Observa­tions have also shown that society and science turn to the concept of dignity as a concept of moral good in the most difficult moments of history. The author ar­gues that science as an independent “integral” institutional unit can be formed only if it is based on human dignity. At the same time, the revealed blurring of meanings and the separation of attributes of the category “dignity” across various semantic fields in the context of the divisions of the corpus of science itself has become one of the reasons for raising the question of whether science is capable of “being” and “meeting [the gods] face to face”. Structural differentiation, in re­lation to the concept of dignity (abstraction, illusion, universal imaginary) became possible on the basis of understanding the differences between the spaces of ac­ces­sibility and perceptibility. The tools of the theory of conventions are used to obtain a hypothetical set of qualities of Homo Dignus, a decision-making subject acting within the framework of the Dignity convention – a structure proposed by the author. This structure, as the as the author claims, has a potential to become the key element of a new social contract for science.

The Problem of Self-Presentation in the Modern Literary Process (“Narrative about the Author” in E. Simonova’s Interviews)

This article explores a particular version of the narrative of personal stories, i.e., the “narrative about the author”, which is indicative for the analysis of writers’ reflection on their role in modern Russian-language literature. The article aims to determine the specifics of the “narrative about the author”, show that it is formed in public discourse and conditioned by the existence of a narrative framework (a question-and-answer form of an interview that demonstrates public expectations from the creator). Public self-reflection captures the process of self-identification and modeling of the myth of verbal creative work in modern times. The event of the “narrative about the author” is an important change, after which they were able to define themselves as a writer (to name themselves). The author uses methods of classical and postclassical narratology, as well as personological and narrative psychology in the study of the “narrative about the author”. The study reveals that the “narrative about the author” occupies a borderline position with respect to fictionality, the narrator is non-trivial, they are both inside the event and outside it, combining personal attitude with social, cultural, and other conventions adopted about authorship. The article considers the “narrative about the author” with reference to an interview with the Ural poet E. Simonova. The empirical basis of the study is the interviews she gave from 2019 to 2022. In her interviews, Ekaterina Simonova creates an image of a “little poet”, a socio-psychological construct created under the influence of changes in the symbolic status of poetry in modern times, whose components are non-exclusivity and inclusion into everyday life. Within the narrative and within the limits of one response, one sees the formulation of a position, and in the comments given in parentheses, its ironic interpretation. As a result, the author concludes that in the interview with E. Simonova, a myth develops about the writer as an “everyday”, ordinary person who is built on a strategy of ironic sincerity, which is consistent with the artistic narrative of her poetry.

From Russian Literature to Russian-Language Literature of the Empire

From Russian Literature to Russian-Language Literature of the Empire

Haunted Empire: Gothic and the Russian Imperial Uncanny by Valeria Sobol

Reviewed by: Haunted Empire: Gothic and the Russian Imperial Uncanny by Valeria Sobol Anna Cavazzoni (bio) Valeria Sobol, Haunted Empire: Gothic and the Russian Imperial Uncanny (NIU Series in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies) (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020). 198 pp., ill. Bibliography. Index. ISBN: 978-1-5017-50595. Valeria Sobol's book applies a colonial lens to analyze gothic motives in the Russian-language literature of the nineteenth century. While the English gothic has been studied from a postcolonial perspective, Haunted Empire pioneers this approach in the Russian imperial context.1 The book's greatest contribution is its framing of postcolonial analysis in the category of the imperial uncanny that serves a double role. It captures both the complexity of the imperial identity's construction and the anxiety caused by the encounter with the colonized other. Analyzing several literary works from the pre-Romantic and Romantic periods, Sobol reconstructs a certain pattern in narratives about two regions: the Baltics including Finland, and Ukraine. Accordingly, the book is divided into two parts, "The North" and "The South," of three chapters each. Other imperial [End Page 299] regions, such as the Caucasus and Siberia, remain beyond the scope of Sobol's study. The book starts by explicating the meaning of the imperial uncanny using the example of Mikhail Lermontov's A Hero of Our Time. In the provincial town of Taman, the main character Pechorin meets a blind child who answers him only in Ukrainian. Characterized by Sobol as one of the most disturbing scenes in the entire novel, it exemplifies the imperial uncanny as the feeling of instability and the threatening ambiguity of the Russian imperial space. Lermontov employs many elements of the gothic mode to express this anxiety. The gothic and historicism were used together to construct the empire's colonial identity. There was a direct connection between remote time and exotic places as the chronotope of these novels. As English gothic constructed Southern Europe as both a timeless and barbaric place, Russian gothic was eradicating the history of recently annexed lands to justify imperial expansion as a civilizing mission. Accordingly, one of the discourses used by the Russian Empire to justify its expansion was historical. It argued that the annexed territory was inhabited either by people kindred to the Russians, such as the Finns, or by a separated branch of the Russians, as in the case of the Ukrainians. The second discourse was geographical contiguity, which was especially popular in justifying Russia's eastward expansion. The third discourse was the civilizing mission, which was rarely applied to Russia's European acquisitions. The categories of the North and South that divide the book into two parts reflect the mental mapping of the Enlightenment that still dominated the European symbolical geography of the period the same way that West and East structure our political geography today. As Larry Wolff reminded readers in his Inventing Eastern Europe, the South–North nexus dated back to the Renaissance division between the culturally rich South and the barbaric North, which had its origins in Tacitus's Germania. The Enlightenment reversed the cultural poles of the continent by proclaiming the superiority of the North. Subsequently, the locus of historical backwardness and barbarism was associated with the East to produce the familiar opposition of West and East.2 Russia was historically associated with the North, and the gothic novels of the nineteenth century embraced this symbolical geography. The North is essential for the gothic genre focused on medieval [End Page 300] Europe, and Livonian ruins and castles provided a perfect setting for Russian gothic novels. There was also an ideological advantage in exploiting the Livonian past. Associated with German domination, it allowed the Russian conquest to be presented as bringing the light of reason to a place that had been held in medieval darkness by its former overlords. Besides, the local populations were considered as historically linked to the Slavs. The Decembrist writers, such as Nikolai Bestuzhev and Vil'gel'm Kiukhel'beker (Wilhelm Küchelbecker), explored the Livonian theme for their political agenda. Decembrists approved of the series of reforms carried out by the imperial government in the Baltic provinces that emancipated serfs...

