Russian Folk Dialects Research Articles

Похоронная традиция 50–60-х годов XX века в народной речи Воронежской области: этнолингвистический аспект

This article discusses the content of the funeral rite. The aim of the study is to describe, based on the recollections of representatives of the older age group, the tradition that existed in the 50–60s of the last century, reflected in the folk speech and picture of the world of the inhabitants of the village of Vysoky Talovsky District. In the process of writing the work, methods were used: survey, interviewing, observation, comparison, generalization, built on specific facts. The novelty of the scientific work lies in the fact that a rural funeral ceremonial of the family cycle is recorded and shown, which has not been previously recorded in any of the settlements of the Voronezh region in the presented form. It acts as a village mourning action. The ritual is represented through the depiction of the local tradition in the language. The result of the research is the features of the funeral custom, consisting of 23 interrelated stages, reflected in the South Russian dialect. It is concluded that the picture of the world of the villagers combines strong friendship, support in a difficult life situation, mutual assistance, mutual assistance of the villagers, following the traditions of their ancestors, respect for the deceased and his close circle. Collectivism and community act as the fundamental principles of organizing and conducting the ceremony. It is noted that in the 21st century there have been changes in the mournful rite. The practical significance of this study lies in the fact that valuable information can be used in the collection of unique rituals that take place in small rural societies in the 20th century. At the same time, the presented data can enrich the materials of the project “Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects” (RAS), use the information when teaching special courses “Voronezh Regional Linguistics” and “Local Studies” for students and schoolchildren. The material is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

XL All-Russian Dialectological Meeting “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects – 2024”

On January 29–30, 2024, the annual XL All-Russian Dialectological Meeting “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects – 2024” was held at the Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg.

Рыболовецкая лексика в русских говорах на территории Республики Мордовия

The paper concerns the linguistic units that nominate objects, actions, concepts related to the process of fishing in Russian folk dialects that exist on the territory of Mordovia. The specificity of nominative processes associated with the fixation of a linguistically significant fact in the language is determined. The study is conducted on the material of the Dictionary of Russian subdialects in the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. It has been established that two main groups of names are actively used in Russian dialects: ichthyonyms, or different types of fish; various devices used for fishing. The largest group consists of ichthyonyms that name fish species. They show region fauna variability of aquatic representatives, point out the factors, which constitute the basis for their nomination, reveal the features of fish that are important in the dialect community. It has been determined that among the recorded numerous names of various fishing tackle used by a person in the process of fishing, fishing nets are the most diverse in the Russian dialects of Mordovia. The study has shown that different types of dialectisms can be distinguished in the composition of the fishing vocabulary, namely: the most common are proper lexical dialectisms, the roots of which have no correspondences in the national language, national words that have different meanings in a dialect system, referred to as lexico-semantic dialectisms, are also actively used. Most of the described words are unambiguous, but there are also solitary polysemantic lexemes. Derived meanings of a word in a dialect environment appear, as a rule, on the basis of an anthropomorphic or material metaphor.

Materials for a Dictionary of Collective Nicknames of the Perm Region Residents

The paper provides the outcomes of the authors’ ongoing research on Russian collective nicknames of the Perm region. It significantly complements the previously published part, dealing with the features of usage, semantics, and historical significance of local collective nicknames as evidence of the settlement of the Perm region by Russians. This paper approaches the material from lexicographical perspective, which, in combination with the first part, delivers the most complete picture to date of the nature of collective nicknames in the region. The studied units are retrieved from several sources: materials of field trips led by the authors and other Perm researchers since the 1990s; dictionaries of Russian dialects of the Perm region and card indexes of dictionaries; “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”, a number of onomastic dictionaries, modern ethnographic, folklore and ethnolinguistic collections on the traditional culture of the Russian population of the Perm region; works on local ethnography and folklore published in the 19th — first half of the 20th century. Dictionary entries are arranged in alphabetical order. The article examines collective nicknames as such (their phonetic and word-formation variants, if any); their interpretation (which territorial group of people they refer to); geographical label (the place where the name was recorded); usage contexts and explanations for the nickname if available. The nicknames used for residents of different settlements, villages, and regions are considered as polysemantic words with different meanings. If a collective nickname includes a qualifying toponymic epithet, it is enclosed in parentheses. In cases where a settlement appeared near a factory, the factory name is specified along with the modern oikonym.

