Rus Period Research Articles

Відтворення слов’янського побуту шляхом натурного моделювання

The article is dedicated to one of the most promising directions in archaeological research – experimental archaeology. It outlines the significance of experimentation in modern archaeology in Ukraine and the world, explores the historiography of the problem, and shares the experience of archaeologist colleagues in reconstructing certain aspects of the lives and everyday activities of past generations. Key aspects of experimental archaeology include the creation of replicas or reconstructions to test hypotheses and enhance understanding of ancient objects and technologies. Furthermore, it underlines the practical meaning of experimental archaeology, such as the creation of open-air museums, which provide immersive experiences and contribute to the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage. The Northern Permanently Operating Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is engaged in the scientific and scientific and protective direction of studying the suburbs of Kyiv. Research mainly concerns the ancient Rus period. The recreation of ancient Rus technologies through their full-scale modeling is not new for the employees of the expedition. Based on this, at the territory of the Khodosivka archaeological complex, models of Early Slavonic ovens were recreated as a source of knowledge about the everyday life of medieval society in Ukraine. The paper provides a detailed description of the construction of models of two heating devices, prototypes of which are dated mainly from the 12th to the first half of the 13th century. All stages of their creation are characterized: from studying general information about the ovens and planning the future reconstruction, to processing the collected data and implementing the experiment. Based on the modeling of these experiments, the functional capabilities of the reconstructed ovens are revealed. The significance of the conducted experiment lies in its ability to deepen our understanding of the daily life of the Kyivan Rus population. While previous research focused on technologies used in creating various economic and residential structures, this work demonstrates how reconstructed models aid in delving into the study of ancient domesticity. Since the chronicle tradition does not cover all aspects of ancient society’s life, and archaeological evidence alone does not provide a precise picture of the population’s spiritual and everyday life, this experiment allows for a more detailed exploration of these aspects. Key words: experiment, modeling, skansen, oven, heating device, Ancient Rus, Khodosivka.

Issues and Methods of Restoration of Kyivan Rus Period Foundation Masonry

Analysis of the main problems of the emergency state of the monuments shows that the main problem of disrupting the equilibrium of the statics of the “footing-foundation-structure” system is the uneven subsidence of the foundations, weak foundation soils, moistening of the foundation soils due to the violation or absence of waterproofing. The subsidence of footings and foundations, changes in hydrogeological conditions, the absence of blind areas and disorganized drainage from the basement, ageing of masonry solutions, a decrease in the strength and bearing properties of stone, brick and plinthiform brick lead to an emergency state of stone walls, their deformation, moistening, destruction of masonry, the appearance of cracks. Unique monuments of the Kyivan Rus period have been preserved in Ukraine. Unfortunately, as a result of the Mongol-Tatar invasion and destruction of the period of atheism in the 1930s, only foundations or separate parts of many temples remained, and some temples were rebuilt during the Baroque period. From many unique monuments, only the foundations remained, in some, in addition to the foundations, walls and individual fragments remained. In this case, the main restoration task was the maximum preservation of artefacts – foundations, walls, side-chapels.

АРХЕОЛОГІЧНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДАВНЬОРУСЬКИХ ПОСЕЛЕНЬ 10–13 СТОЛІТЬ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ СЛОВЕЧАНСЬКО-ОВРУЦЬКОГО КРЯЖУ

The article highlights the history of research on the peculiarities of the settlement structure of theAncient Rus period on the territory of a unique natural formation – the Slovechansko-Ovruchskyi ridge, located in the north of the Zhytomyr region. The purpose of the article: to analyze the stages of research of ancient Rus objects that had special conditions of development during the 10–13 centuries. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of scientificity, methods of empirical and theoretical research. Scientific novelty: for the first time, information on the study of ancient Russian settlements, which arose and developed in specific economic conditions during the 10-13 centuries, was analyzed and systematized. Conclusions. In addition to good fertile soils and a favorable climate for agriculture, the territory of the Ovrutsky ridge also attracted people with deposits of pink pyrophyllite slates. Mining, processing and manufacturing of things from it become the main occupation of the local the Ancient Rus population. A unique settlement structure is formed on the territory of the ridge, which traditionally consists of a settlement, a post, open settlements and burial grounds. But the peculiarity is that open settlements have a large area, they can conditionally be combined into agglomerations. Also, the settlements are specialized, their population is closely related to the development of pyrophyllite deposits, its extraction, processing, and transportation are the main occupations of the ancient Rus population of the Ovrutsky Ridge. Ancient Rus on the specified territory were destroyed for a long time, but from the end of the 9th century. they began to be discovered and recorded by scientists. During the entire 20th century the sights of the region were examined by archaeologists, but no research was carried out. only from the end of the 20th century. The Ovrutsk archaeological expedition started working in the region, which discovered unique sights - specialized settlements with a rich cultural layer. But the archaeological sites of the region also require protection. The activities of the employees of the Ovrutsk archaeological expedition within the framework of the "Ovrutsk project" created for the study and protection of the monuments of the former Ovrutsk volost are aimed at this.

