Russian Aviation Research Articles

Analysis and Development Prospects of the Policy of Import Substitution and Achieving Import Independence of the Russian Aviation Industry: A Case Study of Moscow-Based Enterprises

Analysis and Development Prospects of the Policy of Import Substitution and Achieving Import Independence of the Russian Aviation Industry: A Case Study of Moscow-Based Enterprises

Implementation of diversification of dual-use goods production through public-private partnership of aviation holding companies

Subject. This article deals with the issues of realization of the production and scientific potential of the Russian aviation industry. Objectives. The article aims to assess the capabilities of defense enterprises in the development, production and output of civil aviation products, and analyze measures aimed to support the production of dual-use goods and improving the competitiveness of the Russian aircraft industry. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical, theoretical, and comparative analyses. Results. The article finds that the Russian helicopter industry is characterized by the completeness of the cycle of development, production and final sale of products. Russian Helicopters holding company has the technological resources and production facilities to successfully diversify production and produce goods that are competitive in the domestic and global markets. Conclusions. The development and production of new products involves an increase in the utilization of production capacities of Russian aviation industry enterprises and the development of the relevant infrastructure. The State can act as a guarantor in order to attract funds from private investors for the development of projects.

Russia in the world market of aircraft engines: Problems and prospects

The aviation industry is one of the economy’s most knowledge-intensive and innovative sectors. For this reason, the main civil aviation manufacturers have a full production cycle for creating aircraft. A limited number of countries represent them. These are the USA, France, Germany, Great Britain and Spain, as well as Russia, Brazil, Canada, and China. Boeing and Airbus are the undisputed leaders in the international civil aviation market. Companies from the USA (General Electric, Pratt Whitney) and Europe (Rolls-Royce, Safran) are also leading in the aircraft engine market. After a protracted recession, the aircraft industry in Russia began to integrate into the global aviation industry successfully. But, the restrictions imposed in the spring of 2022 against Russian civil aviation have impacted the possibilities of its development within international production value chains, significantly changing plans for individual projects and the Russian aviation industry as a whole. The goal of the article is to determine the place and prospects of Russia in the world market of aircraft engines; identify the possibilities of domestic enterprises to quickly implement measures to transfer all aircraft systems and units to domestic analogues. The article gives a general description of the global civil aircraft industry, including the production of aircraft engines. Leading companies in the global aircraft manufacturing market are represented. The study results made it possible to determine the main trends in this market; identify factors and conditions that influence their formation. In this context, the role of import substitution in this area of activity, the problems of the Russian aviation industry and its ability to provide the domestic market with civilian airliners in the foreseeable future are analyzed.

Resistance to the action of flight work factors of vietnamese pilots operating russian aviation equipment

This study analyzed the tolerability of factors of flight work by Vietnamese pilots. The effects of aerobatic overloads (statoergometry), hypoxia (hypoxic test), and statokinetic loads (Otolith reaction-10 test) were simulated. To assess the functional state, computer stabilography and psychophysiological techniques were used to determine the reaction of choice and the critical frequency of light flashes. Height, bodyweight, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood oxygen saturation were recorded. In this study, 17 Vietnamese (group 1) and 24 Russian (group 2) pilots aged 1922 years were examined. Significant differences in height and bodyweight were found between the groups, which affected the tolerance of static muscle loads. Only 12% of the Vietnamese pilots completed the statoergometric test, and only one of the Russian ones did not reach the fifth stage. The conducted tests did not significantly affect the psychophysiological indicators, although they had multidirectional changes. Thus, when performing a normobaric hypoxic test, the blood pressure, heart rate, and blood oxygen saturation at the 5th minute of the recovery period returned to their original values. A slight increase in the pulse rate did not reach statistical significance. In general, the tolerance for normobaric hypoxia in both groups was good. However, a significantly smaller area of displacement of the pressure center of the statokinesiogram indicated a greater strain of adaptation mechanisms in group 1 than in group 2. The reaction to the statokinetic effect also indicated a satisfactory tolerance of the vestibular test Otolith reaction-10. Moreover, the tension of adaptive mechanisms in group 1, in contrast to group 2, was more pronounced. In addition, changes in the indicators of computer stabilography suggest a greater strain of adaptive mechanisms in Vietnamese pilots than in Russian pilots. The results indicate the need to develop methods of preparation for flights with aerobatic overloads and a system of psychophysiological training of pilots of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam to increase resistance to the influence of professional factors of flight work and the successful operation of Russian aviation equipment.