Jester Names: Lubok Characters Farnos, Gonos and Yeralash

Some lubok prints (cheap popular prints) of an entertaining nature feature characters with strange names. These names are neither variations based on Christian names, nor nicknames with a clear internal form. This article discusses a possible origin of the names Farnos, Gonos and Yeralash, their functioning in lubok prints and other texts. The name of the jester Farnos (Rus. Фарнос) is associated with the name of the commedia dell'arte character Gian Farina. The latter was known in Russia, in particular, thanks to the etchings by Jacques Callot. The widespread use of lubok prints with the image of Farnos led to this name becoming an appellative. The word фарнос /farnos/ is defined in the dictionary by Vladimir Dal as ‘an arrogant person, a proudling’. Another jester, Gonos (Rus. Гонос), probably does not have a foreign prototype. His name correlates with the words гоносúться /gono s i t ’ s y a ‘ → b o ∗ , → s h o w a r r o g a n c e , → f l a u n t ’ and г о н ó с н ы й g o � � � ’ � � � ‘ → � � ∗ , → � ℎ � � � � � � � � � � � , → � � � � � � ’ and г о н ó с н ы й � � nosnyj/ (‘proud, haughty’) presented in the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects. The name Yeralash (Rus. Ералаш) originates from the identical appellative. This word of Turkic origin was recorded in the 18th century and means ‘mess, nonsense’. In all the texts involving these buffoon characters, the functioning of the name is determined by a rhyme. Farnos and Gonos rhyme with the word нос /nos/ (‘nose’), the name Yeralash rhymes with the word наш /nash/ (‘our, ‘ours’). Phonetic consonance and false etymologization provide extensive material for language game and jokes.

XXXIX All-Russian Dialectological Meeting. Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects – 2023

The chronicle is devoted to the conference “XXXIX All-Russian Dialectological Meeting «Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects – 2023»” which annually takes place in Saint Petersburg and this time was held on January 30–31, 2023. The questions of the Russian dialect lexicology, lexicography and linguistic geography were mainly discussed. These disciplines are concerned with “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects” compiling which has been done by the Institute of Slavic Studies RAS, the Institute of Linguistic Studies RAS and leading universities of Russian Federation. Concrete dialect lexical characteristics as well as features of the Russian dialects in general were considered. Moreover, general problems of linguistic geography and dialect lexicography were analyzed, including the studies on “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects” material. Also some papers dealt with toponymy, antroponymy, etymology, onomastics, grammar, linguistic folklore studies and ethnolinguistics. Some presentations were devoted to the study of the Russian dialect lexicon against the Slavic background. Some linguistic geography and dialect lexicography aspects were shown on the material of non-Slavic languages, in particular, Komi-Permyak. A great number of scientists, including young researchers, from more than twenty Russian cities took part in the conference. Presented papers will be published in the annual volume “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects. Materials and Studies” by the Institute of Linguistic Studies RAS, edited by S.A. Myznikov. As a result of the conference there was made a decision to support and encourage the Atlas authors and to intensify their work on maps and research.

Iconic Words Denoting Food Consumption (on the Material of the Russian Language)

Introduction. The article presents the findings of a study on establishing the sound symbolic status of individual phonemes and phonesthemes in the designations of “noisy and greedy consumption of food and drinks”, carried out on the material of the Russian dialect language at the junction of iconicity and dialectology and is a continuation of the joint work of the authors on the research of the sound symbolic role of certain phonemes in designation of the concepts of “biting, gnawing”, “chomping, smacking” and “sucking in” in the three corresponding lexical-semantic groups of the English dialect lexemes. Methodology and sources . The material for this work is the corpus of lexemes denoting swallowing, obtained by continuous sampling from the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, ed. by F.P. Filin. The research was carried out using phonosemantic analysis. Results and discussion. The study clearly demonstrated that the lexicon of the Russian dialects, similar to the dialect vocabulary of the English language, contains quite an impressive number of iconic words and contains sets of lexemes that, having similar or virtually identical semantics, differ from each other by only one or two phonemes. The analysis of the corpus of the material allowed the authors to conclude that in cases with iconic vocabulary we do not actually deal with two (or more) different words, but with the same word, that can be described in terms of sound symbolic hyperlexems. Conclusion. The dialect lexicon of the Russian language, like the dialect lexicon of the English language, possessing such a distinctive feature as expressiveness, gives us a particularly rich and interesting sound-symbolic material that can be studied within the framework of dialect phonosemantics since it contains numerous and diverse groups of sound-symbolic words and can contribute to the theory of iconicity.

