Russian Abroad Research Articles

Мария Никитична Рыжкина — переводчик издательства «Всемирная литература» (Марсель Пруст и другие)

The article examines the creative biography of the translator and librarian of the Public Library, a student of M.L. Lozinsky, Maria Nikitichna Ryzhkina (married Petersen; 1998–1984), the first translator of M. Proust’s novel Towards Swann. Special attention is paid to her activities in the publishing house “World Literature” (“Vsemirnaya Literatura”), where she is under her own name and under the pseudonym “M. Elagina” published, in addition to excerpts from M. Proust’s novel Towards Swann, the novels of R. Rolland Cola Brunion, The Enchanted Soul, A. Bero The Sufferings of a Fat Man and M. Marx The Woman, collections of short stories The Man is Kind by L. Frank and Timur by K. Edschmid, plays by G. Buchner The Death of Danton and Woyzeck. The authors of the article examine archival documents from the collections of the Russian National Library: the personal file of M.N. Ryzhkina (Petersen) and her diary (1920–1921); as well as her memoirs written in the 1980s and covering almost the entire life path, from the Archival Collection of the House of the Russian Abroad. The article gives numerous fragments from these sources. The information significantly complements the already known facts (according to other sources) about the work of M.L. Lozinsky’s Translation Studio, about his method of “collective translation,” about the relationship of students. The appendix contains archival documents from the personal file of M.N. Ryzhkina (Petersen) about her life in the period from 1919 to 1941.

The Orthodox Periodicals of the Russian Emigration in Argentina during the Cold War

The article is dedicated to the phenomenon of the Orthodox press of the Russian abroad of the Cold War. The focus of the authors of the article is the magazines published in the capital of Argentina Buenos Aires, which after the Second World War became one of the most important centers of Russian emigration. It is proven that Orthodox periodicals are a valuable source on the history of the public consciousness of the Russian abroad.

Просветительская миссия преподавателя РКИ как фактор развития межкультурной коммуникации

The purpose of the study is to describe the experience of the educational expedition "In Russian about Russia" as one of the factors of popularization of Russian culture among young people studying Russian abroad, as well as the formation of friendly relations with foreign colleagues, the preservation of patriotism and resistance of russophobia. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the format proposed by the authors is relevant for conducting among students of various nationalities, as well as among compatriots living abroad. In addition, the work can be carried out both in the classroom, and in a remote or mixed form. As a result of the implementation of the expedition project, the need for such educational events has been revealed among Russian as a foreign language students, as well as teachers of Russian as a foreign language, as they play a significant role in strengthening international relations and mutual understanding of compatriots living abroad, make it possible not to lose touch with Russia.

From the history of the Russian abroad. Ivan Ivanovich Ostromyslensky: outstanding contribution to world science

From the history of the Russian abroad. Ivan Ivanovich Ostromyslensky: outstanding contribution to world science

The Sources of the Formation of Bibliographic Repertoire of Russian Language Books Published Abroad (1927–1991)

The aim of the article is to reveal foreign Russian language publications as the main sources of the formation of the bibliographic repertoire of books in Russian published abroad, reflected in the bibliographic database «Books published in Russian abroad, 1927–1991», compiled by the staff of Research department of bibliography of Russian State Library. The specific features of the database and special cases associated with the requirements for the repertoire of the publications included in the database are characterized. Information on auxiliary indexes adjacent to the database, reflecting that of about the persons involved in book publications, keywords, geographic names and the names of organizations associated with publications is given. The main sources are outlined, within the framework of which the selection of the bibliographic repertoire corresponding to the topic of the main database is carried out: 1) editions of the Russian emigration circles in different countries; 2) editions of the socialist countries; 3) foreign editions. Each of the sources is considered and characterized, the specifics of the ways of organizing the publishing process, depending on each of them, are highlighted. Based on the requirements of the maximum possible practical verification of the material covered by the database de visu, the author considers the specifics of the search and analysis of the material, depending on a source of the bibliographic repertoire formation. The variety of bibliographic resources dictated by such specifics is noted, the variety of ways of referring to them by a bibliographer in his practical search and reflection of bibliographic material in the database.The fundamental differences between the considered sources are highlighted. There are raised questions related to the quantitative ratio within the database of publications corresponding to the indicated sources of its formation.