THE PROBLEM OF THE VALUE SYSTEM AND THE VALUATION CATEGORY IN THE HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

The value theory, which was formed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, emphasises that evaluation establishes value relations between the subject and the object and leads to different approaches in linguistic philosophical systems. In view of this, the article aims to analyse the emergence and formation of the value system and the valuation category in the history of Ukrainian linguistic and philosophical thought. The object of study is the main works of Ukrainian thinkers and philosophers from the Kyivan Rus period to the nineteenth and first third of the twentieth century, which deal with linguistic axiological problems. The subject of the article is an analysis of the contribution of Ukrainian philosophers to the theory of the value system. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of linguists in the origins of problems related to the nature of the relationship between language and the world around us, with human consciousness and thought. It is emphasised that axiological concepts (system of values, evaluation) were at the centre of Ukrainian philosophical thought, occupying a leading place in the works of thinkers and philosophers such as Metropolitan Hilarion, I. Vyshensky, H. Skovoroda, I. Franko, P. Yurkevych, O. Potebnia, and D. Chyzhevsky. The focus of the research is on the concept of value system and evaluation categories, which are reflected in language structures according to the value parameters of the objective world (good/bad, positive/negative, own/other, etc.). Prospects for further research are seen in the study of the valuation category in the linguistic and pragmatic and linguistic and cultural aspects.

GLASS OBJECTS OF THE RUS PERIOD FROM VSHCHIZH (BASED ON THE 2014–2015 WORKS IN THE POSAD AND OUTER TOWN)

The town of Vshchizh in Rus has been known from chronicles since 1142. In the middle of the 12th century, it turned from a small border fortress into the capital of a small apanage principality, a vassal to Chernigov. In 1238, the city was ravaged by the troops of Batu and ceased to function as an urban settlement. The article considers glass objects of the Rus period found in the outer town and the posad (suburb) of Vshchizh (the total number is 198 objects). The overwhelming majority of this number is represented with bracelets (186 objects). In addition, there are six beads, four fragments of finger-rings and fragments of two vessels. Most of the finds (182 objects) are products of glass-making craft of Rus, the rest (16 fragments of bracelets) are attributed to Byzantine manufacture. The bulk of glassware dates back to the second half of the 12th – first third of the 13th century AD, and only a small number of items existed, possibly, in the second half of the 13th–14th century AD.

BIOGRAPHY OF M. P. KUCHERA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOTHERLAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE

This year marks the centenary of the birth of Mykhailo Petrovych Kuchera, and this date allows turning again to the analysis and comprehension of the scholar’s rich scientific experience and heritage. In 1950, while still a student and a front-line soldier, Mykhailo Petrovych already as a draftsman participated in the work of the Podil detachment of the Great Kyiv Expedition under the leadership of V. A. Berezovets. M. P. Kuchera’s skill to draw plans and profiles like an expert determined in many ways the features of his field methodology and a high qualitative level of documentation processing. Starting from the 1950s, he had been conducting field research for more than 50 years throughout Ukraine. Analysis M. P. Kuchera’s field activities with the help of GIS specially developed by the authors and the database of field reports of the scholar, reveal the widest geography of his research, as he examined and recorded 500 archaeological sites. Most of his force and time (20 seasons) M. P. Kuchera devoted to the exploration of annalistic Kyiv Land. The scholar paid most attention to the study of Old Rus fortification and hill-forts. By the end of the 1970s, he had prepared a monographic study of Old Rus hill-forts in Ukraine published unfortunately after his death in 1999. Since 1974, Mykhailo Petrovych headed an expedition for 12 years which aim was to identify, documentary record, and archaeologically and reliably date the legendary Zmiiv ramparts of the Dnipro River middle region. It was found out that 23 Zmiiv ramparts grouped into 9 lines, have a length of almost 1000 km and were built in the Old Rus period for protection from the nomads. Serial concrete irrefutable constructive, stratigraphic, and archaeological evidence of the time of creation and purpose of rampart lines were revealed. The implementation of such a long, large-scale, and significant project is a real scientific feat of the scientist. Mykhailo Petrovych is also highly respected as a creator of the Old Rus ceramics’ typology and chronology, and as the first person who singled out and described the post-Mongolian ceramics. The scholar made a great contribution to the study of the complex et hno-cultural structure of the Rus-Ukrainian population. M. P. Kuchera’s theoretical concepts, applied practical scientific research methods, and scientific heritage as a whole, need a special comprehensive study and further development.