Causes of the Failure of Russian Aviation in Achieving Air Supremacy in the Ukraine Conflict and Subsequent Influences on Its Evolution

The large-scale conflicts from recent decades in Yugoslavia (1999), Iraq (1991 and 2003), Afghanistan (2001-2014) and Libya (2011) have shown the importance of achieving and maintaining air supremacy. The states of the world are trying to modernize their aircraft or build new ones in order to meet this goal, simultaneously with doctrinal changes in the field and changes in the techniques, tactics and procedures by which military pilots act. The states that remain anchored in the past and do not take into account these developments, risk not being able to use the air force effectively, with major repercussions on the results of military operations, a fact also seen in the war in Ukraine in 2022.

Econometric estimation of the cost of implementing the science-intensive projects based on efficient markets data

Subject. The article investigates cost drivers of research and development, analyzes key indicators of R&D costs characterizing the technical and operational perfection of science-intensive products, using the case of civilian and multipurpose helicopters. Objectives. The aim is to develop an econometric model of dependence of R&D costs on basic performance specifications of the helicopter to decide whether R&D should be undertaken. Methods. The study rests on the theory of fundamental value of assets, econometric methods of data analysis, the time value of money, and also on the theory of purchasing power parity, and unbiased expectations theory of interest rates. Results. The paper unveils the main sources of R&D cost growth for new-generation products in the science-intensive industries. Based on the econometric analysis, we highlight the main determinants of R&D costs, i.e. flight and technical characteristics of the helicopter, which determine the operational efficiency of design and technological decisions taken. We constructed a model to obtain the predictive estimate of R&D cost for Russian helicopters costs. Conclusions. The statistics on R&D costs of Russian civil helicopters does not sufficiently reflect their fair (market) value. Efficient markets are sources of more objective data on R&D costs of science-intensive products. When modeling the market value of R&D for Russian helicopters, it is advisable to rely on the Western markets data, with recalculation of development costs according to the economic conditions of the Russian aviation market. The analog method enables to quickly obtain a preliminary estimate of R&D costs.

Целевое обучение как один из способов трудоустройства молодых специалистов на предприятия российской авиации: моделирование бизнес-процесса

В статье поднимается проблематика адаптации молодежи на рынке труда. Очерчен контур основных проблем трудоустройства молодых специалистов как с их стороны, так и со стороны работодателей. В качестве частичного решения выявленных проблем рассматривается использование программ целевого обучения, которые поддерживают трехстороннюю модель взаимодействия «студент - вуз - работодатель». Выявлены и систематизированы основные преимущества целевого обучения, выделяемые работодателями, с учетом их обобщенных и вариативных характеристик. Сформировано общее описание бизнес-процесса организации трудоустройства сотрудников по программе целевого обучения в деятельности ПАО «Туполев», определены его классификационные признаки. Приведены результаты моделирования подпроцесса конкурсного отбора кандидатов в абитуриенты целевого набора (в нотации IDEF0). Дан ряд рекомендаций по мероприятиям для улучшения качества исследуемого бизнес-процесса. The article raises the problem of adaptation of young people in the labor market. The outline of the main problems of employment of young professionals both on their part and on the part of employers is outlined. As a partial solution to the identified problems, the use of targeted training programs that support a three- way model of interaction "student - university employer" is considered. The main advantages of targeted training allocated by employers are identified and systematized, taking into account their generalized and variable characteristics. A general description of the business process of organizing the employment of employees under the targeted training program in the activities of PJSC Tupolev has been formed, its classification features have been determined. The results of modeling the subprocess of competitive selection of candidates for applicants of the target set (in IDEF0 notation) are presented. A number of recommendations on measures to improve the quality of the business process under study are given.

