Russia Research Articles

Анализ показателей российского финансового рынка

The financial market is a key factor in economic development, an important tool for the redistribution and transformation of investment resources, as well as a litmus test of the state's economic health. The peculiarity of the Russian financial market is its "youth" and "inexperience" in comparison with the markets of developed economies, the path of trial and error, inconsistency in the context of the uniqueness of the financial system of the Russian Federation. This market is particularly vulnerable and volatile in the face of sanctions and global economic turmoil, so it needs competent targeting guidance, effective tools and verified coordination methods and techniques. The fundamental problems of the Russian financial market are quite deep and do not always appear on the surface, which requires an in-depth and permanent tactical and strategic analysis of factors, causes, trends, trends and indicators that can correct the situation in a timely manner in any economic scenario in manual management. The article examines the main features, rallies, features and directions of the development of the financial market of the Russian Federation at the present stage. The analysis of the issuer's statements for 2005–2023, dividend payments for the same period is presented, the dynamics of growth of the segment of mutual funds and exchange-traded mutual funds is considered. A comparative structure of household financial assets in 2017 and 2023 is proposed, the share of different organizational and legal forms of joint-stock companies in the total number of joint-stock companies in 2019–2023, the share of different groups of banks in the value of assets of the Russian banking system in 2000–2023 is given. The final results of the study substantiate the importance of the role of the state as a regulator of the stock market, emphasize its Russian functions, and highlight its conceptual problems. The research is based on the analysis of foreign and Russian publications, as well as on statistical conclusions of financial and statistical data.

Неравномерность распределения валового продукта: региональный аспект

The analysis of the relationship between the accumulated values of the specific weight of regions in the total population and the volume of the country's gross domestic product made it possible to obtain an assessment of the uneven distribution of the GRP per capita indicator across the regions of the Russian Federation. The article presents intermediate and final results of the calculations. The Lorenz and Gini coefficients were used as indicators of regional differentiation. For the analyzed period, a relationship was found between the rates of economic growth and the level of inequality of regions.

Natural Therapeutic Resources of the Russian Federation: Updated Legislation and Medical Aspects of their Application

The article outlines the provisions of the modern regulatory framework that regulates the work of health spa (sanatorium) organizations and the use of natural healing resources for therapeutic purposes. The legislative innovations, the main tasks and problems of the development of the spa and resort industry from a medical point of view are described. The historical background of the development of the spa and resort medical industry in the context of natural resources is presented. It describes the development of health resort business in Russia from the emergence of the first sanatorium to the present day.

A review of approaches to assessment of potential radon hazard of land plots

According to Rosstat statistics, in recent years there has been a tendency in the Russian Federation to increase the intensity of construction, while both the number of buildings put into operation and their total area are increasing. The assessment of the potential radon hazard of land plots for construction provides the possibility of timely inclusion of the necessary protective (preventive) measures against radon in the design of buildings. This is a legal requirement in cases where the density of radon flux from the ground surface within the building area exceeds the established hygienic standards (action levels). The paper presents a review of Russian and foreign approaches to assessing the potential radon hazard of land plots conducted within the framework of engineering and environmental surveys. The current regulatory requirements to radiation safety indicators of land plots for construction of residential, public and industrial buildings and facilities in the Russian Federation are analyzed. The main drawbacks of the algorithm for determining the potential radon hazard of land plots, used in the current guidelines MU 2.6.1.2398-08 approved at the federal level more than 15 years ago, are described. Critical remarks (the unsuitability of the value of density of radon flux from the ground surface for designing radon protective and mitigation (remedial) measures, lack of consideration of seasonal variations of radon flux density, etc.) accumulated over the years as a result of practical application of these guidelines are presented. Benefits and drawbacks of foreign approaches to assessing the potential radon hazard of the territory based on the results of measurements of radon concentration in soil gas, as well as the very possibility of a transition in Russian regulations from the density of radon flux from the ground surface to the radon concentration in soil gas, are analyzed. Some rational proposals of various Russian research teams on improving the algorithm for determining the potential radon hazard of land plots are considered.