Amber Beads from Slavic Early Medieval Sites: Analysis of the Source Base

In the article amber beads from Slavic sites of the early Middle Ages are presented. A catalogue was compiled, which included information on 21 archaeological monuments and complexes. These locations are divided into three regions of concentration. Such finds come from the hoards of Martynivka and Pastyrske circles and the Pastyrske hill-fort, inhumated burials (Mokhnach, Balaklia) and the hill-forts of the Kolochyn culture. According to the number of finds, the monuments and complexes can be divided into six groups (fig. 2): 1 — the number of finds is unknown; 2 — with the number of finds from one to eight beads; 3 — complexes with the number of finds of about one and a half dozen copies of amber beads; 4 — with about 20 beads; 5 — a burial from Balaklia, where 30 beads were found; 6 — a burial from Mokhnach with 117 items. At least 285 amber beads come from Slavic monuments. However, the number of finds in some of the complexes is unknown. Only 132 items are defined typologically. As a result of morphological analysis, seven types were identified based on general outlines, which were divided into variants based on the section (fig. 3; Table 2). All of these types were found in the hoards of Martynivka and Pastyrske circles, on the sites and in complexes associated with these two chronological groups. Only the materials of Demydivka settlement indicate the beginning of the existence of type 1 within the second half of the 5th — beginning / first half of the 6th centuries. Amber beads are not typical for the materials of previous Proto-Slavic archaeological cultures. They are known only on a few monuments of the Kyiv culture (Table. 3; fig. 11). Finds of amber beads are unknown for the materials of the Volyntseve, Romny and Raiky cultures. Amber beads appear only in Kyivan Rus period. The analysis and comparison of beads from two complexes — Khyttsi hoard and the collection of Kolomak region were carried out. An analysis of scientific publications, the geological situation of the region and direct research of artefacts by laboratory methods allows us to draw the following conclusions: - amber from all the monuments may be of local origin or imported from the deposits of the Right-Bank of the Dnipro River; - processing of amber was carried out by local craftsmen. To do so, they used a grinding stone (sandstone) and a polishing material (clay), which was applied to a cloth or felt. Holes were drilled mechanically using a metal flattened at the end of the needle. The shape of the beads generally depended on the primary morphology of the found amber fragments and did not differ in complexity. The most time-consuming, in our opinion, is a round disk-shaped one, since for its manufacture it was necessary to obtain a flat, even surface on both sides.

Usynovlennia ditei inozemtsiamy za simeinym zakonodavstvom, shcho bulo chynnym na ukrainskykh zemliakh protiahom Kh–KhKhI stolit

In the scientific article the author conducts a scientific study of the development of the legal regulation of the adoption of children by foreign citizens according to the legislation that was in force in Ukrainian lands starting from the provisions of canonical and customary law of the Rus period to the norms of the Marriage and Family Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1969 year. On the basis of the conducted research the author comes to the conclusion that adoption as a family legal institution arose only in the second half of the 18th century, before that it was not regulated by acts of family legislation (with the existence at the same time of the institution of guardianship of orphans and children deprived of parental care). At the same time, the possibility of adoption was foreseen by the norms of canon law, and in customary family practice, adoption was carried out through the reception of a child into the family with the rights of an adoptee in accordance with the family’s own decision regarding an orphan child or a child deprived of parental care, an reception agreement between adoptive parents and natural parents of a child; the relevant legal facts were confirmed both by the adoptive parents themselves in the respective applications and in the wills of these persons, according to which the property belonging to them was transferred to the adopted child. For the first time, the procedure and legal consequences of adoption were regulated by the provisions of «The Laws by Which the Malorussian People are Judged» and later — by the provisions of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, the Galician Civil Code and the Austrian Civil Code. These legal acts did not directly provide for the possibility of adoption by foreigners, although they did not prohibit it. The exception was the provisions of the Code of Laws, according to which the conditions for the adoption of a child by foreigners were stipulated — the parents of such a child are unknown, the child must be brought up in the traditions of the Orthodox faith and baptized accordingly. In the future, the adoption of children by foreigners was provided for by the provisions of the 1969 Marriage and Family Code, respectively, provided for the adoption of children by citizens of the USSR (the family codes of the Soviet political entities, adopted in 1919 and 1926, did not contain regulations on the adoption of children by foreigners). At the same time, a special procedure for the adoption of a child by a foreigner was provided for only in 1996. In particular, priority was given to the adoption of a child by a citizen of Ukraine before adoption by a foreigner; the need for a foreigner to be registered for a year, to provide the adopted child with the minimum amount of rights provided for by the family legislation of Ukraine and to supervise the adopted child.

