Russian Figures Research Articles

Prince M. M. Shcherbatov — a Russian Statesman of the 18th Century and More. Review of: Kalinina, S. G. (2023). Kniaz’ M. M. Shcherbatov. Podrobnaia illiustrirovannaia biografiia [Prince M. M. Shcherbatov. A Detailed Illustrated Biography]. Moscow: Blok-Print. 376 p., il.

This review analyses the biography of the celebrated Russian figure of the eighteenth century, historian, journalist, translator and statesman Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Scherbatov, written by S. G. Kalinina with the utilisation of a substantial source base, and published in 2023. The book provides a comprehensive account of both Shcherbatov’s public and private life. Conversely, it is observed that the reconstruction of Shcherbatov’s intellectual activity, while offering intriguing insights and findings, also encompasses contentious elements. Consequently, it enables us to address the challenge of writing a biography of a figure who occupied both an official and an intellectual role. In addition to recounting his public service, it is necessary to reconstruct the history of his ideas and worldview.

ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ СПОРТСМЕНОВ ПО ДЕЛАМ ОБ «АНТИДОПИНГОВОЙ ЧИСТОТЕ»

The article analyzes the peculiarities of international legal control over the use of prohibited substances by athletes and provides a comparative legal analysis of domestic and international rules to ensure the “purity” of sport. The paper shows that modern methods of international legal protection of athletes’ rights in this sphere are imperfect and need significant improvement. The author analyzed the procedural aspects of anti-doping inspections that affect the level of international legal protection of athletes’ rights, using the example of the situation with the Russian figure skater K. Valieva. The legal shortcomings of the anti-doping investigation against the Russian figure skater related to the violation of human rights were revealed. It is shown that the regime of protection of the rights of juvenile athletes is conditional and cannot be considered effective. It does not comply with international legal standards of increased protection of the rights of the child (as a vulnerable person) and special conditions for bringing him/her to responsibility.

Արեվմտյան Հայաստանում բարենորոգումների իրագործման հանգամանքները 1913 թ. (Գեվորգ Ե Սուրենյանցի աթոռակալության տարիներին) / Circumstances of the implementation of reforms in Western Armeniain 1913 (during the patriarchy of Gevorg Surenyants)

The article presents the efforts of the Catholicos of All Armenians to carry out reforms in Western Armenia in 1913. The primary basis for the methodological study of the work was letters and reports by figures of theat period by the methodology of comparison, comparison and analysis of the materials contained in them, an attempt was made again to identify the main motives of the Armenian question, which is still actual relevant and has not received its solution. In 1908 after the abolition of Abdul-Hamidian despotic regime and the hold of powers by Young Turks the pursuits and cruelties against Western Armenians did not cease. Beginning from the Аpril in 1909 the Turks organized The Massacre of the Armenians of Cilikia. of Catholicos of All Armenians Gevorg V, who played a great role in the discovery of the Armenian question in 1912 receives information about the massacre of Armenians in Western Armenia from various sources. Catholicos appealed to various state and public European and Russian statesmens and figures with a request to prevent the massacre of Western Armenians. He tries to force European and Russian figures, as well as Russian and European ambassadors of Constantinople, to force Turkey to carry out reforms in Western Armenia. The Catholicos is making great efforts to gain the favor of the Russian emperor. To this end, he establishes correspondence with the governor of the Caucasus Vorontsov-Dashkov. On the other hand, the Catholicos directs appeals to European statesmen. He thinks that reforms should be implemented by Russia and controlled by Europe. In the end, the program is being drawn up, but because of the outbreak of the world War, it is not being implemented But the European countries and the Russian government guided by their own interests were limited only to diplomatic steps and promises.