Tritium content in water bodies in regions of peaceful nuclear explosions

Sites of peaceful nuclear explosions pose a potential radiation hazard to the territories of the Russian Federation, primarily due to the possible release of radioactivity from the explosion cavity into aquifers and onto the earth's surface. Therefore, it is essential to conduct regular monitoring of anthropogenic radionuclides in drinking water sources in settlements located near the sites of peaceful nuclear explosions. Tritium serves as an indicator of the potential release of other anthropogenic radionuclides. Monitoring its levels in water bodies in regions where peaceful nuclear explosions were perfomed, and comparing this data with that from Roshydromet across the Russian Federation, allows for an assessment of the reliability of the engineering barriers between the central explosion zone and the environment with respect to preventing radionuclide migration into aquifers. One method for evaluating the reliability of these barriers is the assessment of tritium specific activity in drinking water sources. This article presents results of the study involving 220 water samples collected from drinking water sources (wells, boreholes, springs, central water supply systems) and surface waters within 167 settlements across 17 subjects of the Russian Federation, where 50 peaceful nuclear explosions were conducted between 1965 and 1988. The samples were collected between May and September 2024 in the settlements within a 30 km radius of a peaceful nuclear explosion site. Measurements of tritium specific activity were performed using the Quantulus 1220-003 alpha-beta spectrometric radiometer. The research revealed that the specific activity of tritium in underground water sources is significantly lower (Student's test p<0,05) than in surface waters. The average specific activity levels of tritium in boreholes, rivers, and lakes were 3.0, 3.45, and 4.31 Bq/kg, respectively. The specific activity of tritium in drinking water sources within the regions of peaceful nuclear explosions was found to be at the background levels recorded by Roshydromet, ranging from 1.1 to 5 Bq/kg.

Problems of management of patient biological waste in radionuclide diagnostics

Biological excretion from patients (urine) generated during radionuclide diagnostics enters directly into the hospital sewage system. The establishment of new clearance level according to Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1069 of October 19, 2012 may entail amendments to regulatory documents for radionuclide diagnostics departments. One of these requirements is a mandatory dedicated sewage system. Establishment of the requirement may lead to an increase the cost of the radionuclide diagnostic examinations, and to a decrease the accessibility of radionuclide diagnostic. The aim of this study was to estimate the activity of radionuclides in patient urine after radionuclide diagnostic and activity concentration in sewage water in the hospital and in the transport tank of toilet for evaluation of paths of waste manage. Based on published literature data, models of biological excretion were constructed for the following radiopharmaceuticals: 99mTc-pyrophosphate, 64Cu-Labeled Monoclonal Antibody, 18F-FDG, 68Ga-PSMA-617. The activity of radionuclides in the patient waste in the hospital and in public transport during the patient transportation to home was calculated. Various scenarios of patient transportation were considered. The values of the excreted activity, activity concentration and dose rate at 1 m from the tank with sewage water for each type of transport were calculated. The calculated values of the radionuclide activity concentration in sewage water in transport tank of toilet for the majority scenarios exceed the clearance level (up to 180 times for 68Ga-PSMA-617 when traveling by bus). According the regulatory requirements, it is necessary to collect patient excretions after radionuclide diagnostic examinations and hold it for decay. However, estimated effective doses of individuals from the public from contact with biological patient waste do not exceed the acceptable value. This is due to the short half-life of diagnostic radionuclides. The paths of management system of biological patient waste were proposed.

Family entrepreneurship: in search of a balance between the interests of the family and the state

The article presents the parameters of family entrepreneurship, characterizing it as a socio-economic phenomenon. The question of the expediency of further differentiation of the legal regime of small and medium-sized enterprises through the legalization of family enterprises and the formation of separate norms regulating their activities is raised. The results of the analysis of the current state of scientific research in the field of public relations are shown. The regularity of the appearance of scientific and educational publications on the legal regulation of family business has been revealed, which allows us to test options for future legal structures and propose approaches to the legal regulation of family entrepreneurship. The role of family entrepreneurship in achieving the national goals of the Russian Federation is defined.