THE HEIGHT OF THE POPULATION OF OLD RUS HALYCH

The information about the length of the bones of the population of Old Rus Halych is introduced into the scientific circulation, the average height of the city’s population is reconstructed, and its position among chronologically close groups of the territory of Ukraine is determined in the paper. The material comes from excavations of the burial ground of the 11th—13th centuries in the Tsarinka tract, where in Old Rus times the trading and craft suburb of Halych was existed. Measurements of 45 male and 21 female skeletons were used in the work.
 The people buried in the cemetery had a small height, which fits well into the range of intergroup variations of the series from the territory of Ukraine during the Old Rus period. Men and women are tall (174 cm and 160.4 cm). The difference in average height between men and women in this series is higher than the standard norm. This may be because they were genetically related to different populations. The fact that the male and female parts of the population of Halych were formed on a slightly different basis, we can say from the materials of craniology. A fairly wealthy population was buried in the cemetery, so it is difficult to connect the difference in height with nutritional problems.
 The height of the men of Halych buried in Tsarinka has the closest analogies in the cemeteries of the cities of Kyiv and Pereyaslav. The height of the male population of Halych is bigger than the height of the people of the Old Rus Age from the rural burial grounds of both the western lands of Ukraine and the Middle Dnieper region. Female samples do not demonstrate this so clearly.
 The difference in height between the population of cities and villages of Kyivan Rus is fixed. In a number of cases, it can be said that the composition of the population of cities was intensively replenished by immigrants from other territories, which are characterized by higher height. Perhaps, in addition, there was a certain selection of newcomers to the city, taking into account professional requests. The most physically developed people from those populations, which were generally characterized by a massive body structure, were selected for the prince’s guard as well as for a number of craft professions. In the future, these features could be fixed by marriage contacts in their milieu. Perhaps the better nutrition of city dwellers, especially wealthy ones, also played a role.

THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE VYPOVZIV HILL-FORT

This paper deals to the hill-fort of the Vypovziv archaeological complex. The materials of the 2010—2021 from different ages discovered during the excavations are published.
 The Old Rus hill-fort of a rounded shape is located at the tip of the cape, which rises 3—4 m above the terrace. It has small dimensions (75 Ч 95 m) on the outer edge of the Old Rus ramparts and about 30 Ч 40 m on the inner side (its own site). The remains of ramparts that once surrounded the settlement around the entire perimeter are now almost completely blown away (the fortifications themselves occupy the area of natural dune which consists entirely of loose sand), and only under the soles the moat rather is guessed than visible. From the northern and southern sides the moat reaches the terrace slopes and creates ramps that gently descend to the floodplain of the old Desna riverbed. From the open side also passed the moat which is now practically covered with the same sand (it can barely be traced along the slope of the hill-fort). The settlement first attracted the attention of researchers from the end of the 19th century (1889). The site was gradually surveyed during the 20th century by various scholars but in-patient research was not conducted here before 2009.
 Since 2009, the expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Chernihiv Shevchenko National Pedagogical University started here the stationary works, which continued permanently until recent times.
 The oldest materials originating from the territory of the settlement are antiquities of the late Neolithic period and Bronze Age. They are quite few and mostly occur in a re-deposited state. Separate pits and small areas of cultural layers of these periods located under the Old Rus layers, at the level of the pre-virgin soil, were discovered on the hill-fort site.
 During the research of the area of hill-fort a few fragments of pots from the Early Iron Age and the Early Slavic period were found. However, no objects of this time were found here. The main cultural layers on the hill-fort are ones of the Old Rus period of the late 9th — 10th centuries. It is at this time that defensive structures appeared on the hill-fort,the site is built up, which over time undergoes re-building and reconstruction. The time of the existence of the Old Rus settlement can be divided into several stages during the late 9th — 10th centuries. It is notable that there are no buildings of the 12th—13th centuries on the Vypovziv settlement. This proves that the settlement was not used at this time.
 The Late Middle Ages and early modern times were practically not reflected in the horizons of the complex. However, Vypovziv constantly appears in written sources of the post-Mongol era, starting from the end of the 13th century. In general, from 2010 to 2017, 15 burials of the 17th—18th centuries belonging to one cemetery were discovered on the site of the settlement. This, in turn, gives reason to assume the existence of a Christian church on the Vypovziv settlement, to which the discovered cemetery was attached.