Russian aviation industry and First World War challenges

The purpose of this study is to highlight the peculiarities of the development of the Russian aviation industry during the First World War. The focus is on analyzing production programs and matching their quantitative and qualitative parameters to war requirements. The main methods used in our work are problem-chronological, used to describe the state of the Russian aviation industry, and comparative, used to compare the level of development of the Russian aviation industry with other countries that participated in the First World War. General scientific methods have also found their application ‒ primarily, analysis and synthesis. The research resulted in the following conclusions: First World War became a challenge for Russian industry that was in the developing stage, including aviation industry. Needs of the front demanded for increase in plane productions that was a complex task for Russia, taking into account its economic backwardness. Aviation industry, being represented by several big (in the scope of Russia) enterprises, demonstrated a dynamic of growth. For the war period the plane production capacity had increased only in 3 times while in Germany – in 10 times and in France and Great Britain the growth was much bigger. Leading enterprises of aviation industry, such as factory of Duks, Liebiediev, Anatra, Shchetinin – mainly copied foreign samples (French, and sometimes German). Efforts to establish the production of original samples were a complete failure. The most known example is fighter “Illia Muromets” that was a leading one in 1914 but became old-fashioned till 1917. Aviation engine production was also narrow and was far beyond plane production. Enormous investments made in the development existed and building of new enterprises of planes and aviation engines production in 1916‒1917 did not show any results, none of the enterprises started the production. We have analyzed some of these failures – building of Anatra factory in Simferopol and Matias factory in Berdiansk, and aero-motors factories Anatra in Simferopol and Deka in Aleksandrovsk. State police on controlling aviation industry based on providing subsidies and preferential loan, turned to be ineffective – it was vanished by basic purchasing prices that did not count on inflation. That is why Russian aviation industry appeared to be unable to face and respond to war challenges. Production plans of leading Russian aviation factories as well as qualitative and quantitative parameters of products have been analyzed in the article.

PREFACE

PREFACE

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PRICING OF AIR TICKETS

The article is devoted to discussing topical issues about the formation of the price of plane tickets. The paper analyzes and evaluates the degree of influence of factors on the pricing process using regression analysis methods. At the first stage, a review of the available research sources of foreign and Russian authors was carried out, according to the results of which the main characteristics determining the price level of air tickets were identified and considered. In the course of studying the issue, the experience and conclusions, based on previously performed studies of foreign segments of air transportation, are extended to the selection and analysis of current data on the Russian market. The assessment of the degree of a possible influence of the considered price-forming indicators on air ticket fares was carried out using four econometric models of the dependence of ticket prices on exchange rates, fare/air route characteristics, socio-economic and secondary factors. They are checked for lowcost and economy segments based on information on 15 thousand of air tickets of Russian air carriers for the period from 19.01.2021 to 12.02.2021, presented in the form of a single data set. The data was collected independently by daily monitoring of information from the official websites of airlines, federal websites of Rosstat, and Rosaviation. As a result of the research conducted within the framework of this article, it was revealed that with an increase in the distance of the flight, the cost of the ticket increases proportionally. The average income of the population negatively affects prices in the economy and budget classes. A similar trend can be traced concerning the cost of jet fuel at the airport of departure and nonstop flights. Reducing the number of days between the dates of ticket purchase and flight departure will also affect the increase in ticket prices. With a decrease in the exchange rate of foreign currency, the cost of economy class air tickets changes significantly compared to the budget. The reverse trend is observed in the case of the IATA exchange rate, where the effect falls on the last group of shipments. The listed characteristics are identified as the most significant relative to the considered classes of tariff groups in the Russian aviation industry. The results of the work can be recommended to air carriers for use in the process of forming the cost of tickets to achieve maximum efficiency and profitability of the business, used by consumers of the airline services as a tool for finding and buying air tickets with the best conditions and offers.

The content of organizational support for after-sales service of exported Russian aviation equipment classified as military products

The content of organizational support for after-sales service of exported Russian aviation equipment classified as military products

ПД-14 – чи такий вiн вдалий?

The introductory part of the article provides information about the features of the modern Russian aircraft and engine designations, about the disappearance of the world famous brands such as "Tu", "Yak", "PS", "NK" and others. The tone of many publications testifies to a certain "megalomania" of the Russian aviation industry, whose real achievements of which are greatly exaggerated. One of the main prides of Russia is the PD-14 turbofan engine. This evaluation is the purpose of this article. The history of the development and testing of the PD-14 turbofan engine is given. Simultaneously, it is indicated that it was an alternative engine for the MS-21 aircraft, for which the Western PW-1000G engine was initially selected. Detailed information is given on the production and testing of experimental engines, including in a flying laboratory. It is noted that PD-14 is actually a program for the entire aircraft engine industry in Russia and other enterprises are actively involved in its implementation, in addition to the main subcontractors of the UEC - Aviadvigatel and Perm Motors. In the development of the PD-14, the experience of creating and fine-tuning the PS-90A2 turbofan engine was widely used. It is indicated that when creating the PD-14, many innovative and advanced technologies were developed and applied (16 key technologies). The developers of PD-14 pay considerable attention to the creation of an effective after-sales service system (a network of field offices, engine service stations, spare parts warehouses, ensuring the replacement of modules in operation, etc.), the absence of which previously prevented the successful marketing of Russian engines (a characteristic negative example is the SaM-146 engines of the SSJ regional airliner). General information about the development programs, the main technical characteristics and design features of the competitors of the PD-14 - western PW1000G and LEAP-1 turbofan engines are given. These engines are already widely used in several types of medium-haul aircraft. The PD-14 is compared with its main competitors in terms of many parameters and design characteristics. It is concluded that a modern 5th generation turbofan engine has been created in Russia, which has come close in terms of characteristics and the level of applied technologies to the existing serial Western engines of a similar thrust class. However, the future of the PD-14 engine in the current conditions of the fall of the Russian economy due to the war with Ukraine and EU and US sanctions looks uncertain.

