Russian Industry Research Articles

The Problematic Issues of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Application in Agriculture

The current rapid development of unmanned aviation is largely driven by the needs of the defense-industrial complex. In light of these events, the Russian industry has currently focused its attention on the development of unmanned aerial vehicles characterized by high payload capacity, autonomous flight range, and navigation precision. Considering the projected increase in the production rates of UAVs and the expansion of their functionalities, there is a pressing need for their active integration into various sectors of the economy, including agriculture. Despite the fact that the application of aerial agro-drones, like other aircraft, is regulated by the "Federal Rules for the Use of Airspace of the Russian Federation" (Government Resolution No. 138 dated March 11, 2010), there are currently no unified regulated approaches and requirements for the operation of unmanned aerial vehicles in agriculture. Given the growing relevance of issues related to the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles into agriculture, there is an increased need for the development of documents that regulate the use of agrochemicals for the treatment of agricultural land using these devices. The research objective if the development of a protocol for the inclusion of pesticides if the catalog approved for use through unmanned aerial vehicles.

AI Tools in the Digital Transformation Programmes of Industrial Enterprises

This article is devoted to the study of the prospects for the development and implementation of AI in industry in the context of digital transformation. Autonomous factories, integrated supply chains, and autonomous vehicles is a real proof of technological advances that AI brings to life. The article highlights a number of problems and challenges for Russian industry based on the results of applied research conducted in November-December 2023 at 18 medium and large industrial enterprises. The main conclusions include not only the identified systemic problems and risks (shortcomings in digitalisation methodology, ambiguity in calculating economic parameters, lack of technical expertise), but also the most promising areas for the development of AI technologies. The study finds significant potential for enhancing the technologies of the Industry 3.0 and Industry 4.0 paradigms using AI tools. Also, it describe the necessary changes in enterprise management and regulatory government activities aimed at realising the identified potential. In conclusion, the article emphasises the need to optimise parallel imports, develop human capital and adequately analyse the economic parameters of industrial enterprises’ digital transformation project. The authors emphasise the relevance of studying the prospects for the development of AI in industry for Russian economic science in the period 2024–2026.

Virtual Value Engineering in Investment and Construction Activities

Statement of the problem. The Russian investment and construction industries continue to grow, and there is a growing demand for services related to designing and implementing new projects. The introduction of innovative technologies and improvements to construction processes are essential parts of investment and construction efforts in today's world. Engineering plays a significant role in investment and construction projects, as it is involved both in the planning phase and during the implementation stages. Cost engineering is a concept that refers to a set of techniques and tools used to manage the expenses of a project throughout its lifecycle. The integration of investment and construction engineering services with the latest technological advancements is a new but already popular trend in the construction market. Results. This study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach to facility design, considering the unique characteristics of modern technology and the requirements of participants in investment and construction projects that require operational involvement in project management. Conclusions. The paper supports the introduction of «virtual engineering», which can create a more comfortable environment for all stakeholders in an investment or construction project.

Analysis of the structure of Russian acreage within the framework of the concept of sustainable agriculture

The purpose of scientific work is a comprehensive analysis of the impact of changes in the structure of acreage and the land use system on ensuring the sustainability of the agricultural industry in Russia. The results obtained demonstrate that, despite the implementation of a number of legislative initiatives aimed at improving the efficiency and environmental orientation of agriculture, a number of unresolved problems remain in the Russian Federation that hinder the transition to a model of sustainable agricultural production. Inefficient use of land resources is a problem faced by many agricultural regions in Russia. Irrational structuring of land, unbalanced distribution of agricultural land, low efficiency of use of modern technologies and resources lead to the loss of land potential. This has a negative impact on the yield and quality of agricultural products. There may be insufficient attention to the environmental aspects of land management: conserving biodiversity, maintaining natural ecosystems, minimizing the ecological footprint of agricultural activities and applying methods that promote soil regeneration. The comprehensive improvement of land management mechanisms in the Russian Federation, taking into account the concept of sustainable agriculture, involves the development and implementation of policies aimed at stimulating sustainable agricultural practices, supporting innovative methods and technologies, as well as training and advising agricultural producers on sustainable agriculture. This approach will significantly improve land use efficiency and ensure the sustainable development of Russia's agricultural sector.