THE CASTLE OF CZARTORYSKI PRINCES IN KLEVAN: STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, PLANNING AND BUILDINGS

Based on a comprehensive analysis of written, archaeological and architectural sources the article considers the main stages of Klevan castle development, and considers its planning and buildings. According to archeological sources, the site of the settlement of the Kyiv Rus period was used to build the castle. According to the written sources, there were three stages of the erection of the castle. In the first stage (the first quarter of the 16th century), Prince Fedir Mykhailovych Czartoryski began the construction of a castle on the old settlement site, where, perhaps, there had already been a farmstead. In the second stage (the second quarter of the 16th century), due to the conflict with Radziwills, the construction was stopped but the castle functioned and the settlement was developed. In the third stage (the 60s of the 16th century), Prince Ivan Fedorovych Czartoryski completed the construction of the castle. The Klevan castle consisted of two parts — a citadel and the adjacent settlement. The information on the castle planning is contained in the inventories of 1700 and 1709. The earliest description of 1609 describes the defense, housing, religious and economic facilities in the territory of the citadel. It was surrounded by a wall, had two brick towers and a wooden one. Most of the buildings were located on the perimeter of the fortifications; the central part housed the princes’ palace and a church. According to the inventories of 1700 and 1709, the settlement was located to the north and east of the citadel and occupied the territory on the hill where now the Church of the Nativity of Christ is located and, probably, the area occupied by estates on Horodyshche street. The citadel was surrounded by a rampart and oak fence; there was a chapel and a garden around it, outbuildings, the Greek-Catholic Church of the Nativity, and the entrance gate. The analysis of the planning, fortifications and buildings of the Klevan castle allows to conclude that in the last third of the 16th — early 17th century, it was one of the most powerful private castles in Volhynia.

Population of Kyiv Podil in Ancient Rus Period

Population of Kyiv Podil in Ancient Rus Period

PROBLEMATIC ISSUES AND PROSPECTS FOR STUDYING CHILDREN’S GRAVE GOODS OF ANCIENT RUS (IN THE CONTEXT OF SYNCHRONOUS EUROPEAN BURIAL GROUNDS)

This paper discusses topical issues and identifies areas of potential future research in the study of children’s grave goods in the Rus period. Contentious topics include the presence, or absence of grave goods in children’s burials, and their significance in the identification social status, gender, and age of the buried individual. Children’s burials from Eastern, Central, and a Western Europe are cited as examples and analogies. The paper establishes that the presence of burial goods depended on the aspects of the culture’s funeral rite, the age of the buried child and the social status of his/her family. Correlation with parental social status is viewed through the inclusion of weaponry in the grave goods assemblage, particularly for young children. The types of weaponry considered in the study includes axes, arrows, spears, javelins and battle knifes from children’s burials in Central and Eastern Europe. Axes are most the common finds in Rus children’s graves with weapons, whereas swords and protective armaments are unknown in Rus children’s burials. Comparison with neighboring Slavic territories showed that the minimum age threshold for Rus children’s burials with weapons is higher — 6 years.
 Potential area of further research into the Rus children’s burials with weapons is the correlation between the age of the buried child, the type of weapons included in the burial and the geographical location of the burial. Female jewelry and household items, including temple rings and beads, are occasionally found in children’s burials with grave goods typical of male graves. Such items may be indicative of the buried person dying before reaching social adulthood. Items that may be identified as age markers among the assemblages of children’s grave goods include amulets in the shape of miniature axes, gaming dice from astragali and painted ceramic eggs with ceramic ball inside («pisanki»). These objects are predominantly found in cemeteries with high status Rus burials. The research efforts needs to be directed to the identification of marker artifacts for child burials in rural cemeteries, as well as the identification of female child burials.