Способы семантизации диалектной лексики в региональной художественной прозе и устной речи диалектоносителей

The semantics of geographically limited vocabulary is considered in the aspect of the actual problem of interaction and interpenetration of lexical systems of literary language and dialects. The material extracted from literary texts (prose by Volgograd writers) and the converse of the Don Cossack dialects speakers living in the Volgograd region (records made by the expeditionary method and direct interview of informants at the points of dialectological survey of territories within the program of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects) is compared. Contextual and graphical methods of dialectisms semantization are described. The linguistic techniques of revealing the meanings of dialect words with the help of literary analogues, as well as various markers signalling the inclusion of an element that is not commonly used in the utterance, are determined. The models of using the appropriate language means formed on the basis of the constructive principle of their organization for the disclosure of the ideological and artistic intent of the work are characterized. It can serve as a means of updating and enriching the expressive fund of the Russian language, or for the purpose of adequate understanding in communication of different speech culture representatives the subject-conceptual correspondences of linguistic units. The general and special techniques of direct and indirect semantization of lexical units are revealed. They reflect the artistic-figurative and visual-symbolic concretization of reality in the perception of the world. The functional role of the vocabulary under consideration as a resource-forming element of the modern Russian literary language is substantiated.

NAMES OF AGRICULTURAL TOOLS IN THE DICTIONARY OF RUSSIAN DIALECTS OF ODESSA REGION

The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the names of agricultural tools recorded in the Dictionary of Russian dialects of Odessa region (Odessa, 2000–2001, vol. 1–2). The object of study is the dialectal appellatives for agricultural tools. This material was collected during dialectological expeditions of specialists and students of the Faculty of Philology, Odessa I. I. Mechnikov National University for several decades (1960s – 2020s). The subject of the study is the typology of the identified units according to functional and pragmatic features, as well as their etymological and word-formation analysis. The methods of functional, linguopragmatic, sociolinguistic, semantic, etymological, word-forming and quantitative analysis, as well as the descriptive method, are applied. The result of this research is the identification of five lexical-semantic subgroups of the LSG "Names of Agricultural Tools". Conclusions. A total of 278 names of this LSG are recorded in the Dictionary of Russian dialects of Odessa region, which are not found in the multi-volume Dictionary of Russian folk dialects. The largest is the subgroup of names of manual agricultural equipment, tools, and accessories for them (121 units, i.e. 43.5 %). This data indicates a very significant share of manual labor in agricultural production in the northwestern Black Sea region, and, at the same time, a variety of types activities aimed at growing, harvesting and processing crops. The second subgroup is the names of tools used with a horse or traction device (61 units, i.e. 22 %); the third – names of places for storing agricultural equipment, tools, devices and grown crops (42 units, i.e. 15.1 %), the fourth – names of agricultural machines and devices (40 units, i.e. 14.4 %); the smallest is the fifth subgroup – names of means of moving agricultural products (14 units, i.e. 5 %). The studied material testifies to the multi-vector development of polysemy in the group of words called tools of agricultural labor in the Russian dialects of Odessa region. Borrowings from the languages of the peoples who live or lived compactly together with Russians in the adjacent territory in the Odessa region (Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Moldovans, Gagauz, Germans [before 1944]) are also represented among the analyzed lexemes.

CORPUS OF RUSSIAN DIALECTS OF UDMURTIA AS A TOOL FOR STUDYING PHONETIC AND GRAMMAR DIALECT FEATURES

The possibilities of using materials and interrogative forms of the corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia in the study of phonetic and grammatical features of the dialect language of this territory are considered. Initially, the corpus was created for the study of dialect vocabulary, semantics and word formation, the markup is associated with the Program of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects. However, the availability of corpus texts, as well as the ability to search not only individual words, but also their elements, make it possible to obtain information about the specific features of vocalism, consonantism, morphological and syntactic structure of Russian dialects of Udmurtia. With the help of the corpus, linguistic data were obtained and analyzed on the spread of okanya, reflexes of the ancient ѣ , on the loss of intervocalic j, the tendency to unify verbal paradigms, the coincidence of the endings of the dative and instrumental cases of plural nouns, on the use of prepositions when specifying an object in constructions with the meaning of purpose, direction, distribution of constructions with the nominative case of nouns in the words “no”, “many”. As a result of the study of the data obtained, conclusions were drawn about the inconsistency in the manifestation of the features of the Northern Russian dialect, which traditionally includes the Russian dialects of Udmurtia, about their heterogeneity and the need for a more detailed study. In the course of the work, the expediency of using the material and interrogative forms of the corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia for phonetic and grammatical studies was confirmed.