Ecosystem model of development of the unmanned aircraft systems industry

The article analyzes the structural transformations of Russian industry in the context of external constraints and the need to ensure technological sovereignty in high-tech industries. The scientific hypothesis of the work is the assumption of the importance of cross-sectoral coordination of subjects of industrial policy in order to develop the production of critical products. The digital industrial ecosystem of the unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) industry is considered as an object of research. The purpose of the research is to develop the foundations of the structure of the ecosystem model of the development of the UAS industry and substantiate the feasibility of its application in the interests of improving high-tech industries of the Russian Federation. The article offers the author’s interpretations of the concepts of “digital industrial ecosystem” and “cross-industry ecosystem”, substantiates the principles of functioning of the ecosystem model and its architecture. An ecosystem model of the development of the UAS industry was developed, including management bodies, technical infrastructure, organizational and economic tools, technological clusters and a network of participants. The main distinguishing features of the proposed model from the existing ones are: the distribution of ecosystem management bodies that ensure the autonomy of management at all horizontal and hierarchical levels of its organization; the ecosystem is considered as an instrument of the mechanism of strategic development of high-tech industries involved in the creation of civil-purpose UAS, and provides cross-industry interaction of participants in order to accelerate the development of industrial production and the formation of the UAS market. The ecosystem management model will ensure the possession of up-to-date data of actual and planned indicative evaluation indicators of the state and development of the industry on a time scale close to real, based on the principle of digital transparency.

Стратегические перспективы развития отрасли цветных металлов: проблемы и задачи отечественных производителей

The non-ferrous metallurgy industry in Russia is undergoing profound changes due to geopolitical shifts, the transition to green energy, and the need to develop processing industries. Non-ferrous metals, as strategically important products, can play a decisive role in achieving the global goals of the Russian economy related to economic security, the development of domestic markets, the reconstruction of high-tech industries, the modernization of stably functioning industries, and the improvement of the quality of life for the population. The purpose of this research is to study the trends and risks affecting non-ferrous metal producers and to assess the opportunities and challenges for developing both external and domestic markets, ultimately aiming to ensure sustainable demand for the products of mining companies and metal producers. The primary research methods used include general scientific approaches such as comparative analysis, synthesis, and decomposition. This paper reviews the current state of Russia's non-ferrous metallurgy sector and explores its development prospects, with a specific focus on Norilsk Nickel, a key player operating in the Arctic. The main results of the study include an assessment of the current global market for non-ferrous metals, their role in the energy transition, and the formation of a low-carbon economy. The study also analyzes and summarizes the challenges facing domestic non-ferrous metallurgy and suggests potential directions for its development in the current economic context. A critical analysis of the Strategy for the Development of the Metallurgical Industry of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030 reveals that several important aspects and issues are not adequately addressed in the document. For example, it lacks a strategic planning methodology and fails to consider the specific characteristics and potential of the Arctic’s non-ferrous mineral resource base. The practical significance of this study lies in clarifying the prospects for utilizing non-ferrous metals to support the revitalization of high-tech industries in the national economy.

Using an information and analytical system to assess the health status of the personnel of the Vostochny Space Center

The Vostochny Space Center is a new facility of the Russian space industry, which began launching space technology in 2016. In the normal operation of the cosmodrome, the impact of rocket fuel components on personnel, taking into account the data of sanitary and hygienic monitoring, is not expected, however, the influence of a chemical factor is possible in cases of emergency situations. The purpose of the study is a hygienic assessment of the impact of harmful and dangerous factors of the production environment on the health of the personnel of the Vostochny cosmodrome using an information and analytical system of sanitary and hygienic monitoring. The study was based on the classical methodological basis of a comprehensive sanitary and epidemiological assessment of the production environment. The analysis showed the absence of differences in the levels and dynamics of morbidity by the main classes of the disease, the absence of professionally determined pathology, which indicates the sufficiency of the complex of organizational, technical and sanitary measures implemented during the creation of the Vostochny Space Center. Thus, the introduction of information and analytical approaches to the organization and implementation of monitoring studies makes it possible to obtain the necessary comprehensive information, timely and fully record the impact of negative factors of the production environment on employees, and perform a comprehensive assessment of the health status of the personnel of the Vostochny cosmodrome.