Русская мистическая философия как феномен всемирной культуры

It is claimed that the founders of Russian mystical philosophy were Vladimir Solovyov and Yelena Blavatskaya, who contributed to the justification of its theoretical and practical aspects. Solovyov’s "theoretical philosophy" and sophiology, as the basic source of Russian mystical philosophy, were creatively developed in the mystical-philosophical concepts elaborated by the whole galaxy of Russian religious philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, N.O. Los­sky, E.N. Tru­betskoy, S.L. Frank, V.N. Lossky, P.A. Florensky), who were among them who determined the main lines of world philosophy evolution. Russian mysticism, which was developed mainly in the West as a special philosophical, spiritual and civilization phenomenon (the "Other"of the relatively rapidly developing Western esotericism), gave birth to some new mystical-philosophical ideas mainly concentrated in Blavatskaya’s theoretical works. The author of the article stresses that the mystical-philosophical achievements of Pyotr Uspensky who combined theosophical principles with a deep understanding of the spiritual-practical system by Grigory Gurdxhiev have been underestimated to this day. Sofiology and "theoretical philosophy" of Solovyov and theosophy of Blavatskaya were sources for mystical-philosophical ideas of the new generation of Russian thinkers in the beginning of 20th century. Later they developed under the circumstances of "Russian abroad" or at the "crossing" of western, eastern and Russian ethno-cultural fields. They largely determined the work of Russian symbolists, influenced the theory and artistic practice of the Russian avant-garde and the philosophy of Russian cosmism.

General Mikhail Nikolayevich Kalnitsky: Activities in the Overseas Union of Russian Military Invalids

This article is dedicated to General Mikhail Nikolayevich Kalnitsky (06.11.1870 — 29 [30].06.1961), a prominent figure in the Russian Abroad, the period of his activity in the Overseas Union of Russian Military Invalids and his active participation in the organisation of assistance to Russian military invalids. The General secured through the National Assembly the adoption of a law on state aid for Russian military invalids in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He was the closest associate and assistant to General N. N. Baratov, chairman of the Overseas Union of Russian Military Invalids; and from 1929 was deputy chairman and head of finance of the Main Board of the Union. In 1932, M. N. Kalnitsky was elected chairman of the Union and remained its permanent head until 1961. The general successfully raised money for a fund to help Russian military invalids; he ran the Russian Disabled Person's Day, the publication of the newspaper Russian Disabled Person and many others.

Features of social protection of convicts in the Russian Federation and abroad

Features of social protection of convicts in the Russian Federation and abroad

Неометафизика Александра Кожева

Aleksandr V. Kozhev (Kozhevnikov) (1902–1968) was one of those representatives of the philosophers of the Russian Abroad who really succeeded in making a brilliant scientific and political career in the West. Being a profound philosopher, an ingenious theorist-con­cep­tua­list, Kozhev was also an able systematic analyst, a creative politician, a shadow adviser of the most influential persons in French politics and government during the first decade of the 5th republic. At the turn of the 20th–21st centuries the name of Kozhev as well as his works were known to very few specialists in Russia, but today he is extensively published in Russian and foreign languages, and contemporary Russian researchers do not neglect him. The proposed attempt of studying and constructing Kozhev's scientific biography finds its successful continuation and development in the most varied aspects: methodological, historical, philosophical-psychological, sociological, politological, and culturological. The article contains the prerequisites for creating a detailed scientific and biographical model, combining the stages and circumstances of the thinker's life path and his intellectual work. At the same time, the cause-and-effect relations emerge with clearly visible personal accents and cognitive factors (level of sensetivism, etc.). It is concluded that Kozhev's intellectual heritage requires thorough scientific study as it is rather important and can be used for solving current philosophical, social, and political problems. Combining philosophical and mathematical methodological techniques, Kozhev carried out functions of a systems programmer, and used in his work the tools of antecedents of computer technology. Nowadays Kozhev's work becomes especially relevant as a model of flexible combination of standard and non-standard methods of research in any branch of science.