Identifiable Information Value of Standard Autosomal STR in Indigenous Populations of Russia for Determination of First-Degree Relatedness

The effects of the demographic history of mankind have led to the fact that the indigenous peoples of Dagestan and Siberia are inferior in terms of genetic diversity to the populations of Europe, which affects the level of identification informativeness of standard forensic autosomal markers in these populations. In our study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two standard sets of autosomal STRs (13 CODIS, 20 CODIS, Combined DNA Index System) for the genetic testing of parent-child relatedness in four highly inbred populations of the Russian Federation and the Russian population, using two types of reference frequencies. The results of the study confirmed the assumption that the level of identification informativity of standard autosomal markers in highly inbred populations of Siberia and Dagestan is lower than in the Russian population. The total information content of markers of the new CODIS standard exceeds the threshold values required in the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation (No. 346n). At the same time, the probability of a false positive result increases with an increase in the inbreeding coefficient in the population.

Experience of Reorganization of TB Medical Units as a Tool for Achieving Main Development Goals for TB Services in the Russian Federation

The objective: to assess results of TB medical units reorganization aimed to optimize development of TB services.Subjects and Methods. The article presents results of TB services reorganization in Moscow Region from 2015 to 2023.Results. Effective coordination and organizational and methodological management allowed improving the quality of dispensary follow-up over patients, enhancing efficiency of inpatient medical care, complying with uniform requirements to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis patients which ensured the achievement of target rates.

Patients’ effective doses assessment during low-dose computed tomography

Computed tomography has become increasingly common for diagnosing socially significant diseases in recent years. In foreign practice, screening schemes for lung cancer in people belonging to risk categories have been developed and implemented. These schemes have been successfully used over the past 10 years. In this case, “low-dose” scanning protocols are used, which make it possible to perform examination with patient effective dose several times lower compared to standard protocols. Lung cancer screening methods using low-dose computed tomography are beginning to be introduced in the Russian Federation. To ensure the radiation safety of those individuals eligible for inclusion in screening programs or participating in biomedical research testing lung cancer screening, it is necessary to evaluate effective doses from low-dose computed tomography and compare these doses to established radiation dose limits. This study assessed the patients’ effective doses who underwent different types of low-dose computed tomography of chest at two medical organizations. The results of the study show that it is possible to achieve non-exceedance of the current annual effective dose limit of 1 mSv only for patients weighing less than 90 kg. For patients with higher body weight, the minimum effective dose will be in the range of 1.2 – 1.4 mSv. The results of the study indicate the need to make changes to the current regulatory and methodological documents of Rospotrebnadzor to ensure the possibility of using low-dose computed tomography as part of screening for all categories of people.

Analysis of scientific research on the sacred art of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukrainian territories

The aim of this study is to review the multi-volume scientific publications and monographs (single and collective) from 1993-2021 that examine the sacred art of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukrainian territories. The methodology and specifics of the main works are clarified, and problematic issues and difficulties encountered by researchers during their work are identified. Methodology. The study employs an integrated approach that utilises scientific analysis methods such as systematisation and generalisation. It also combines historical, cultural, art historical, and theological methods. This approach is appropriate, considering the liturgical purpose of sacred art and the requirements set by the Catholic Church based on the Holy Scriptures. Research results. A review of scientific works in multi-volume publications, as well as individual monographs, suggests that the sacred art of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Ukraine was formed over many centuries. Researchers have studied over 500 shrines and tens of thousands of liturgical items of significant historical, cultural, and artistic value. Renowned scholars, including Jan K. Ostrowski, A. Betlej, T. Zaucha, K. Brzezina, P. Krasny, R. Quirini-Poplawski, J. Petrus, S. Lenartowicz, M. Biernat, M. Walczak, J. Skrabski, M. Kurzej, R. Nesteruw, T. Kukiz, and others (Polish edition), M. Buchek, I. Sedelnyk (Polish, Ukrainian edition), D. Antoniuk (Ukrainian edition), and others, conducted a comprehensive study, inventory, and attribution of these monuments. Scientific novelty. The obtained results highlight the challenges of studying sacred art monuments in Ukraine during the specified period. The specifics and methodology used by Ukrainian and foreign scholars in scientific research are identified through multi-volume scientific publications and monographs (individual and collective). Recommendations. Further historical, cultural, and art historical research is required to complement previous publications and enhance our understanding of the specifics of sacred art, particularly painting. This research will also reveal the methodology and technology used in creating these monuments. It is crucial to preserve these sacred monuments from destruction, especially during the period of military invasion by the Russian Federation since 24 February 2022