News Translation and Transmission of Russian Figures of Speech into Turkish

Söz sanatları, ifadeye güç, canlılık ve etkileyicilik katma gibi işlevlere sahip olmaları bakımından etkili dil kullanımının önemli araçları olarak kabul edilir. Bilgi vermek ve kitleleri etkilemek gibi işlevlere sahip olan haber metinlerinde okuyucunun dikkatini ve ilgisini çekmek için söz sanatlarının kullanılması sıklıkla tercih edilir. Söz sanatları kavramı, Rus dilbiliminde mecazlar ve stilistik figürler olarak iki temel grupta incelenmesinin yanı sıra deyimler, kalıplaşmış ifadeler, atasözleri gibi çeşitli yapılar da işlevleri bakımından söz sanatları içerisinde değerlendirilebilmektedir. Sözü edilen çeşitli ifade yöntemlerinin basın dilinde kullanılması önem taşımaktadır ve sahip oldukları anlamsal değerlerinin çeviri esnasında da korunması gerekir ancak söz sanatlarının varlığı çeviri sürecinde zorluk yaratabilecek bir unsurdur. Bu durumdan hareketle yapılan bu çalışmada, uluslararası iletişimin sağlanmasında büyük öneme ve etkiye sahip olan haber çevirileri, Rusça-Türkçe dil çiftinde söz sanatları kullanımı ekseninde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, çevirmen kararları doğrultusunda söz sanatlarının çevirisinde kaynak dilde kullanılan söz sanatının taşıdığı üslupsal ve anlamsal değerin erek dilde korunup korunmadığını araştırmak, çeviride güçlük yaratan durumları belirlemek ve tercih edilen çeviri strateji ve uygulamalarını açıklamaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, inceleme için örnekler dijital basından tarama yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. İnceleme, toplumsal-politik alandan Rusça haberlerin ve Türkçe çevirilerinin karşılaştırmalı betimsel analizinin yapılması ve çeviri stratejilerinin belirlenmesi doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Cümle ve metin düzeyinde yürütülen incelemeler sonucunda Rus basın dilinde söz sanatları kullanımı ve Türkçeye çevirilerinin üslup ve anlamsal özellikleri ortaya konulmuş olup, Rusça haber metinlerinde söz sanatlarından en çok haber başlıklarında yararlanıldığı, bununla birlikte haberi daha ilgi çekici hale getirmenin amaçlandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bunların yanı sıra incelenen örnekler özelinde en sık kullanılan söz sanatları türleri ve çevirilerinde genellikle tercih edilen strateji ve uygulamalar belirlenmiştir.

News Translation and Transmission of Russian Figures of Speech into Turkish

Söz sanatları, ifadeye güç, canlılık ve etkileyicilik katma gibi işlevlere sahip olmaları bakımından etkili dil kullanımının önemli araçları olarak kabul edilir. Bilgi vermek ve kitleleri etkilemek gibi işlevlere sahip olan haber metinlerinde okuyucunun dikkatini ve ilgisini çekmek için söz sanatlarının kullanılması sıklıkla tercih edilir. Söz sanatları kavramı, Rus dilbiliminde mecazlar ve stilistik figürler olarak iki temel grupta incelenmesinin yanı sıra deyimler, kalıplaşmış ifadeler, atasözleri gibi çeşitli yapılar da işlevleri bakımından söz sanatları içerisinde değerlendirilebilmektedir. Sözü edilen çeşitli ifade yöntemlerinin basın dilinde kullanılması önem taşımaktadır ve sahip oldukları anlamsal değerlerinin çeviri esnasında da korunması gerekir ancak söz sanatlarının varlığı çeviri sürecinde zorluk yaratabilecek bir unsurdur. Bu durumdan hareketle yapılan bu çalışmada, uluslararası iletişimin sağlanmasında büyük öneme ve etkiye sahip olan haber çevirileri, Rusça-Türkçe dil çiftinde söz sanatları kullanımı ekseninde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, çevirmen kararları doğrultusunda söz sanatlarının çevirisinde kaynak dilde kullanılan söz sanatının taşıdığı üslupsal ve anlamsal değerin erek dilde korunup korunmadığını araştırmak, çeviride güçlük yaratan durumları belirlemek ve tercih edilen çeviri strateji ve uygulamalarını açıklamaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, inceleme için örnekler dijital basından tarama yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. İnceleme, toplumsal-politik alandan Rusça haberlerin ve Türkçe çevirilerinin karşılaştırmalı betimsel analizinin yapılması ve çeviri stratejilerinin belirlenmesi doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Cümle ve metin düzeyinde yürütülen incelemeler sonucunda Rus basın dilinde söz sanatları kullanımı ve Türkçeye çevirilerinin üslup ve anlamsal özellikleri ortaya konulmuş olup, Rusça haber metinlerinde söz sanatlarından en çok haber başlıklarında yararlanıldığı, bununla birlikte haberi daha ilgi çekici hale getirmenin amaçlandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bunların yanı sıra incelenen örnekler özelinde en sık kullanılan söz sanatları türleri ve çevirilerinde genellikle tercih edilen strateji ve uygulamalar belirlenmiştir.