LEXICON RELATED TO RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS AND RELIGIONS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE OF THE 16th – 18th CENTURIES

In the article religious vocabulary is studied in the diachronic aspect based on the material of different genres and different styles of Ukrainian written monuments of the 16th – 18th centuries (act books of city governments, city and provincial courts, village councils, privileges, land lustration, books of income and expenditure, wills, deeds, descriptions of castles, universals of hetman offices, documents of church and school brotherhoods, chronicles, works of religious, polemical and fiction literature, monuments of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, epistolary heritage, etc.), included in the sources «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – first half of the 17th century», “Mapping of the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language”, edited by Ye. Tymchenko and their lexical card indexes, which are stored in the Department of the Ukrainian language of the Ivan Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). In particular, names related to religious teachings, religions, and names of persons according to their attitude to a particular faith or religion are reviewed. The article focuses on the etymological analysis of religious names, which was primarily focused on the clarification of their semantic etymon. It has been established that the words of the studied lexico-semantic group are not genetically homogeneous, as it includes tokens of different origins, including borrowings from the Greek language, Church Slavonic, Latin, Polonism, etc. Some Church Slavonic names originated as a semantic calque from Greek words. It is observed that the semantic history of some studied words in the Ukrainian language dates back to the early monuments of the Kyivan Rus period. The historical fate of names associated with religious teachings and religions is not the same. Mostly, these names have survived in the modern Ukrainian literary language and liturgical practice. Others were archaized or preserved in Ukrainian dialects. In some religious names, there are vivid features of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – 18th centuries. It has been found that some of the studied tokens act as core components of various two-membered or three-membered stable and lexicalized phrases.

ДАВНЬОРУСЬКІ БУДІВЕЛЬНІ МАТЕРІАЛИ У ПОХОВАЛЬНИХ КОМПЛЕКСАХ XVII–XIX ст. НЕКРОПОЛЯ СПАСА НА БЕРЕСТОВІ (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ 2018–2019 рр.)

У статті розглянуто процес використання давньоруських будівельних матеріалів у поховальних конструкціях доби Модерну на некрополі церкви Спаса на Берестові. Визначено основні періоди дослідження Спаського некрополя від 1914 до 2019 рр.
 За науковими звітами та публікаціями 1914–2003 рр. зібрано дані про поховання ХIІ–ХІХ ст., що містили давньоруські будівельні матеріали: плінфу та плити пірофілітового сланцю. Основну увагу зосереджено на інформації, отриманій авторкою статті під час науково-рятівних досліджень у 2018–2019 рр., де було зафіксовано дев’ять поховань (XVII–XIX ст.) із частковим або повним огороджуванням небіжчика давньоруськими будівельними матеріалами. На сьогодні будівельні матеріали давньоруського періоду на території Спаського некрополя трапляються у вигляді частини поховальної конструкції, додаткових елементів у облаштуванні могили та у заповненні поховальних споруд. Зібраний та опрацьований комплекс матеріалів надає додаткові дані для реконструкції історичних подій, пов’язаних із занепадом та відбудовою церкви. Фіксування подібних поховальних конструкції, своєю чергою, також надає непрямі дані про традиції поховального обряду мешканців Печерського містечка та військових Київської фортеці у XVII–XIX ст. – прихожан церкви Спаса на Берестові.

FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL FEATURES OF ART EDUCATION IN UKRAINE FROM KIEVAN RUS PERIOD TO 1917