Исследование эффективности различных систем охлаждения перспективных газотурбинных двигателей

The paper focuses on foreign and Russian aviation bypass turbojets with an afterburner, studies the design of their turbine cooling systems, and introduces the research findings. For computational research and comparative analysis, we used Russian and foreign samples of advanced bypass turbojets with an afterburner with the most optimal technical characteristics, made calculations of the gas-dynamic parameters of their cooling systems in four critical jet operating modes. In this paper, we introduce the results of hydraulic calculations of various schemes for supplying cooling air to the nozzle and working blades of a high-pressure turbine. Relying on the results of the calculation, we comparatively analyzed the foreign and Russian cooling systems design, in terms of power indicators and efficiency of a gas turbine jet. To do this, we used the following parameters: cooling air bleeding value at maximum jet speed and cruising mode, value of cooling air leakage through the axial gaps into the flow path, the change in the cooling air bleeding value as a percentage of the flow rate through the high-pressure compressor when switching from maximum to cruising mode, i.e. adaptability of the cooling system, the temperature of the cooling air at the point of supply to the cooling cavities of the blade of the nozzle apparatus or the working blade.

PROSPECTS FOR THE APPLICATION OF ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN RUSSIA FROM AN INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE AVIATION INDUSTRY)

The article devoted to the problem of introducing additive technologies into the national economy of Russia from the perspective of their adaptation to modern market conditions, when the Russian Federation is developing under international economic sanctions. The authors conclude, using the example of the Russian aviation industry, that the spread of additive technologies within the framework of Russian industrial production is difficult due to low elasticity of supply and demand, low elastic supply is especially painful for the innovative development of the industry, this conclusion is made on the basis of a linear market model. However, there are prospects for additive technologies in the aviation industry, if the pricing policy will be changed in the aspect of revising prices for civil aviation products in the direction of their increase, this is quite possible in a situation of transformation of the entire industry under the pressure of international sanctions. The authors also believe that in the future, the development of small aircraft will create conditions for additive technologies to be more in demand, but it is still difficult to make certain forecasts on this score. An important theoretical result of this scientific article is the construction of a model of market influence on the effectiveness of the introduction of additive technologies, this is useful for further research of economic issues related to additive technologies, as well as issues related to the introduction of innovations in a market economy in general.

Multicomponent Aging Al-Li-Based Alloys of the Latest Generation: Structural and Phase Transformations, Treatments, Properties, and Future Prospects.

An overview of modern material science problems is presented for ultralightweight high-modulus commercial Al-Li-based alloys in historical retrospect. Numerous particular examples of the Soviet and Russian aviation whose various designs were made of these alloys confirm their successful innovative potential. The key regularities of multicomponent alloying are discussed for the master alloys and modern commercial Al-Li-based alloys of the latest generation; the features typical of their microstructures, phase composition, and properties formed during aging are analyzed. The main mechanisms of phase formation are generalized for standard thermal and thermomechanical treatments. Recent original achievements have been obtained in designing of unique structural and phase transformations in these commercial alloys by means of methods of severe plastic deformations followed by heat treatment and storage. Using the example of three Russian commercial alloys of last generation, the basic principles of creating and controlling an ultrafine-grained structure, the origin and growth of stable nanophases of various types and chemical composition that determine the physicomechanical properties of alloys are established.