Развитие космической отрасли: опыт США, Китая и России

In recent decades, space has begun to be viewed as an important economic resource, an engine of global competition and technological development, capable of having a multiplier effect on the development of the entire economic system of a country. It is a necessary factor in global communication and information. Each state can use space for peaceful purposes, since it is a common resource for all countries. That is why the space industry is the object of the careful study by many researchers and a special sphere of government regulation. The top three leaders in the space industry are the USA, China and Russia. The purpose of this article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the development of the space industry in the USA, China and Russia, as well as to develop recommendations for improving the regulation of the Russian space industry based on foreign experience. The author selected the following characteristics as the main parameters of comparison: 1. Significant space achievements, 2. Industry financing, 3. Structure of the space industry, 4. The scale of private space sector development, 5. Motives for international cooperation in the field of space exploration. Based on the analysis, the features of space industry development in each country were identifi ed. Special attention in the study is paid to the Russian space industry. In particular, it was found that the main structural feature of the Russian space industry, in contrast to the USA and China, is the significant predominance of state-owned companies over private enterprises. This is associated with the lack of the necessary regulatory framework in our country and, as a consequence, the underdevelopment of the market for space products and services. At the same time, Russia can be considered a leader in terms of funding for the space industry (as a percentage of GDP), but in absolute financial indicators (in millions of dollars) Russia lags significantly behind the United States and China. In addition, Russia adheres to the practice of participating in international cooperation in the space sector, based primarily on political factors rather than economic motives, which fundamentally distinguishes its approach from the approach used by the United States. The article proposes a number of practical recommendations, the implementation of which, according to the author’s opinion, will contribute to increasing the efficiency of space activities in Russia.

The technological transformation of the Russian energy sector forced by carbon regulation

RELEVANCE of the study lies in the assessment of the impact that various carbon regulation instruments stimulating the achievement of national climate goals have on the development scale of different electricity and heat production technologies in Russia.THE PURPOSE. To consider the change in the optimal technological structure of the electric power industry and district heating in Russia by 2050 assuming the introduction of various carbon regulation instruments in 2030.METHODS. We used the developed at ERI RAS system technological model EPOS for the optimization of the energy technology structure in the Russian energy sector according to the criterion of the minimum total discounted costs for energy supply to the economy until 2050.RESULTS. The article provides an analysis of the scale of changes in installed capacity and electricity production of various types of power plants in the UES of Russia, as well as changes in heat production of different heat supply sources by 2050 for 16 carbon regulation options and business-as-usual scenario. Also it describes the optimal technological structure in the electric power industry and district heating under the conditions of certain administrative, fiscal and economic instruments of climate policy. Carbon regulation options based on the corresponding increases in the installed capacity of power plants in the UES of Russia by 2050 are compared.CONCLUSION. Decarbonization of the electric power industry in Russia will mainly occur by expansion of nuclear energy, heat production – by deployment of electric boilers, taking into account current forecasts of scientific and technological progress. At the same time, for carbon regulation options leading to a greenhouse gas emissions reduction by 30% relative to 2019 level, nuclear power plants could become the new dominant technology in the structure of electricity production instead of gas thermal power plants. The total increase in installed capacity of power plants in the UES of Russia by 2050 may differ by almost seven times for various carbon regulation options. Among the climate policy options considered, emission quotation and carbon taxes have the strongest impact on the technological structure of the electric power industry and district heating in Russia.