Эстетика и концепции творчества в философии русского зарубежья

The article is devoted to analyzing aesthetic ideas and concepts of creativity in the philosophy of the Russian abroad. The aesthetic works of V.V. Veidle, N.N. Yevreinov, N.O. Lossky, I.A. Ilyin are analyzed as examples. Veydle in his book "The Dying of Art" presented a Christian view of the crisis of art and the causes of its decline in the twentieth century. Yevreinov in his "Revelation of Art" explored the psychology of creativity and developed a psycho­analytic view of art, he also showed its connection to religion. Lossky in his book "The World as Realization of Beauty. Fundamentals of Aestheticism" developed a concept of beauty based on intuitionism and personalism. In his treatise "Foundations of Art", Ilyin determined the criterion of artistic perfection and provided a theoretical basis for the methodology of "concrete aesthetic analysis of art". Each of the thinkers mentioned above sought to discover new paths in aesthetics to overcome abstract scientific theories that were claimed to interfere with the full-fledged perception of art. The thinkers of Russian emigration regarded aesthetics not as a separate, autonomous scientific field, but as an integral and important part of human life and existence in general, they insisted on the need for synthesis of aesthetics, ontology and philosophical anthropology, with each of them formulating their personal understanding of beauty, the relationship between art and religion. Common to all of them was the view that art reflects the spiritual state of man, the level of perfection in culture, the relationship between creativity and religious outlook. Aesthetics in the works of the thinkers of Russian abroad is an important part of the development of Russian religious philosophy of the twentieth century.

Cultural Heritage of the Russian Abroad – Russian Envoy to the world

Cultural Heritage of the Russian Abroad – Russian Envoy to the world

What is needed to know about Russian Compatriots?

In 2022, the Saint-Petersburg University Press published the book “Russian Compatriots / Foreign Compatriots: Graduates of St. Petersburg State University ― Representatives of the Historical Thought of the Russian Diaspora: A Biographical Handbook” (St. Petersburg, 2022. 296 pp. ISBN 978-5-288-06216-2). This guide systematized the data on the professional activities of Saint Petersburg University alumni in exile and their participation in the development of Slavic studies at European and American Universities. Drawing on archival sources, it traces the formation of the Russian Abroad historical thought.

The “Bird Catcher” From Remizov’s “Nest”: To the Paris Biography of the Poet Dmitry Kobiakov

The article is dedicated to unknown plots from the biography of Dmitry Kobyakov – one of the poets of “lost generation” who shared the fate of post-war Soviet repatriates. On the basis of unpublished letters of Kobyakov from the American archive of A. M. Remisov the author reveals the motives of the rapprochement of a famous writer and an aspiring poet. At the external level it was connected with the publication of Kobyakov’s verse books, but on a latent level had according with innovative trends in artistic poetic and prosaic discourse of the second half of the 1920s. The article presents the first part of the study devoted to the literary life of Russian Paris, in the center of which with the support of Remizov appeared unknown Dm. Kobyakov; it contains substantial additions to the literary portrait of young Remizov’s correspondent, as well as to the bibliography of Russian abroad. The description of the history of these creative contacts is the object of new documentary materials that also fill the gaps in Remizov’s biography concerning the topic of literary mentorship of the writer and ‘nest’ of young writers had formed around him in the 1920s – early 1930s.

PUBLISHING HOUSE, “EXCELLENTLY PUBLISHING WORTHY BOOKS...”

The paper explores the actual features of the historical and literary context of book culture in Finland in Russian. On the example of the publishing house "Biblion" (1919-1921) the information is provided that contributes to the study of the publishing activities of foreign organizations, subjects of Sweden and Finland, contributing to the appearance of books of fiction by many Russian authors, the most famous of which during this period were Leonid Andreev and Alexander Kuprin. For a more complete presentation of the issue of the development of Russian book publishing between 1919 and 1921, it is necessary to know not only about trends on a national scale, to see the features of the development of book publishing in the regions, but also to take into account the specifics of the work of publishing houses and publishing activities of Russian abroad. The relevance of the issue is confirmed by the lack of domestic studies on the topic of publishing Russian literature abroad. The results of the work can be used in teaching courses on literature and culture of the Russian abroad countries, the history of Russian literature of the 1/3 of the XX century, studies of regional literature, with the refinement and addition of biobibliographies, bibliographies, catalogs, encyclopedias, other publications of Russian literature abroad.