Telegram channel development in promoting a political brand

The article is devoted to the construction of a political brand of a candidate in the elections of the President of the Russian Federation in Telegram. The authors consider the official channel of the candidate as one of the components of the communication activities of the politician within the framework of the election campaign. At the same time, this communication activity is studied from the point of view of the text component – both individual materials and the communication canvas of the channel as a whole. The study was conducted based on the examination of posts published in the official Telegram channel of the candidate for the post of the President of the Russian Federation Nikolai Kharitonov in the period from January 9, 2024 to March 21, 2024 (from the moment of publication of the first post to the publication of the final interview on the results of the election campaign, a total of 69 text messages). The analysis has shown the cross-cutting images used by the politician in the posts – heart / soul, home, and village. The authors analyze these images in relation to the political brand and sum up the results of the campaign in Telegram in terms of maintaining the required level of positioning of the political brand.

Ecosystem model of development of the unmanned aircraft systems industry

The article analyzes the structural transformations of Russian industry in the context of external constraints and the need to ensure technological sovereignty in high-tech industries. The scientific hypothesis of the work is the assumption of the importance of cross-sectoral coordination of subjects of industrial policy in order to develop the production of critical products. The digital industrial ecosystem of the unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) industry is considered as an object of research. The purpose of the research is to develop the foundations of the structure of the ecosystem model of the development of the UAS industry and substantiate the feasibility of its application in the interests of improving high-tech industries of the Russian Federation. The article offers the author’s interpretations of the concepts of “digital industrial ecosystem” and “cross-industry ecosystem”, substantiates the principles of functioning of the ecosystem model and its architecture. An ecosystem model of the development of the UAS industry was developed, including management bodies, technical infrastructure, organizational and economic tools, technological clusters and a network of participants. The main distinguishing features of the proposed model from the existing ones are: the distribution of ecosystem management bodies that ensure the autonomy of management at all horizontal and hierarchical levels of its organization; the ecosystem is considered as an instrument of the mechanism of strategic development of high-tech industries involved in the creation of civil-purpose UAS, and provides cross-industry interaction of participants in order to accelerate the development of industrial production and the formation of the UAS market. The ecosystem management model will ensure the possession of up-to-date data of actual and planned indicative evaluation indicators of the state and development of the industry on a time scale close to real, based on the principle of digital transparency.

Assessment of the comparability of human facial dimensions obtained using direct anthropological measurements and photographs

Introduction. This research examines and evaluates the comparability of a specific set of anthropometric measurements of facial features obtained through direct measurements and frontal portrait photographs. With the growing trend towards utilizing photography instead of direct measurements, the question of the convergence and comparability between these two methods has become increasingly significant. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on a sample population of Chuvash individuals, who represent the indigenous population in the Chuvash Republic of the Russian Federation. The material for the study comprised cephalometric data and anthropological photographs of individuals from the Chuvash Republic, surveyed during the 2002 expedition under the guidance of V.A. Batsevich. The sample size consisted of 72 individuals, with 35 women and 37 men. Prior to statistical analysis, the male and female participants were divided into two age groups to account for potential age-related variations. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS software package, applying Cronbach's alpha method. Results. In this study, gender differences were identified for a range of anthropometric indicators, demonstrating high convergence when employing two facial measurement methods. The obtained values of dimensions were generally comparable in terms of reliability and consistency. Conclusion. The research has revealed that the method of obtaining linear facial dimensions from portraits can serve as an analog/alternative to direct anthropometric measurements. In men, latitudinal dimensions are better correlated with each other, whereas in women they are high-altitude. The obtained results align well with existing data on this topic, highlighting the potential viability of facial portrait-based measurements in anthropometric studies.