«Биологические войны» как новая международная проблема политиков и военных России

The globalization of the global market economy and the unregulated global population of 8 billion people create threats of global warming of the Earth with its transformation into a hot lifeless Venus. The aggravation of the global situation for the survival of countries and peoples and major military conflicts are ahead. New "green technologies" do not allow us to abandon the increasing combustion of hydrocarbons. At the same time, a secret creation of a new biological weapon of mass destruction is underway. Defense and biomedical problems in Russia are largely recognized at the level of society, the state, the military and special services. The main stages of creation and sabotage use of biological weapons are studied. The specifics of new bioterrorism technologies are analyzed. Preventive defense measures for Russia in the current conditions are substantiated. The analysis showed that the scale of financing of R&D in the field of biology, medicine, genetics in Russia since 2000 does not meet the required structural reorganization of Russian industry and new rapidly developing areas of science, engineering and technology in the world. The main results of the study, which have theoretical and practical significance, include conclusions about a significant increase in the risks of potential aggressors using biological weapons against the enemy in the context of rapid scientific and technological progress in the world, especially in biology, genetics, medicine. A conclusion is made about the need for additions and amendments to the current international and national laws in order to prevent new military-biological initiatives and projects. The necessity of forming a new military-political point of view in Russia is substantiated, that what is brewing is not just wars for the redistribution of natural resources, but genocidal wars for the survival of the strongest countries and peoples, to which our state currently belongs. Threats to Russia from bioterrorism and sabotage biological wars are surmountable, but require a mobilization economy, significant funds and resources.

Законодательные аспекты развития креативных индустрий в регионах российской Арктики (на примере Мурманской области)

The aim of the work is to study the legislative support for the development of creative industries in the Russian Arctic using the example of the Murmansk Oblast. The following tasks have been solved: the legislative framework of the federal level, providing the development of creative industries in Russia as a whole, has been studied; the regional legislative framework has been studied on the example of the Murmansk Oblast; the measures of support for the development of Arctic creative industries at different levels of government have been analyzed. It was revealed that until 2021 the creative sector of the economy was reflected in legal acts of all levels through the concepts of “small and medium-sized businesses”, “self-employed citizens” and “individual entrepreneurs”. The concept of “creative industries” received legislative recognition with the adoption at the federal level of the “Concept for the development of creative industries and mechanisms for the implementation of their state support in large and major urban agglomerations until 2030” in 2021. The Concept and the Action Plan for its implementation, adopted in 2030, laid the regulatory and legal basis for the development of this sector of the economy, but the legislative framework for the development of creative industries in the Russian Federation has not yet been fully formed. The study showed that in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation the situation with regulatory support for the development of creative industries is similar. Using the example of the Murmansk Oblast, it was revealed that the regional legislative framework for this promising area is currently in the nascent stage, and the first normative-legal acts directly related to the development of the Arctic creative industries began to appear only in 2023. It was concluded that it is necessary to develop a concept for the development of Arctic creative industries in the Russian Arctic in order to ensure uniform approaches, consistency of actions and coordination of measures for the development of this sector of the economy in the Russian Arctic. The need to use the term “creative industries” in various legal acts in order to avoid discrepancies and to ensure the uniformity of legal support for this sector of the economy is substantiated.