Who Is to Blame and What Is to Be Done? The Rise and Fall of Russian Authority in the Olympics

Who Is to Blame and What Is to Be Done? The Rise and Fall of Russian Authority in the Olympics

Briefly Noted

On February 14, 2022, an ad hoc division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) issued its decision in the case involving Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva. Valieva was suspended from participation in the 2022 Winter Olympic Games after the detection of a banned substance in her blood. The suspension was lifted by a decision issued by the Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) Disciplinary Anti-Doping Committee on February 9, 2022, allowing her to continue in the Olympics. The applicants (the International Olympic Committee, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and the International Skating Union) challenged the lifting of the suspension. The CAS denied the applicants' challenge and allowed Valieva to participate in the Games. The CAS held that because Valieva is under the age of 16, she is considered a “protected person” under the World Anti-Doping Code and as such, should be sanctioned to a lesser degree than someone of age. In addition, because the positive sample was taken before the Winter Olympics, and she had not tested positive during the Games themselves, preventing her from participating in the Winter Games would cause “irreparable harm.” In addition, the 44-day delay in reporting her adverse test results should not be held against her to her detriment, particularly in consideration of the fact that the substance detected in the sample was “extremely low” and its performance-enhancing effects have not been proven. The World Anti-Doping Agency expressed its disappointment in the decision, noting that the World Anti-Doping Code does not permit “specific exceptions to be made in relation to mandatory provisional suspensions for ‘protected persons.’”

Borrowings in urbanonyms of Yoshkar-Ola with an anthroponymic component

Introduction. The article considers the borrowed anthroponymic toponyms of the capital of the Republic of Mari El, Yoshkar-Ola, and is carried out in line with the actual problem of modern onomastics, which is a linguistic description of the toponymy of regional cities. The purpose of the work is a synchronous analysis of borrowed anthroponymous urbanonyms of Yoshkar-Ola, dating back to different languages and reflecting the modern toponymic landscape of the Mari capital. Materials and Methods. The main body of the research is represented by anthroponymous urbanonyms selected from cartographic and lexicographic sources created in Russian and Mari languages. When analyzing the material, various methods of studying toponymic units were used: etymological, semantic, descriptive, quantitative, cartographic. Results and Discussion. The toponymic fund of Yoshkar-Ola has been formed throughout the history of the city, which is explained by the social nature of the language, its ability to enrich and renew during language contact. The appearance of borrowed urbanonyms is determined by the development of cultural, historical, political, interethnic ties between related and unrelated peoples and languages. The highest prevalence in the toponymicon of the acceptor language was obtained by anthroponymous urbanonyms. Their stable existence in the toposystem of the Mari language is due to the motivation of the anthroponymic component, the appellative character, historical and cultural determinism. The article reveals the results of semantic, etymological, historical, linguistic and cultural study of borrowed geographical and anthroponymic names in the toponymic space of the capital of Mari El. It gives the classification of toponyms by objects of the toponymic nomination, namely horonyms, godonyms, agoronyms. Conclusion. The analysis provides an opportunity to trace the presence of urbanonyms motivated by surnames, personal names, nicknames and pseudonyms of prominent international, Russian figures, onyms of national personalities (political, scientific, literary, etc.) in the toposystem of Yoshkar-Ola, as well as the names of first settlers and owners of geographical objects. The main principle underlying the Mari borrowed anthroponymous urbanonyms was their nomination in connection with a person and thier activities.

Contaminated product and lifting a mandatory provisional suspension: Is there a new standard of proof in case of the All-Russian Anti-Doping Rules?