Fixed Expressions with Zoonymic Words in Terms of Phraseography
 (Based on the Dictionary of Smolensk Dialects)

The article is devoted to the characteristics of fixed expressions in the Dictionary of Smolensk Dialects as the basis of a dialect phraseological dictionary. In modern dialectology and dialect lexicography, attention is mostly paid to the description of dialect phraseological material. Within the framework of dialect phraseography, general and regional dictionaries of dialect phraseology are being developed. The basis of these dictionaries, as a rule, is made up of distionaries of Russian folk dialects, in which the phraseological connections of the
 heading units are reflected in one way or another. However, for a complete understanding of the composition, character, properties of fixed expressions, it is necessary to comprehensively consider them in the genre of the phraseological dictionary itself.
 Fixed expressions occupy a noticeable part in the Dictionary of Smolensk Dialects both in the number of recorded units and in thematic, structural, and semantic diversity. In the article, the properties of the phraseological material presented in the Dictionary are considered on the example of fixed expressions
 with zoonymic vocabulary. The article analyzes lexical, grammatical, semantic inguocultural characteristics of fixed expressions, that are important for their
 phraseographic description. In the future, the analysis of the material devoted to various dialects will make it possible to find out how productive certain models of fixed expressions
 with zoonymic vocabulary in different dialects are, what zoomorphic images in different dialects express this or that characteristic of an object, whether their evaluative semantics coincide, what phraseological units with zoomorphisms
 have become a part of the national phraseological fund, and which have remained as a separate dialect and why, etc.

О своеобразии частицы чё и сочетаний с ней в связи с вопросами лексикографирования

The article continues a cycle of works in which the authors explore the common parlance word chyo. In connection with the issues of lexicographic description, the particle chyo and phrases with it are considered. Their specificity is revealed on the material of the card file for the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects in comparison with the particle chto in the literary language according to the Dictionary of Contemporary Russian Literary Language. The particle is considered from the point of view of the main parameters of functioning and lexicographizing: formal, functional-pragmatic (communicative), and semantic. The analysis is complicated due to the actual absence of an exhaustive and consistent theory of particles for literary language and dialects. The following results were obtained. (1) According to various parameters, the particle chyo is only partially identical to its equivalent in the literary language, the semantic and functional-pragmatic range of the common parlance word chyo is wider. (2) In order to avoid contradictions of various theoretical approaches, the term “complex particle” should be abandoned in favor of the term “composite particle”, and labels clarifying the category of particles should be abandoned in favor of formulations that indirectly reflect the necessary information such as “used in interrogative and exclamatory sentences”, “used to enhance the meaning”, etc. (3) Polyfunctionality (a combination of features of different parts of speech) as a fundamental feature of the functioning of particles should be taken into account when defining the word chyo. Its definition, if possible, should also reflect the “shades” of the meaning chyo gives and describe transitional cases of using the particle as an interjection or introductory word. (4) For a correct lexicographic presentation of the material, if possible, the intonation of the phrase with the word chyo should be taken into account, it is necessary to include the widest possible context, commentaries of compilers of field materials. (5) It is necessary to reflect in the interpretation the shades of meaning, expressive and emotional evaluation, the modalities introduced by particles into the utterance. The features of the use of particles are easier to identify using substitution (by synonyms, equivalents) and elimination (removing of the analyzed word from the utterance) methods. (6) A special, in-depth consideration of combinations with the word chyo, including in the role of a particle, is required, which is the immediate prospect of this research. The article concludes that the analyzed materials confirm the authors’ idea of the need to include common parlance words in the corpus of dialect dictionaries and develop special approaches for the correct lexicographizing of such vocabulary.

ДИАЛОГ ПОКОЛЕНИЙ: ТРАНСЛЯЦИЯ ЯЗЫКА И КУЛЬТУРЫ В МЕМУАРНОЙ КОММУНИКАТИВНОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ

The article is devoted to the problem of studying Russian folk dialects based on the analysis of texts of the genre of “folk memoirs”. The problems of generational dialogue in the aspect of linguistic and cultural differences that create communication barriers are discussed. The disappearance of folk dialects entails the disappearance of a whole layer of folk traditional culture. Recordings of memories of representatives of older generations, latent speakers of the dialect, allow preserving and transmitting to descendants the elements of culture contained in the images of the Russian word. The article analyses the features of the inclusion of dialect material in the memoirs of village-born, but educated people who demonstrate the linguistic self-reflection of speakers of two language codes — literary and dialect.