Studying dynamic changes in body mass and mass of internal organs in laboratory rats experimentally infected with bovine leukosis virus

Enzootic bovine leukosis has been an urgent problem of veterinary medicine both in the Russian Federation and abroad for more than a hundred years. A number of aspects have been studied quite deeply; however, there are still areas that require additional research. These include the development of a fully adequate laboratory model for reproducing bovine leukosis virus (BLV) infection. Preliminary studies have established that BLV infection of laboratory rats is accompanied by clinical, morphological and biochemical changes in the blood, signs of immune suppression, impaired immunological reactivity of the body, and morphofunctional changes in the immunocompetent cells that correlate with bovine leukosis. In this regard, it is of interest to analyze disorders caused by these dysfunctions; the disorders are demonstrated by changed morphometric characteristics of both the body and individual organs. The aim of the research was to study dynamic changes in body mass and mass of internal organs in laboratory rats experimentally infected with BLV. There was a clear body mass increase in BLV-infected laboratory rats, then followed by a decrease down to negative numbers. The reverse trend was observed for such internal organs of the experimental animals as liver, spleen, kidneys and lungs. At first, their relative mass decreased to some extent, then increased with different dynamics in groups. The heart was the exception, as its relative mass decreased and did not increase until the end of the experiment. The data obtained correlate with those provided by a number of authors that the relative mass of various organs changes in the BLV infected animals because of proliferative, inflammatory, dystrophic and atrophic processes.

Actual Problems of Methodology and Organization of Teaching Russian as a Foreign languages During the Pandenic

In the era of globalization, Russian universities face an acute problem of participating in a single global educational space and exporting educational services for training specialists from different countries Russian language training for foreign specialists who are fluent in Russian and are able to teach Russian abroad is of particular importance and relevance in this regard. The article is devoted to educational products provided by the graduating Department of Russian as a foreign language of the Transbaikal state University in the conditions of competition of Russian universities for a foreign student during the pandemic. The relevance of the problem is confirmed by numerous scientific studies, which analyze both the presence of exports of Russian educational services, and the place and specifics of hotel universities in the export of educational services. The aim of the study is to analyze the educational services of the Transbaikal state University, provided by educational programs producing the Russian as a Foreign Language department, as well as the prospects for the development of educational programs during the pandemic. Analysis of the educational programs of the Transbaikal State University, exported issuing Department RCTS showed that the educational product is a coherent and consistent system of educational programs, which allows to education of foreign citizens at all stages of study at the University. The author notes the strategies for the development of the educational activities of the Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which are aimed at improving the competitiveness and quality of the educational product in the international market of educational services in the post-pandemic period. In order to achieve the goal and solve the problems, methods of analysis and observation were used, which allowed to determine the direction and prospects of the development of international educational programs in the city, to identify new challenges for the effective export of educational services and how to solve them. Keywords: international market for educational services, foreign students, international university activities, Russian as a foreign language, export of educational services, the department of Russian language as a foreign language

Архивное наследие философов русского послеоктябрьского зарубежья в современных отечественных и зарубежных исследованиях