The story of the possible temporary suspension of Russian figure skating star Kamila Valieva during the 2022 Olympic Games was discussed as actively as the results of the competitions. The figure skater passed a positive doping test during the competition in December 2021 but only found out about it on February 8. The Russian Anti-Doping Agency (RUSADA) applied a mandatory provisional suspension to the athlete. However, on February 9, the RUSADA Disciplinary Anti-Doping Committee, at the appeal of the skater, lifted the decision of RUSADA on suspension and the athlete was able to take part in the Olympic games. The International Skating Union, the International Olympic Committee, and the World Anti- Doping Agency (WADA) filed appeals against the Anti-Doping Committee’s decision. The Court of Arbitration for Sport denied all appeals and affirmed the decision of the RUSADA Anti-Doping Committee. The key point was the status of the skater a protected person according to the view of the WADA World Anti-Doping Code — a protected person. At the same time, the special regime for a protected person did not extend to the standard of proof. Such an athlete, like any other athlete, must prove on the basic of a “balance of probability” that a prohibited substance was entered through a contaminated product to lift a mandatory provisional suspension. In the opinion of the RUSADA Anti-Doping Committee, the athlete was able to prove a “reasonable possibility” of a prohibited substance entering her body through a contaminated product. The literal application of the norm of the All-Russian Anti-Doping Rules, in contrast to the WADA Code, is required to prove that “the violation most likely occurred due to the use of a contaminated product”. The extraordinary situation is commented on by the author.

Обзор личного фонда великого князя Сергея Александровича в Государственном архиве Российской Федерации

This article presents an overview of the personal fund of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, a member of the Russian Imperial House, the younger brother of Emperor Alexander III, an outstanding state, military and public figure who held the posts of Moscow Governor-General, Commander of the Moscow Military District, Chairman of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society. The fund, formed and described in the Soviet era, contains 160 cases, including youth and adult personal diaries of the fund-builder, epistolary, educational and official documents, photographs and other illustrative materials, and other documents. Various groups of storage units of the fund are analyzed, the features of each group and its information potential, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the materials, the source analysis of the most important documents is given. Special attention is paid to the diaries of Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich and the letters of his correspondents, among which the most significant historical sources should be recognized as the letters of his nephew, Emperor Nicholas II, his cousin and friend, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, Ober-Procurator of the Most Holy Synod Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a former teacher of the fund-builder. These documents, among other things, cover important issues of state policy, show the behind-the-scenes side of making certain decisions in the leadership of the country. The fund also deposited letters and telegrams from other outstanding Russian figures – Alexander III, Commander-in-Chief of the Guard Troops and the Petersburg Military District Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, Minister of the Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve, Minister of War Aleksey Kuropatkin, Minister of Justice Nikolay Muravyov, Metropolitan Sergius of Moscow. Among the official documents, it is particularly necessary to highlight the reports of the Moscow commandant to Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich as the Moscow Governor-General, given at the time of celebrations during the coronation of Nicholas II. These materials shed additional light on the organizational aspects of the last coronation in the history of the Russian Empire. The fund has a fairly extensive collection of illustrative material, primarily photographs, including photographs taken personally by Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich. A significant array of storage units of the fund has already been put into scientific circulation, and some materials have been published. At the same time, many documents still require research.

Who Are Vera and Tatiana? The Female Russian Nihilist in the Fin de Siècle Imagination

Focusing on a close, contextualized reading of a single case of invented identity from 1906, this article illustrates how, in fin de siècle Europe, a mutually generative relationship between the real, the imagined, and the rapidly proliferating mass media transformed the female “nihilist” from an apocryphal Russian figure into a durable Russian archetype—an archetype that had significant consequences in the shaping of European public opinion about Russia.

BEGINNING OF UKRAINIAN POLITICAL EMIGRATION IN SWITZERLAND IN THE OTHER HALF 1870's

The article analyzes the beginnings of Ukrainian political emigration in Switzerland in the second half of the 1870s, which is related to the activities of prominent Ukrainian political, public and cultural figure M P Drahomanov. The repression by the tsarist authorities, which began after the suppression of the first wave of the populist movement, forced a number of figures of both the Ukrainian and Russian revolutionary movements to leave their homeland in order to continue their struggle in emigration. It was in Switzerland after the end of the revolutions of 1848, as well as the defeat of the Paris Commune in 1871, that people from different countries gather, aiming to analyze the causes of the defeat of the revolutions and to develop measures for the future. M. Drahomanov managed to unite supporters of Ukrainian federalism and start publishing in Geneva both the first free Hromada magazine and literature on current topics of history, culture and major problems of Ukrainian life. At the same time, Drahomanov and his adherents take an active part in the social life of the Geneva colony of emigrants, and he himself becomes one of the most respected figures to be acquainted with by all those who came from Russia. At this time, the revolutionary views of M. Drahomanov and his supporters crystallized as well, which consisted in the need to fight for the federal system of the future of Russia and to abandon the state in general for the benefit of self-governing communities. At the same time, an important component of the activity of Ukrainian political emigration was the promotion of their views among revolutionary figures, especially from Russia. To this end, M. Drahomanov and his supporters spread the ideas of federalism and anarchism through the publishing of literature, the Hromada magazine, and meetings with revolutionaries who came from the Russian Empire. Their views were often incompatible with the ideas of other revolutionaries, as many of them advocated the preservation of Russia as a single state. This has led to misunderstandings and sometimes negative attitudes on the part of Russian figures. Nevertheless, M. Drahomanov did not back down from his ideas, which aroused respect from emigrants and made him a respected figure for all refugees from Russia.