Народная духовная культура русско-белорусского брянско-гомельского пограничья

The publication focuses on the unique local traditions of the folk spiritual culture of the Russian-Belarusian Bryansk-Gomel borderland. They include the features associated with the calendar (Christmas, Annunciation, Easter, Ascension), rituals of the life cycle, beliefs, folk medicine and magic. The idea of the modern linguocultural situation in the south-western regions of the Bryansk region bordering on Belarus is enriched by considering the units of the language of spiritual culture, many of which also denote ritual artifacts. The linguoculturological material of the paper is compared with other studies of the traditional culture of the Bryansk-Gomel borderlands, regional dictionaries, the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, and the compendium Slavic Antiquities. The characteristic-local traditions considered (distinguishing schedrovkas by gender — for the owner and hostess, the image of the “goat”, inviting frost, cooking three types of kutia, the rituals of “driving an arrow”, “candle”, “parting of the mermaid”, bylichki about well-wishers, the widespread use of healers and others) are also represented in the Belarusian traditional culture of the Gomel Polissya and the Dnieper region, which confirms the common cultural past and present of the Bryansk and Gomel regions.

Мультимедийная электронная система «Говор северной деревни» как основа создания диалектных словарей

The research is relevant because it is necessary to make a lexicographic description of the local speech content, which is collected on the territory of the historical Belozerye. The materials collected on this territory are available in various dialect dictionaries, but so far they have not been studied as a whole lexico-semantic system. To solve this problem, in 2019-2021, we created an electronic multimedia system: The Dialect of the Northern Village (www.borbushino.vogu35.ru). It presents the results of the study of the dialect of the Borbushino village in Kirillovsky District of Vologda Oblast - one of the rural settlements of this territory. This study lasted for more than thirty years. The key problem solved in the framework of this article is the understanding of the prospects for using the materials of the Dialect of the Northern Village electronic resource in the practice of creating various dialect dictionaries. The aim of the work is to characterize the existing experience of lexicographic descriptions of the dialect system in the format of an electronic resource, as well as to comment on the prospects of including the materials we collected in the format of a morphemic and word-formation dictionary, a dictionary of a language personality, and a thematic ethnolinguistic dictionary. The objectives of the work are: (1) to characterize the local speech content presented in the electronic multimedia system; (2) to describe our experience in creating a differential explanatory dictionary of Cyrillic dialects; (3) to consider the prospects of including the materials we have collected in dialect dictionaries of other purposes, types and structures. The material for the study was more than 250 texts recorded from the words of dialect speakers or presented in their own memoir records, as well as more than 30,000 microtexts illustrating the contextual use of the lexical set we are studying. The material was collected by the method of conversation according to the questionnaire program of the Lexical Atlas of Russian Folk Dialects, as well as according to the authors’ programs focused on the collection, classification and analysis of the derived vocabulary of the dialect. As a result, we have concluded that the collected materials can form the basis of a morphemic and word-formation dictionary, an ethnolinguistic dictionary representing the information of the thematic spheres “Nature”, “Man”, “Material Culture”, “Spiritual Culture”, as well as a dictionary of the language personality of Nikolai Pavlovich Shabrov, a native of the Borbushino village. The Dialect of the Northern Village electronic multimedia system (www.borbushino.vogu35.ru) is already used in the practice of research and educational work, and the creation of various dialect dictionaries based on it will make this work more concrete and effective. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

The adverbs of place in the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria

Based on the materials of the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, this article examines the previously unstudied group of adverbs – the adverbs of place. The methods of continuous sampling and descriptive-analytical analysis revealed 56 adverbs of place in the second edition of the “Dictionary of Russian Dialects of Outer Manchuria”. Despite the fact that adverbs in the Russian literary language are have been thoroughly studied from the perspective of their semantics, motivation, and compatibility with other parts of speech, the Russian dialectology does not provide due description of the adverbial lexis. Compared to other parts of speech, the category of adverbs is less scientifically developed in the research dedicated to the dialects of late formation. This article presents the experience of describing the semantic characteristics of the adverbs of place typical solely for the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, detected via comparison with the linguistic units from the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”, “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language”, and “Dictionary of the Russian Language”. An attempt is made to classify the adverbs of place by the types of spatial relations, principles of spatial localization, as well as motivation of the parts of speech. The acquired results demonstrate that in the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, the adverbs of place differ not only in lexical composition, but also in semantics of the meanings from their analogues in other Russian folk dialects. They also feature the prevalence of units that characterize horizontal spatial localization.