Международная научная конференция «Фундаментальные и прикладные задачи механики», Москва, 7–10 декабря 2021 г. Материалы конференции. В двух частях. Часть 2

Compiled by P.M. Shkapov, M.I. Dyachenko The conference FAPM-2021 was dedicated to the 175th anniversary of the great Russian scientist Nikolai Zhukovsky, “the father of the Russian aviation,” founder of applied aero- and hydro-mechanics, developer of aeronautics theory, founder of TsAGI, founder of the department of theoretical mechanics, professor of the Moscow Higher Technical School and Moscow University. In 2021 the opening of the conference and the first plenary session were held in the classroom of the Nikolay Zhukovsky Department of Theoretical Mechanics at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University with broadcasting for the participants through the Zoom platform. Sessions of the sections were held only in the remote format. Working languages of the conference: Russian and English. Conference website: http://fn.bmstu.ru/coferences-sec-fs/item/1105-fapm-2021

Международная научная конференция «Фундаментальные и прикладные задачи механики», Москва, 7–10 декабря 2021 г. Материалы конференции. В двух частях. Часть 1

The conference FAPM-2021 was dedicated to the 175th anniversary of the great Russian scientist Nikolai Zhukovsky, “the father of the Russian aviation,” founder of applied aero- and hydro-mechanics, developer of aeronautics theory, founder of TsAGI, founder of the department of theoretical mechanics, professor of the Moscow Higher Technical School and Moscow University. In 2021 the opening of the conference and the first plenary session were held in the classroom of the Nikolay Zhukovsky Department of Theoretical Mechanics at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University with broadcasting for the participants through the Zoom platform. Sessions of the sections were held only in the remote format. Part 1 presents Plenary reports, as well as materials from Sections 1 and 2. Part 2 contains materials from Sections 3, 4 and 5. Working languages of the conference: Russian and English. Conference website: http://fn.bmstu.ru/coferences-sec-fs/item/1105-fapm-2021

The impact of COVID-19 on A&D industry

Subject. The article considers global aerospace and defense companies operating in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives. The focus is on systematization of experience in combating the pandemic and analysis of changes in the global aviation market that need to be reflected in the development strategy of the Russian aviation industry. Methods. The research methodology rests on the comparative analysis. Results. The analysis showed that COVID-19 pandemic had practically no impact on the military segment of the aircraft industry. Restrictions on international transportation changed the ratio between international and regional air transportation in favor of the latter. At present, narrow-body jet aircraft with a capacity of 120–150 seats, regional aircraft of medium and large capacity, and general purpose aviation are the most popular. The business segment faces increased competition. The revenues of commercial aircraft manufacturers show a dramatic decline. Conclusions. Diversification of defense and aerospace companies enables to overcome the crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a sharp drop in demand for air transportation entailed restructuring in the global aviation market.

The concept of the development of Russian legislation in the field of aviation security

The study of the place of aviation security in the structure of transport security is conditioned by theoretical and practical needs in determining the need to preserve or exclude the existing dual legal regulation of legal relations by the norms of Russian air legislation and legislation in the field of transport security. Currently, the legal norms regulating: the definition of organizations authorized to protect air transport; the definition of requirements for the protection of air transport, including inspection measures; certification and training of specialists (personnel) directly performing functions in the field of aviation security are duplicated. Based on the comparison of concepts, content and principles of transport and aviation security, the general and special features in their legal regulation as a whole and private are revealed. The purpose of the study was an attempt to define the concept of development of Russian legislation in the field of aviation security from acts of unlawful interference, taking into account the draft law "On Amendments to the Federal Law "On Transport Security" and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation" developed by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. The analysis made it possible to draw conclusions that the draft law proposed by the Ministry of Transport of Russia radically changes the state approach to regulating legal relations in the field of aviation security. It seems necessary to conduct additional discussions and assess the regulatory impact of the proposed draft law on the possibility of developing the Russian aviation business in the conditions of abandonment of the federal aviation security system. Based on the analysis, the author's concepts of "aviation security" and "act of unlawful interference" are proposed, the necessity of making appropriate amendments to Article 83 of the Air Code of the Russian Federation is substantiated. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that an industry approach is proposed in the public administration of the legal relations under consideration, taking into account the specifics of air transport and a significant amount of international law on the protection of aviation.

On the Possibility of implementing platform solutions in the aircraft industry

Aim. The presented study aims to analyze problems associated with the possibility of implementation of platform solutions by companies in the aviation industry, and to formulate recommendations for the implementation of such solutions.Tasks. The authors provide an overview of scientific literature on the topic; describe the main principles of selecting companies and sources of information for the study; present the results of the study in a structured manner; formulate recommendations for the development of companies in Russian aviation industry.Methods. This study is based on the analysis of the activities of Russian and international innovative companies in the aviation industry.Results. Analysis of company activities in the aviation industry highlights the regional aspect in the development of digital infrastructure and technologies, which directly impacts the digital transformation of the industry.Conclusions. The authors provide recommendations for using platform solutions in aviation industry companies to allow Russian players to achieve leading positions in the global market. The obtained findings can also be used by companies in other sectors of the economy to adjust their business models, as well as for similar studies.