Владимир Николаевич Забугин – итальянский рецензент русской мысли

The paper guides the reader through a modest but important part of historical and philosophical heritage of Vladimir Nikolaevich Zabugin: through the reviews regularly published by the author in leading Italian scientific journals and cover­ing achievements of Russian religious thought, medieval studies and literature. Zabughin is one of the key russian figures in the field of Italian Studies in the first quarter of the 20th century, specialized in the Middle Ages and the Renais­sance. Living and working in Italy, he closely followed the development of philosophical thought in his homeland. He was the first to introduce Italian audience to P.A. Florensky, S.N. Bulgakov, medieval studies of L.P. Karsavin and P.M. Bitsilli, philosophical lyric drama of A.N. Maykov and he was also one of the first to talk in Italy about V.S. Soloviev. The presented reviews were aimed not only at important task of acquainting Italian public with outstanding works of Russian authors, not accessible to the Western reader because of the language barrier, but to a certain extent served as material for Zabugin’s own historical and philosophical views. The analysis of these critical articles allows to trace the origins of his important concept of the “Christian Renaissance”, which was expressed in his posthumous work “The History of the Christian Renaissance in Italy” (Milan, 1924). His idea on Renaissance was different to the Burckhardt and Pastor theory (at that time accepted in Italy). The article also deals with the history of Zabugin’s engagement in Orthodox-Catholic reconciliation and his editorial and publishing activities on the pages of the Grottaferrata’s periodical “Roma e l’Oriente”.

Regional Market of Education Services: Development Problems

Economy of the Altay territory is a diversified complex, where key types of economic activity are manufacturing industry, agriculture, wholesale and retail trade. A specific feather of the territory is a high proportion of the rural population – 39.3% of the total number of employed people (23% in Russia) and a low number of students of primary, secondary vocational and higher education as compared with all – Russian figures. According to the strategy of social and economic development of the Altay territory up to 2025 the priority lines in the territory economy are bio-technology, pharmaceutics, certain branches of machine building and food industry, tourismrecreation and transportation complexes, high-profit services of the service sector, including finance services, as well as services in the field of high technologies. The level of training specialists and skilled workers for this diversified labour market in general is sufficient, training is conducted by more than 200 specializations in all priority lines however, the training in the vocational education system fell down by 20% during the last 5 years. The demographic situation in the territory seriously influenced these figures. Changes in the structure of the GRP of the Altay territory caused the reduction in the proportion of manufacturing industry and agriculture, which affected negatively the level of population employment in production industries. The authors studied the key trends of the system of vocational education development in the territory in 2012–2016 and showed that the misbalance of education service supply with the real need in them on the labour market was caused both by the absence of reliable methods of labour market forecasting by quantity and structure and the impact of population preferences assessing subjectively the demand for labour resources proceeding from personal ideas about the demand for this or that profession. It can lead to the excess number of specialists of ‘popular’ professions and difficulties with their employment and, on the other hand – to the shortage of needed professional staff.