Strategizing the industrial core of the national economy

Strategic provision of technological sovereignty and economic security for the long term are of the highest importance for any state. The availability of its own critically important technologies and high-tech production of products in priority economic areas increase the state’s resilience to external challenges and threats, as well as orient the economy towards the realization of national values and the interests of innovative development of emerging strategic opportunities. The formation of an industrial core as a vector for the implementation of a strategy to ensure technological sovereignty and economic security is a critically important strategic goal of Russia. At the national level, the need to strengthen and strategize the industrial core is confirmed, in which the industry should be based, not only ensuring stable dynamics of the national economy, but also stimulating its development focused on innovative priorities. However, the results of the strategic diagnosis indicate the existing imbalance in the sectoral structure of the national economy caused by premature processes of deindustrialization and primitivization of production capacities. The consequence of this is an increase in the negative impact of outdated technologies and organizational systems on the functioning and development of Russian industries. The study of the regulatory environment and methodological base of modern strategizing of priority industries in Russia conducted in this article indicates the presence of systemic errors in the preparation and implementation of strategic documents for long-term industrial development. In the article, the authors come to the conclusion about the imperfection and fragmentation of the applied methodology for the development and implementation of strategies for the development of industries, including errors of an essential, structural and methodological nature, or the lack of a methodology for strategizing in general. As a solution, the author proposes the use of industrial strategizing methodology, based on the theory of strategy and strategizing methodology of the Russian scientific school developed by the Center for Strategic Research at the Institute of Mathematical Research of Complex Systems and the Economic and Financial Strategy Department at Moscow School of Economics at Lomonosov Moscow State University, and has a number of advantages for the targeted development of industrial sectors and the formation of the industrial core of the national economy based on focusing on the search and implementation of strategic opportunities and the use of existing and newly created competitive advantages.

Strategic cooperation of high tech companies of China and Russia

The sanctions imposed on the Russian economics in 2022 by a number of countries created an external shock for many industries in Russia with the strongest impact on the enterprises of high tech industries. At the same time, there is an emerging potential for cooperation between Russian and Chinese manufacturers which is forming new strategies of development of Russian high tech enterprises. In order to evaluate the prospects and trends of development of Chinese high tech industry in this context, the authors applied methods of economic analysis including the correlation analysis. Factors, determining potential of cooperation between Russia and China in this sphere, were systematized on the basis of the methodology of strategizing by Professor Vladimir L. Kvint.It has been stated that Chinese manufacturers are able to replace either partially or completely European and American suppliers in a number of high tech industries: innovative components and equipment for engineering, semiconductors and chips, telecommunications equipment and components. It has been discovered that the number of registered patents and the number of researchers involved in RD in China have a significant correlation with the growth of export of high tech products of China. Further growth will be able to ensure the expansion of technology and knowledge exports from China to Russia.Thus, it can be stated for sure that there are perspective industries and fields of Russia-China cooperation in high tech industry. The sphere of cooperation which can become the basis for the strategy of development of Russian high tech manufacturers is scientific and patent cooperation with Chinese organizations. The authors have also discovered limitations in this cooperation: there is a threat of imposing international sanctions on Chinese manufacturers; Chinese enterprises are working at a high level of workload in the context of the global economic recovery after the coronavirus pandemic; decrease of competitiveness of Russian high tech industry has a negative impact on the expected benefits from the cooperation between the countries. These strategic threats can be overcome with the help of a well-grounded foreign economic strategy developed by Russian and Chinese authorities.

Tools for development of the Russian electric power industry in the current realities

Electric power industry is one of the most important sectors of Russian economy that satisfies the needs of the country’s population, companies of various areas of economy in electric and thermal energy and supplies it for the CIS and Non-CIS countries. Due to this, it is significant to study the tools for development of Russian electric energy industry in the current realities, and this is the basis of the article. The purpose of the article is to study the modern tools for development of electric energy industry and work out the recommendations on their improvement. The following aspects are considered as the main tools for development of electric energy industry: interconnection of electric grid resources, carbon neutrality, legislative acts, digital technologies, financial instruments aimed at attracting investment, accumulation systems (portable sources of electricity), electric transport, and green energy. The methodological basis of the research is the analysis of scientific publications and Internet resources, synthesis and generalization of the data acquired. The authors of the study have analyzed the most significant tools that can be used to develop the electric energy industry in the current situation, and worked out the recommendations on improving the effectiveness of their implementation. To provide a full-fledged solution of the tasks set in the article the authors have analyzed the dynamics of the electric energy industry, identified the basic principles of its development, the peculiar features of their implementation, worked out the opportunities and recommendations for their improvement. According to the results of the study it has been suggested to establish a new institute – a specialized international innovation centre of electric energy industry which will ensure attraction of investment, formation of effective cooperation with friendly countries and development of green energy industry. The authors have identified the tools providing for the development of electric energy industry in Russia, worked out recommendations on their improvement, suggested a new institute of financing and development of electric energy industry. The results of the study in hand can be used in the activity of the companies involved in electric energy industry and further research on the topic.