The results of a retrospective analysis of the presence of formal and non-formal features of art education in the territory of Ukraine from Kievan Rus period to 1917 have been highlighted in the article. First of all, it has been emphasized that the study of the historical origins of art education in the territory of Ukraine, with emphasis on its formal and non-formal features, will empower to consider the positives of the national practice of transferring the experience of artistic activity from generation to generation.It has been determined that in Kievan Rus period the process of life experience transfer took place under the conditions of original cultural and nature-friendly activity, which had features of non-formal education. Art, as an integral component of the general culture of the people, was a source that made it possible to realize the educational and formative functions of the society. The author has noted that non-formal art education was enriched with the confessional elements of the state-supported component of training in the period from the 13th century to the middle of the 15th century. It has been emphasized that in the middle of the 15th century – the first half of the 16th century, the progressive development of art promoted the transfer of experience of home-schooling artistic activity, which was non-formal one and the rise of formal art education. It has been emphasized that a new level of art education in the period from the middle of the 16th century to the first half of the 18th century, was characterized by the dominance of art education, which had non-formal features and the functioning of a small number of vocational art institutions. This stage of development was marked by the rise of vocational teacher training, which, in addition to basic subjects, contained an artistic component. It has been determined that non-formal features of the transfer of national artistic heritage were established in the period from the middle of the eighteenth century to 1917. Besides, it was happening in the conditions of the destruction of everything Ukrainian. The influence of art education, which had formal features on the one which had non-formal ones, became noticeable. The artistic component of teacher training was significantly enriched. It has been concluded that the facts determined in the article allow claiming that Ukraine has a strong foundation for transferring experience of artistic activity using non-formal art education.

THE RESEARCH OF THE ANNALISTIC MYCHESK

The city of Mychesk (Mychsk) is mentioned by the Hypatian Chronicle in the episode of the chase of Halich Prince Volodymyr Volodarovych for Prince Iziaslav Mstyslavych during his raid in 1151 to Kyiv occupied at that time by Prince Yurii Dolhorukyi.
 In the middle of the 19th century E. Rulikovskyi and L. Pokhilevych, having based on local legends, localized Mychesk on the territory of Mykgorod — a suburb of Radomyshl (today the part of city). The remains of the fortifications (ramparts and ditches), located on the peninsula at the influx of the Myka river into the Teteriv, were considered as the rests of Mychesk. For the first time, they were examined and described by V. Antonovych in the late 19th cent. Most of the researchers such as M. Hrushevskyi, A. Kuza, V. Misiats agreed with this version of Mychesk localization.
 In 1973 and 1985 M. Kuchera has made the survey on the territory of that peninsula and dug the prospect holes on the territory of Mykgorod fortifications. As a result, no artifacts and cultural layers dated to Old Rus period were found on the site or adjoining territory. The researcher considered this site to be the remains of a fortified churchyard in the Late Middle Ages.
 In 2009 and 2011 the additional researches of Mykgorod were made by the authors of the paper. The artifacts of Old Rus period have not been discovered. Instead of that fact, in 2011, numerous fragments of pottery dated to the middle — the second half of the 11th century and at the 12th—13th century were found in the central historical part of the modern city. Artifacts were located on the high terrace of the left bank of Myka river, in the garden of school # 3 and on the neighboring backyards. Huge cultural layer was obsereved in the prospect hole, the lower horizons of this layer are well preserved and provide the findings of ceramics dated to the middle — the second half of the 11th century.
 In the autumn of 2019, the authors carried out the rescue exploration on the school territory caused by construction of the school water and sewer system. In the communication trench the cultural layers, its capacity and current state of preservation were traced. The remains of three objects destroyed by modern machines were also recognized, they are dated to the Old Rus period. The ceramics dated to the 10th—18th centuries was collected.
 It should be noticed that in 2011 and in 2019 the fragments of plinth (a Greek brick) were found on the surface and during exploration. For the first view it can be dated to the late 11th — the first third of the 12th cent. These findings ought to show the existence of the stone church in Mychesk at the Middle Ages.
 Thus, the question of localization of the annalistic Mychesk consider to be fundamentally resolved. To form the complete scientific understanding of this Old Rus city we need further special historical and archeological research.

BALTS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE IN THE OLD RUS PERIOD. ANTROPOLOGICAL ASPECT

The morphological similarities between the people buried in the cemeteries of Old Rus period from the territory of Ukraine and Balts population of the 12th—13th centuries were found. The samples used in this research are combined series of sculls from Volyn and drevlian’s fields, the group from Vozviagel, the little series from Jagniatyn, the group from Zelenyi Gai (barrows), and the group from Medzybizh.
 In the population buried in several cemeteries of the period of Old Rus the morphological complex characteristic for Baltic populations could be seen due to the ancient anthropological substrate. At the territory of Ukraine the areas of the big ethnic massifs were overlapped. North regions bordered with Baltic ethnic space or belonged to its periphery in different chronological periods. The inflow of some groups from the Baltic Sea region has been seen also during the Old Rus period. The traces of migrations of the 10th—13th centuries can be observed by the typical Baltic elements in the burial rites of the local cemeteries.
 The Medzybizh osteological sample turned out to be the most informative for anthropologists. Despite of the fact that all of the individuals belong to the circle of northern European people, the craniological analysis revealed some morphological heterogeneity of the people originating from paired burials. This concerned both male and female groups. For this population is characterized by the strong body structure and the high intravital body stature — 175.6 cm for male.
 The intergroup analysis was performed by several statistical methods for different numbers of groups (Systat software package). In course of this the skulls sample of Medzybizh paired burials was included to the Baltic massif. It reveals slightly greater statistical closeness to the population from the Zamait lands.
 The anthropological study showed that in the paired burials of the Medzybizh burial ground the people which had morphological similarity to the populations of the anthropological type spread in the Baltic region were buried. Some male possibly died during the armed conflict. The osteological features posed them as the probable cavalrymen. Presents of the females, who had similar morphological characteristics, in their graves, allows assuming that the wives came with warriors from the Baltic territories.