Researching the archives of Russian post-October abroad thinkers is one of the main tasks of modern Russian philosophy. The return of the spiritual wealth of Russian intellectual culture that has begun in the late 1980s with the publication of hard access and works of bibliographic rarity of N.O. Lossky, N.A. Berdyaev, S.L. Frank, S.N. Bulgakov and others, is continuing today. However, at the be­ginning of the XXI century the trajectory of this return changes slightly. The pub­lished works of Russian abroad thinkers require a holistic reading, rethinking and actualization. These problems cannot be effectively solved without plunging into the existential and intellectual history of Russian philosophy in the first half of the twentieth century. That is why modern historians of philosophy turn to the archive, and not so much as an empirical object, collection and repository of documents, but as a cultural, historical, humanitarian phenomenon, thanks to which, through the collective efforts of philosophers and scientists, a holistic portrait of Russian philosophy in its personal dimension is brought together. We can consider the archive of any Russian philosopher of the first half of the twentieth century as an “archive of the era” (T.G. Shchedrina), as a “sphere of conversation” in which the meeting of thinkers of the early twentieth century and modern philosophers is possible. Such a methodological turn affects the content of historical and philosophical research and changes our ideas about the Russian abroad philosophy, about the era as a whole, and also allows us to reconstruct the heritage of Russian philosophers and consistently collect the value-semantic unity of Russian intellectual culture while preserving its “diversity and unity” (M.A. Maslin).

Кризис современной культуры: взгляд из истории русской философии (Федотов – Вейдле – Ландау – Бицилли) Материалы «круглого стола»

On August 26, 2021, with the support of “Voprosy filosofii” was held a “round table”, the participants of which considered it meaningful and relevant to address the legacy of experiencing and philosophical reflection of critical epochs by peo­ple who have fully endured the “breakdown” of being and an anthropological crisis – for comprehending the disturbing changes taking place in modern soci­ety. In this regard, the intellectual biographies of thinkers who felt a colossal shock in the 1920s and who tried to comprehend their local experience as a global are exceptional. In the authors’ focus are ideas and arguments of the philosophers of the Russian Abroad about the crisis of their contemporary culture (Fedotov – Weidle – Landau – Bicilli). The “round table” is an attempt to correlate their experience with the modern reality of the anthropological crisis. The studying intellectuals underlined the death of culture as the main threat to the life of the social organism. The salvation of culture, first of all, depends on the spiritual efforts of people. From this point of view, philosophy has to com­prehend the principles that make it possible to resist the processes of cultural de­struction. And in this regard, the personality of the philosopher is of exceptional importance, his willingness to live and work “as if history would never end, and at the same time, as if it ended today” (G.P. Fedotov). The philosophy of culture forms the ideal of personal choice as a free submission to universal human goals. The relevance of the intellectual and spiritual search of the “Russian Abroad” thinkers can't be overestimated since this crisis continues today, entering ever new, previously unpredictable phases. The struggle for culture continues. There­fore, the intellectual searches of the "Russian Abroad" thinkers are essential to­day. The core of the discussions was three actual topics in the context of their comprehension by the philosophers: 1. The crisis of religious consciousness; 2. The crisis of scientific rationality; 3. Crisis of cultural identity.

Образно-мотивная структура сборника поэта-галли-полийца Н.В. Станюковича «Из пепла»

We consider the structure of unrenowned poetry collection “From the ashes” (1929) by undeservedly forgotten Gallipoli poet N.V. Stanyukovich. The relevance of the study is due to the need to address little-known phenomenon of the Russian literature abroad – writers’ creative activity in the Gallipoli camp of the Russian Army of Baron P.N. Wrangel in 1920–1921. The purpose of the study is to examine the features of image-motive structure of the collection “From the ashes” by N.V. Stanyukovich. Based on the use of biographical, structural-typological, cultural-historical approaches, we analyze the image-motive dominants of the collection “From the ashes”, which include the motives of war, death, life, fate, homesickness, hearts, creativity, images of the steppe, graves , war horse, train station, etc. We pay attention on the fact how N.V. Stanyukovich uses sound, color, compositional, rhythmic techniques in his works, which testifies to the maturity of the writer’s creative manner. We suggest that the Gallipoli sitting became the most tragic page in N.V. Stanyukovich’s life, despite the fact that it contributed to the beginning of his creative career. After the collection “From the ashes”, poet avoids Gallipoli theme, although military problems remain relevant.

“I Was Very Pleased with the Sympathetic Reception of Our Native Art ...”. The Tenishevs and the Popularization of Russian Culture Abroad

“I Was Very Pleased with the Sympathetic Reception of Our Native Art ...”. The Tenishevs and the Popularization of Russian Culture Abroad