THE NATIONAL-CULTURAL ASPECT OF SURNAMES IN THE PLAYS OF A.N. OSTROVSKY

The article considers the surnames in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky. The semantic analysis of these surnames is carried out in the article. The purpose of the research is to consider surnames in the works of A.N. Ostrovsky as a valuable language material the semantics of which carries information about the Russian national picture of the world. The results of the study showed that each surname is unique and carries valuable linguistic information in the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky. Surnames in the plays of the playwright A.N. Ostrovsky's represent a linguistic material that contains important historical information, and represents a fragment of the Russian national picture of the world. Russian surnames were not consid ered earlier in the works of A.N. Ostrovsky as a linguistic material that reflects in its semantics information about the Russian national picture of the world. Russian merchant life, Russian national culture with its richness and diversity is reflected in the semantics of the surnames of A.N. Ostrovsky. Surnames in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky tell about the state of the soul of the Russian person, about the Russian national character. Russian national color of a certain stage of development and historical ch anges in Russian society can also be traced in the semantics of surnames in the playwright's works. Therefore Russian surna me semantics in the plays of A.N. Ostrovsky reflected the socio-historical, psychological, individual and cultural features of the Ru ssian mentality. The materials of the article can be used by students of schools and universities in the Russian language and Russian literature classes.

The Slippery Slope Argument in the Context of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide

This article analyzes the slippery slope argument and its application to the problem of legalizing euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. The argument is often referred to in discussions of abortion, in vitro fertilization, etc., but it has been little developed in the Russian-language literature. This explains the relevance and novelty of this article. The focus is on the ways of representation of the argument in research. It distinguishes its main types: logical (disintegrating into no-principle distinction argument and the soritical argument), empirical (or psychological argument), and non-logical (metaphorical). Each of these types of argument is constructed according to a certain principle and has a number of features and critiques. A common place for criticism of an argument is its focus on the future so that it makes reasoning probabilistic. The logical type of argument is centered around denoting the transition between the original event and its adverse consequences and denotes the action of social factors to accelerate the transition. The no-principal distinction argument implies that there is no moral distinction between the events at the beginning and the end of the slope. The soritical argument involves intermediate steps between questionable and unacceptable practices. The conceptual slope is another variant of the logical kind of argument. The empirical argument illustrates a situation of changing societal values which results in an easier acceptance of morally disapproved practices. The metaphorical argument is used to illustrate the metaphor of slope and the situation of the accumulation of small problems that lead to serious undesirable results. The non-logical kind of argument centers around the routinization of practice, desensitization, and exploitation of unprotected groups in society. Exploitation can be called the victims' slope. It grounds its consideration on the abuse of the practice being administered. Application of the ethical methodology (theoretical-logical and empirical-historical) to the types of arguments and ways of their application allows us to highlight the value component of the argument, to determine its dilemma nature and to correlate it with bioethical principles. The application of bioethical principles to suppress the transition to undesirable consequences is critiqued on the basis of particularly difficult cases in which one is unable to articulate one's decision. The criticism of the argument is built on the probabilistic nature of the reasoning, the lack of reflection on the underlying premise and the lack of empirical evidence. It concludes that the slippery slope argument is incapable of being the only valid justification for rejecting the practices of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia.