КРИМСЬКИЙ «ВУЗОЛ» ІДЕНТИЧНОСТЕЙ: РОСІЙСЬКА АНЕКСІЯ І ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ САМОБУТНОСТІ КРИМЧАН

The insufficient degree of common identity at the state level, the distinct regional character of axiological and ideological differences in the Ukrainian society, direct interference with the internal affairs and imposition of common identifications on the part of other subjects of international relations considerably aggravates the threat of separatism, leads to the increase of joint identification of citizens with other societies and their political interests, which can lead to the territorial disintegration of the country. The annexation of Crimea by Russia became a significant destabilizing factor in the region, which sharpened ethnopolitical controversies on the peninsula. The most ethnically dissatisfied are Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians, who experience constant discrimination due to their ethnic origin, language, and religion from the state authorities of Crimea and Russian Federation. According to the population census, conducted by the Federal Service of State Statistics, subordinate to the Russian power, the peninsula has observed a considerable decrease of the Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar population: 15.8% of Ukrainians and 10.6% of Crimean Tatars. Russians constitute the majority: 68.3% comparing to 58.3% in 2001. Different sociological studies in Crimea claim annexation to cause the intensification of regional tendencies. Thus, according to the 2016 poll, 35% of the citizens identified themselves, first of all, as Crimeans and not as the citizens of Russia, which considerably exceeds average Russian figures. This dynamics does not obviously fit the ideas of the “Russian World”; thus, the peninsula observes the implementation of the “soft deportation” policy of Crimeans, substituted by Russians. The official data state that during four years 178 thousand people have migrated to Crimea, the prevailing majority of them being Russians. Although Ukraine does not have opportunities for implementing the legislation developed in the time period of 2014–2018 for the regulation of Crimean ethnopolitical disputes on the occupied peninsula, the development and implementation of the de-occupation and reintegration strategy of Crimea is crucial for the protection of Crimean ethnic communities’ rights and restoration of the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

PECULIARITIES OF MORTALITY FROM NEOPLASMS IN THE KRASNOYARSK TERRITORY

Objective. To determine the characteristics of mortality from cancer in the Krasnoyarsk territory and the possible causes of their formation. Methodology. Dynamics of the standardized mortality rates from cancer in 1989-2014 in the Krasnoyarsk territory, the Russian Federation and the Siberian Federal District was analyzed. Cancer mortality structure by age (per five-year intervals) and causes for 2000-2002 and 2012-2014 were also analyzed. Mortality dynamics and rates were compared for age groups up to 70 years and 70 years and older. Results. Trends in mortality of men and women in country and the District were reliably described by linear equations, which predicted a further reduction in mortality. The best mathematical description of mortality dynamics in the Krasnoyarsk territory were obtained using polynomial equations of second order, which predicted a further increase in mortality rate. The increase of mortality in the Krasnoyarsk territory was not on the whole age scale but only for age group of 70 years and older. For the Krasnoyarsk territory the expected average age of men who died from cancer in 2014 almost reached the average Russian level while their life expectancy lagged behind the average figure for the country at 1.7 years. Women of the Krasnoyarsk territory died from cancer at a later age than in the country as a whole (69.97 against 69.46) but their life expectancy was a year and a half less than average Russian figure. In the Krasnoyarsk territory cancer mortality structure by causes did not fundamentally change since the beginning of the millennium despite the significant increase in proportion of older persons in population. At the same time there was a threefold increase in male mortality and a twofold increase in female mortality from non-defined and benign neoplasms over a ten year period. In the Krasnoyarsk territory the proportion of age group of 70 years and older in mortality from nondefined and benign neoplasms increased from 14.6% among men and 16.9% among women in 2000-2002 to 45.6% and 51.3% in 2012-2014. Conclusion. The peculiarity of mortality from neoplasms in the Krasnoyarsk territory (high level and growth only in age group of 70 years and older, pronounced increase in mortality from benign and non-defined neoplasms) may be due to overdiagnosis of death from cancer among the elderly.

CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE BRUCELLOSIS IN CHILDREN OF THE STAVROPOL TERRITORY

Objective: to study the clinical and epidemiological features of brucellosis in children in the Stavropol region. Materials and methods: Analysis of brucellosis is made and the share of brucellosis in the Stavropol Territory from 2010 to 2014 is clarified. The paper used the data from the Territorial Rospotrebnadzor in the Stavropol Territory. Dynamic clinical indices were analyzed in 17 children with brucellosis under treatment and dispensary observation in the State Budget Institution of Health of the Stavropol Territory «Regional Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases». Analyzed an outbreak of brucellosis in Essentuki in 2016. We used the following methods: bibliographic, monographic description, epidemiological, analytical, statistical methods. Results. The proportion of the incidence of brucellosis in children in Stavropol Krai in comparison with the Russian figures were: in 2010 – 8,33%, in 2016 – 56%. A household way of infection increases, including children, who were infected in the farms of their own parents. The age of infection was 12–16 (47,06%), 8–11 (35,29%) and 4–7 years (17,65%). The main clinical syndromes were: arthritic, vegetative, asthenic, lymphoproliferative syndrome, liver disease, splenomegaly. Isolated forms did not occur. Predominantly, large joints with dysfunction of joints of I–II degree were affected. Late referral after the initial manifestation is typical. Late initiation of treatment. The etiotropic therapy is carried out at least 4 weeks, in the presence of carditis – up to 16 weeks. Conclusion. The epidemiological situation of brucellosis in the Stavropol territory has been tense in the recent years. The active migration of the population from the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District contributes to this. Intensive incidence rate of brucellosis exceeds the average Russian level by 5–8 times each year. The combination of the locomotor and visceral forms prevailed in the clinical picture. In dynamics, within 2–7 years persistent asthenovegetative and arthritic changes were formed and frequent exacerbation of bacterial flora and ENT pathology of the gastrointestinal tract was observed.

Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia has been marginalized at the edge of a Western-dominated political and economic system. In recent years, however, leading Russian figures, including former president Vladimir Putin, have begun to stress a geopolitics that puts Russia at the center of a number of axes: European-Asian, Christian-Muslim-Buddhist, Mediterranean-Indian, Slavic-Turkic, and so on. This volume examines the political presuppositions and expanding intellectual impact of Eurasianism, a movement promoting an ideology of Russian-Asian greatness, which has begun to take hold throughout Russia, Kazakhstan, and Turkey. Eurasianism purports to tell Russians what is unalterably important about them and why it can only be expressed in an empire. Using a wide range of sources, Marlene Laruelle discusses the impact of the ideology of Eurasianism on geopolitics, interior policy, foreign policy, and culturalist philosophy.

Recentering Nil Sorskii: The Evidence from the Sources

Sorskii (1433/34-1508), like any known Russian figure from his time, even the sovereigns, is barely accessible to scholars. But his writings are a window into his world, and with them I shall commence by flagging two major issues. The first involves the massive inadequacies of existing English translations of Nil, one missing about 25 percent of the content of Nil's major works the other loosely translating not his treatise On Mental Activity, commonly called his Ustav, but a late nineteenth-century, adapted and explicated, free rendition of it.1 My own critical translation, bolstered by the location of most of the Slavic sources, is now ready for publication.2 The second problem concerns the standard paradigm regarding Nil. For over a century the usual depiction of medieval Russia's great elder and proponent of stillness or hesychasm was the failed, better alternative of Muscovite Orthodoxy one more reasoned, tolerant, humane, and promising for a liberal, happy Russian future than that promoted by the more formal, ritualistic, dissident-suppressing, autocracy-promoting, and wealth acquiring, if materially charitable, Iosif Volotskii and his followers.3 Of course, some Russian scholars focused favorably upon Iosif for the theological and rhetorical power of his stance against heretics, and his social concerns.4 Still, the not-Iosif image of the non-possessor

The Neurobiology of Psychotherapy

<p>The organizational hierarchy of the brain can be compared to a set of matryoshka, or nested Russian figures, each fitted precisely inside the other and hiding what awaits inside. As each figure is uncovered, it invites further discovery until, at the very center, the smallest is revealed. </p> <h4>ABOUT THE GUEST EDITORS</h4> <p>Bernard D. Beitman, MD, is professor and chair of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Missouri – Columbia. He is the author of the award winning <cite>Learning Psychotherapy</cite>, now in its second edition, <cite>The Structure of Individual</cite>, and <cite>Integrating Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy</cite>, and co-editor of <cite>Self-Awareness Deficits in Psychiatric Patients</cite>.</p> <p>George I. Viamontes, MD, PhD, is regional medical director, United Behavioral Health Inc., St. Louis, MO, and assistant clinical professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri – Columbia. Dr. Viamontes was born in Cuba and came to the United States at age 11. He has a bachelor of science degree in biology from the University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, and a PhD in biology from Washington University, St. Louis. After he received his doctorate, he completed a fellowship in immunogenetics at the Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York, NY. He later obtained his medical degree from St. Louis University, where he also completed his residency in psychiatry.</p> <p>Dr. Viamontes is currently preparing an illustrated book on the neurobiology of the self, to be published next year. His research interests include neural network predictive modeling for the identification of high-risk patients.</p>