Specific aspects of bacteriophage regulation: international practices and future developments

INTRODUCTION. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of pathogens determines the need for fundamentally new antibacterial agents, including bacteriophage preparations. The consistent implementation of phage therapy is hindered by the lack of generally accepted standardised regulatory documents governing the legal and methodological aspects of the production and preclinical and clinical studies of bacteriophage preparations.AIM. This study aimed to analyse the international experience with the production and lifecycle management of bacteriophage preparations, as well as the main regulatory requirements for the control of their quality, safety, and efficacy.DISCUSSION. It is difficult to develop virulent bacteriophage preparations in accordance with the existing requirements for other medicinal products because of the biological characteristics of bacteriophages, the wide variety of bacteriophage strains, and the potential for rapid changes both in the bacteriophage population and in the pathogen population. Therefore, it is reasonable to develop streamlined marketing authorisation routes for phage therapies and methods for the assessment of their safety and efficacy. As part of these efforts, it is necessary to assess the adverse events specific to this group of medicinal products, such as the risks of lysogeny, resistance to bacteriophages, and antibiotic resistance gene transfer between bacterial strains. The pharmaceutical development of bacteriophage preparations can be based on several approaches. Many countries worldwide, including the United States, are implementing the concept of Quality by Design, considering approaches based on the Biological Master File, and conducting Expanded Access programmes. The Active Substance Master File procedure allows the submission of a separate document package covering only part of the registration dossier for regulatory approval. Expanded Access programmes provide individual patients with access to innovative medicinal products without approved treatment protocols. In the Russian Federation, the commercial production of bacteriophage medicinal products is conducted in accordance with the quality standards specified in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.CONCLUSIONS. There are fundamental differences in the approaches to phage therapy and its regulation around the world and in the Russian Federation. It is reasonable to supplement the current national guidelines for the safety and efficacy evaluation of bacteriophage preparations, in particular, to specify the requirements for conducting preclinical studies.

Current regulatory requirements for stability studies of biological medicinal products: a review

INTRODUCTION. The stability assessment of biological medicinal products (BMPs) requires special approaches and regulatory requirements. Therefore, BMPs require relevant national guidelines, which are an important prerequisite for the assurance of the safe and effective use of BMPs.AIM. This study aimed to analyse national and international requirements for the stability assessment of BMPs in order to use the results to inform future development of a unified regulatory approach to estimating and confirming shelf-life periods for BMPs.DISCUSSION. Most biotechnological medicinal products (BTMPs) are proteins and are highly sensitive to environmental factors by nature. Therefore, the shelf life of a BTMP is established on the basis of real-time stability studies. Stability testing under accelerated and stress conditions is conducted to support shelf-life claims and to characterise the mechanism of protein structure degradation. The results of accelerated and stress studies can be used to select the most sensitive stability-indicating parameters and testing methods. National and international regulatory authorities have developed specialised guidelines for stability studies of BMPs of various origins, and the stability assessment approaches in the regulatory system of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are harmonised with international standards. Special considerations associated with the stability of vaccines imply that stability studies of vaccines should not only establish shelf life but also investigate stability after reconstitution and after short-term temperature excursions from the recommended cold-chain conditions.CONCLUSIONS. Special stability testing considerations for various groups of BMPs (including BTMPs and immunobiologicals) indicate the need to develop and improve the system of requirements for BMP stability assessment. This will facilitate the optimisation of the life cycle of BMPs in the Russian Federation and the other EAEU member states.