Porcelain dolls from Neudachiny estate in Tobolsk

The object of this research is the finds of porcelain dolls discovered by L. N. Sladkova in 1998 during the excavations of Neudachiny estate in Tobolsk. The goal lies in studying two pieces of porcelain dolls, which most likely were imported and symbolize material wealth for the majority of Tobolsk resident in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Having explored the items from other collections of the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve, the author attempts to determine the prevalence of such porcelain dolls in Tobolsk in the late XIX – XX centuries, and which social classes could afford them. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the absence of publications dedicated to archaeological finds of the imported porcelain dolls in the territory of Western Siberia, as well as Russian-language literature on attribution and study of this category of toys of the XI – early XX century. The author carries out the attribution of porcelain dolls found on the territory of the Neudachiny estate, and concludes that such finds are imported and manufactured in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The preserved hallmark allowed establishing that one of the dolls was manufactured in Germany at Armand Marseill factory. In correlation of the income of different categories of residents with the cost of porcelain dolls, the author indicates that not all segments of urban population could afford such porcelain dolls. The items may also contain information on commercial ties, as well as peculiarities of the childhood of Tobolsk residents of that time.

Non-russian worldview in russian-language literature of autochthonous peoples of russian arctic (stylistic aspect)

For the first time, the article deals with the uniqueness of artistic consciousness and perception of the world and the features of conveying them by means of the Russian language using the example of the types of literature of the small-numbered peoples of the Russian Arctic. The authors' attempt to identify the features of the non-Russian perception of the world and the reflection of national life through the Russian language makes it possible to detect and analyze such types of bilingual creative work as conditional bilingualism and creative bilingualism in the artistic work of indigenous writers of the Russian Arctic. The historiography of the matter indicates that the problem of bilingualism in the prose of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic has been poorly studied in national literary criticism.

The incidence of depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia

Summary. Introduction. Historically, depressive disorders have been described in various forms of schizophrenia by Kraepelin (1923) or as a reaction to illness by Bleuler (1922). One of the alternative points of view that has been considered in recent years is that depressive disorders are a comorbid condition of schizophrenia or one of the manifestations of schizophrenia. However, to date, depression, as a symptom, is not included in the diagnostic criteria of the ICD-10. Methodological approaches to diagnosing depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia differ in different countries and research groups. This influences the prevalence rates of depressive disorders in schizophrenic patients. Purpose. The study and systematization of studies of the incidence of depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia.Methods. Russian-language and foreign literature was analyzed with a search depth of 10 years (2010–2020) in the following databases: PubMed, Springer, Wiley Online Library, Taylor & Francis Online, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Science Direct and eLIBRARY .RU.Results. A total of 51 studies of depressive disorders in children and adults with schizophrenia were found.Conclusion. The frequency of occurrence of depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia varies from 9.1 and to 100%, the average frequency is 41.6%. Their frequency is variable and depends on the region of residence and ethnicity. It is noted that depressive disorders in patients with schizophrenia are more often recorded among residents of the Middle East (72.7%), Russia (61.8%) and Europe (39.6%), less often among residents of Southeast Asia (32%) and the Pacific region ( 37.3%). The countries with the highest incidence of depressive disorders in schizophrenia include: USA, Germany, China; and to the countries with the lowest frequency — Denmark, Israel, South Africa. Also, I would like to note that the largest number of studies conducted was in Europe (16 studies with 36 928 patients with schizophrenia), the USA (6 studies with 2314 patients) and the Russian Federation (6 studies with 582 patients). In general, in the world, according to 51 studies analyzed, the incidence of depressive disorders in schizophrenia in men is higher than in women, although gender differences did not reach statistical significance in all regions of the world.

HIGHER HISTORICAL EDUCATION IN CHUVASHIA (1967–1991): TO THE PROBLEM STATEMENT

Modern development of the state in general and the educational system in particular is largely predetermined by the events of the past, which inevitably become part of history. In the context of historical education modernization, which took place in the country at the beginning of the 21st century, it is necessary to study more deeply the existing experience of creating specialized faculties and teaching history on their basis within higher educational institutions. Historical education in the territory of Chuvashia began to be implemented in the 1930. In the period from 1930 to 1967, the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute was engaged in the formation of professional historical personnel. From 1967, a new stage in the development of higher historical education of the republic begins, associated with the opening of I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University (I.N. Ulianov ChuvSU). The Faculty of History and Philology (FHP) began working in the structure of the classical university. It consisted of five departments: general history, the history of the USSR, the Chuvash language and literature, the Russian language, Russian and foreign literature, which were headed by leading scientists of the republic. From 1990, changes took place in the history of higher historical education in Chuvashia. This is due to the division of the FHP into three independent faculties, among which the historical one was singled out. During the same period, restructuring of I.N. Ulianov ChuvSU was underway, as a result of which in 1990, in addition to the departments of national history and general history, a new department of archeology, ethnography and regional history began to function at the faculty. During the period of activity of the Faculty of History and Philology, it was headed by well-known scientists, organizers of education: Candidate of Philological Sciences V.Ya. Kanukov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V.F. Kakhovsky, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor M.M. Mikhailov, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor I.A. Andreev. The Soviet period in the formation and development of higher historical education, associated with the opening of I.N. Ulianov Chuvash State University, laid the mainstays for training personnel in subsequent periods.