THE TORQUES OF «TOTTENKRONE» TYPE FROM THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY OF UKRAINE

Three years ago Ukrainian researchers from the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Science have discovered and began to excavate new Balths necropolis Ostriv 1 in Kyiv region. This medieval burial ground extremely actualized in the Ukrainian scientific and public space the case on the presence of the Baltic migrants and their influence to ethnic and political processes in this region in Old Rus period. Accordingly to this fact, it requires look more carefully to the sources base of the Baltic antiquities in the territory of Ros river basin. In the storage of the National Museum of History of Ukraine two whole items, the half of third and six constituent elements of the torques of «Tottenkrone» type are kept. All items are made of three twisted bronze wires but differ in the number of spiral turns, the design of the clasps and the bead-couplings. The finds originate from outskirts of Kaniv and Trostjanets (?), the manor of Ponjatovskiy in Tahancha (?), Knjazha hora and are also of unknown locations. The tradition of wearing of torques is inherent in women’s costume of Baltic region. Adornments having several turns twisted from two or three wires have been found in cremation and inhumation burials on the lands of ethnic groups of Prussians, Curonians, Semigallins, Scalvians, etc. and beyond these areas the finds are few. The components of torques of «Tottenkrone» type from the museum collection (the end of the clasps, bead-couplings) are similar to the findings from the tombs of Vampenian 2 (burial 57, XI century) and Ostriv 1 (first half of XI century), and consiquently they ought to be dated according to the material assemblages of these burial grounds. Obviously, these feminine ornaments were ritual and most likely worn twice in woman lifetime: on her wedding day and at funerals procession. The torques of «Tottenkrone» type came to other territories, outside the Baltic areas, only with the bearers of traditions of a particular ethnic region, or perhaps as a military prey.

THE RESEARCH OF THE FORTIFICATIONS OF LYTOVEZH HILL-FORT IN VOLYN REGION

Currently, the complex of the hill-fort by the meandering bend of the Bug River channel is divided into two parts: the western one where the castle is located, and the eastern one where the city is obviously placed. During the exploration the rampart of the eastern part of the fortified complex was cut by the trench.
 The body of rampart is stand on the ancient original surface which looked like a humus substance. It consisted of three consecutive fillings. The first is gray soil up to 0.2 m thick, the second is white sand up to 0.8 m thick, and the third, most high (up to 1.4 m) is the yellow sand that covered the previous one from inside of the rampart. The yellow sand was cut through by well visible pit at the bottom of which the bones, probably human skulls have been found. These filings contained several fragments of pots of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
 From inside the rampart was covered by the powerful cultural layer that contained various finds from the fourteenth to the twentieth centuries. The original layer of humus sand was well visible under the body of rampart and worse under the cultural layer. In the original surface the materials of the 12th—13th and 15th—16th centuries were found. Particularly the hinged lock of the 15th—16th centuries found in the original layer of humus is noteworthy.
 The majority of partially explored objects were located on the inside of the rampart. Latest of them, the object 1 of the 19th century, was occurred in the cultural layer and the rest, objects 2—6, were found while cleaning the virgin soil at the bottom of the trench. Moreover, large objects 3—4 were located outside the rampart, under the powerful cultural layer, and small objects 5—6 — under the body of the rampart.
 Thus, the explored site in the area of the future rampart was virtually uninhabited in the Old Rus period and was poorly used during the 14th—15th centuries. It is ascertained that the fortifications of Lytovezh hill-fort consisted of the rampart up to 2.1 m high of artificial origin built in the late medieval period, most probably in the 16th—17th centuries.