Semantic Reconstruction of Vocabulary with a Speed Value Derived from Verbs of Object Movement

The article deals with the verbs of moving an object by the subject, developing the semantics of low and high speed of action. The research is mainly based on the vocabulary of Russian folk dialects, but the facts of the literary language are also involved. Several lexical groups are distinguished, within which “speed” meanings can develop, depending on the way of movement indicated by the verbs: without lifting off the ground; by the strength of your movement; by air; appropriation; giving away; putting into something. Within each group, the main models of the development of lexemes with the semantics of speed, determined by the features of the called action, the meaning of affixes and possible associative series are described. It is found that, although the movement of an object by a subject is a fairly extensive lexical group, a limited set of models are presented directly in the designation of speed, which are implemented using synonymous verbs (tyanut’ [pull], tashchit’ [drag] and volochit’ [crawl along]; brosat’ [throw], kidat’ [cast] etc; khvatat’ [grab] etc.). The correlations of the semantics of speed with other semantic fields that arise within the framework of this thematic group are described.

IN ADDITION TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE DIALECT VOCABULARY CONTAINED IN THE CORPUS OF RUSSIAN DIALECTS OF UDMURTIA

The paper presents the progress and the intermediate results on linguistic-geographical information system “Dialect”. New definitions for the dialect words, showing derivational, semantic, lexical specificity of a dialect speech, are introduced into the system to identify the dialect words and their further presentation in the lexical-geographical and lexicographic modules. The questionnaire of LGIS “Dialect” is based on the Lexical atlas of Russian folk dialects’ program and at the same time complements it. The questionnaire refers to the different topics and parts of speech. The questions are based on authoritative lexicographic sources and examples of words usage in Russian dialects of Udmurtia. The words widely used in the dialect language but not included in Lexical atlas of Russian folk dialects’ program as well as a local vocabulary outside other sources were tagged in LGIS “Dialect”. New data for lexical-geographical and lexicographic description of Russian dialects of Udmurtia were received as the result. The analysis of new tagged words provides a deeper understanding of the lexical vocabulary and the dialect differentiation of Russian dialects of Udmurtia.

Диалектные наименования праздников и обрядов как отражение культурно-исторических традиций русского народа

The article studies lexical and phraseological units nominating holidays and ceremonies in Russian dialects, which are spoken on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. The specificity of nominative processes associated with the naming of a fact that is significant from linguistic and cultural point of view, is determined. The research is carried out on the material taken from the Dictionary of Russian dialects on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. It has been found that in Russian dialects, the names of religious holidays, which are dedicated to the most revered saints, or the holidays related to a certain time of the year, are actively used. The surviving holidays reproduce elements of the most ancient customs associated with the worship of human deities, the cult of vegetation, water and fire, which magical powers were attributed to. The names of rituals represent a special layer in the dialect corpus. The most illustrative represented are the funeral rite and the rite of baptism. All these rituals are of great importance in the life of the people, since they symbolize a change in the status of a person, his transition from one state to another. The nominations of different phases of wedding ceremony are noted to be most numerous, while funeral and baptizing rites are less representative. The study showed that the names of holidays and rituals in Russian folk dialects reflect cultural and historical traditions, beliefs, customs of representatives of a territorially closed society. They perform peculiar means of representing the ethnic and cultural consciousness of the people.

Сакральный образ «дерево-олень» в северорусской народной культуре

The paper considers the hypothesis that the image of a “tree-deer”, imprinted in the Northern Russian folk culture, was formed on the basis of figurative and semantic identification of a deer / elk and a tree. The analysis of such analogies, traces of which are preserved in folklore and in Russian folk dialects, is carried out taking into account the peculiarities of pagan worldview. Due to the antiquity of the cult of these animals, which developed in the hunting period, its signs have to be searched not only among the few archaisms of Slavic culture that have come down to our days, but also among traditional cultures of the Northern peoples. The fact that these animals, like the “world tree”, were once cosmological symbols explains the origin of the figurative-semantic relationship between a deer / elk and a tree. This is what determines the interchangeability of the image of a deer / elk and the image of a tree observed in folklore. In this context, the Genesis of a number of homonyms and similar words that exist in the Russian dialect lexicon, united by a corresponding theme, also becomes comprehensible. Moreover, the author conducts analysis of a number of images of deer / elk found in Northern Russian decorative and applied art (on embroidery and wood carving) in the context of representations that existed in the Slavic magical protective practice. This allows for understanding why the “tree-deer” image was endowed with sacred properties.