Comparative analysis of the results of live anthrax vaccine identification by immunofluorescence and immunochromatography

INTRODUCTION. The quality evaluation of live anthrax vaccines will benefit from the implementation of alternative testing methods that are capable of specific identification of the Bacillus anthracis spore antigen using the appropriate diagnostic products that are authorised in the Russian Federation for the detection of B. anthracis spores.AIM. This study aimed to investigate the applicability of immunofluorescence analysis to the identification of live anthrax vaccines and compare this method with immunochromatography.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study used commercial batches of a live anthrax vaccine and Russian diagnostic products, including diagnostic dry adsorbed fluorescent anti-anthrax spore immunoglobulins and an immunochromatographic assay (ICA) reagent kit for rapid detection and identification of B. anthracis spores (ICA system for B. anthracis). For smears and ICA system reactions, the authors prepared working solutions of bacterial suspensions at spore concentrations typical of the B. anthracis STI-1 vaccine strain. The spore concentrations were achieved using the pharmacopoeial reference standard (RS) for the opacity of bacterial suspensions of 10 international units (IU). Identification reactions involved the registration of immune complex formation.RESULTS. Immunofluorescence tests of the live anthrax vaccine demonstrated bright greenish-yellow envelope fluorescence with an intensity score of 3+ to 4+ for smears stained with diagnostic immunoglobulins at 1:32 and 1:64 dilutions. Immunochromatographic tests of the live anthrax vaccine detected the spore antigen at vaccine concentrations of 109 and 108 spores/mL, with the test strips showing two distinct dark-pink lines indicative of immunoprecipitation. According to the results obtained using the selected methods, the tested microbial culture was confirmed as B. anthracis.CONCLUSIONS. Immunochromatography and immunofluorescence tests with appropriate diagnostic preparations are convenient and reliable tools for the species-specific detection of B. anthracis STI-1 spores in the live anthrax vaccine. The results obtained in the anthrax vaccine identification tests provide a basis for recommending the above methods as supplementary alternatives to Ziehl–Neelsen bacteriological staining, which is currently prescribed by the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.

Issues of the Russian liquefied natural gas market in the context of sanctions pressure and ways to solve them

Liquefied natural gas export is currently a rather promising sector of the Russian fuel and energy complex. Gas transportation by special gas carriers makes it possible to supply the resource independently of the pipeline system. In recent years, the liquefied natural gas market role has been significant for the Russian economy. This industry has not been subject to significant export restrictions by other countries, unlike pipeline gas exports. However, under the conditions of sanctions imposed by “unfriendly” countries on the supply of technologies and equipment required for liquefied natural gas production and transportation, not only the industry development, but also implementation of the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2035 is threatened, especially major projects implementation on the Arctic coast of the country. All of the above speaks for the relevance of the study, the objectives of which are to assess the Russian market of liquefied natural gas in the context of the introduced technological restrictions, to identify the key problems arising as a result of this unfavorable situation and to determine the directions for the industry further development.

Вопросы квалификации неправомерного доступа к объектам критической информационной инфраструктуры

The article provides a criminal legal analysis of the crime provided for in part. 2.4 tbsp. 2741 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation — unlawful access to objects of critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation. The authors conducted a comparative study of the objects regulated by the federal law no. 187-FZ of July 26, 2017 “On the security of critical information infrastructure of the Russian Federation” and part. 2.4 tbsp. 2741 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, a legal assessment is given to criminal actions expressed in unlawful access using someone else’s account in the absence of such rights to it. The issues of qualification of crimes in the field of computer information are considered using examples of forensic investigative practice.

Уголовно-правовая наука в исследовании задач уголовного законодательства

In the presented article, using comparative criminal law as one of the methods of criminal law science, one of the relevant scientific and practical provisions of important criminal law significance is considered the category “tasks of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation”. The applied scientific technique made it possible to determine their role, legal status, pay special attention to their evolution, features of formulation in Soviet and current criminal legislation, reveal their essential and meaningful characteristics, identify signs, specific features.