Energy Industry in Russia’s Eastern Regions: Regional Features and Decarbonization

Energy Industry in Russia’s Eastern Regions: Regional Features and Decarbonization

Academician N.S. Kurnakov and His Contribution to the Formation of the Russian Industry in the late XIX – early XX centuries

Academician N.S. Kurnakov and His Contribution to the Formation of the Russian Industry in the late XIX – early XX centuries

Problems and institutional framework for the development of the rare earth metals industry in Russia

Problems and institutional framework for the development of the rare earth metals industry in Russia

The Strategic Directions for the Development of the Electronic Industry in Russia

The Strategic Directions for the Development of the Electronic Industry in Russia

Valves materials for internal combustion engines

The main strategy for improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines is to increase the cylinder pressure, which inevitably leads to increased mechanical and thermal stress on key engine components, including the intake and exhaust valves. However, traditional materials used for engine valves today are being pushed to their limits. Thus, increasing the efficiency of the next generation internal combustion engines requires the development of new valve materials with a higher set of performance properties at elevated temperatures. The article discusses the operating conditions of engine valves and the requirements for valve materials. A comparative analysis of traditional Russian and foreign valve materials that are widely used today (martensitic and austenitic steels, nickel-based alloys) has been performed. It is noted that Russian standards for valve materials contain recommendations for the use of certain steels for engine valves, which have long lost their market positions abroad due to their inherent shortcomings. On the other hand, some foreign materials specially developed for exhaust valves of diesel engines are not produced by Russian industry. A review of new generation valve materials developed by leading foreign companies in this field to replace expensive nickel-based alloys was carried out. It is noted that the development of new domestic cost-effective valve materials capable of operating under conditions of higher temperatures and pressures in more aggressive environments is an important scientific and technical problem, the solution of which is necessary for the accelerated development of the Russian engine industry

ДЛИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПРОСТОЙ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА. ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЕ СЕРИЙНОГО КАПИТАЛЬНОГО РЕМОНТА АВИАЦИОННЫХ СИЛОВЫХ УСТАНОВОК

The study objective is to determine the problems and optimal ways to recover the activities of industrial enterprises with long-term production downtime on the example of aviation plants performing the manufacture or mass overhaul of aircraft power plants (gas turbine engines, helicopter gearboxes, aggregates, modules, systems). The task presented in this paper is to develop proposals that should be used in the early recovery of production facilities in the new territories of the Russian Federation and its border zones. The paper briefly reveals the problems of restoring mass overhaul of aviation equipment as a typical example of a narrow-profile industrial activity, where bringing idle production in line with the requirements of Russian legislation has its own problems and industry features. The analysis of the factors of occurring, deepening and consequences of prolonged downtime of industrial enterprises presented in the study and methods for their accelerated recovery from the crisis require the development of an appropriate regulatory basis that takes into account the problems of the activities of management companies and ministries in non-standard conditions of the development of Russian industry. The novelty of the research work consists in the analysis of problems, trends and proposed methods for accelerated restoration of efficient industrial enterprises significant to the state with prolonged production downtime and non-compliance of their production and permits with the requirements of Russian legislation. This paper presents the results of research on the development of crisis situations in idle enterprises and ways to get out of them as soon as possible, taking into account compliance with legal norms and requirements of relevant industry regulatory documents. The conclusions in the paper are based on the practice of mass enterprises and contain optimal ways to accelerate their output to the required level. For this purpose, two models of a unified state policy have been developed in relation to enterprises significant to the state, whose activities previously did not comply with Russian legislation.