Development Of Rural Settlements Research Articles

A GIS-based research on the distribution of rural settlements in Yulin of northern Shaanxi

The development and distribution pattern of rural settlements was greatly limited by their natural and social environment. Taking Yulin prefecture in northern Shaanxi’s Loess Plateau area as an example, 1:250,000 map-scale national geographical database as a major information source, a GIS-based research was conducted to investigate the spatial distribution of the rural settlements. In this paper, many significant characteristics of the rural settlement distribution are reviewed by means of a series of GIS-based information processing methodology. The results obtained in this study should be helpful for the urban and rural settlements reconstruction planning in this area.

ROLE OF PLANNING REGULATIONS ON DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN BANGLADESH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE OF KHULNA CITY: ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The laws that are related with the erection and development of urban and rural settlements considered as planning laws. Planning for city development, residential establishment, industrial erection, infrastructural development, provisions of utility services are always guided by some prescribed rules and regulations of the country. In Bangladesh, large number of rules and regulations are executing by different government organisations for the development of urban settlements. The present study focuses on the development and development control of urban settlements, authorities who are entitled for execution of the relevant prescribed rules and regulations and the disputes arise during or after the execution of the said rules and regulations. There are different types of residential formations in the urban premises of Bangladesh. Primarily, it may be divided into two parts - government residences (e.g. residences for government employees) and private residences. For both the types, there are different laws that are executed by different authorities. From the viewpoint of prevalent regulatory arrangements of the country, private residences may broadly be divided intofour types-such as community development, high-rise residential buildings, simple private dwellings and related residential units. For the above mentioned residential developments governmental permission is necessary for the private landowners but different laws prescribed for different urban areas and different authorities of Bangladesh. It is noticed that these laws are overlapped, ambiguous and contradictory that hinder proper execution of these laws. To deal with all these issues and disputes some effective guidelines have to be formulated.

Centralised spatial planning practice and land development realities in rural Tanzania

After Independence in 1961, Tanzania realised the importance of land in rural development. Village land-use plans produced by experts in the Ministry of Lands and Settlements Development have, however, largely failed to provide the needed guidance to local authorities, village councils and small holders in their long term as well as day-to-day decisions and actions in land development. Instead land development takes place outside the scope of the existing spatial planning system. A notable outcome from that practice is a growing number of land disputes, an increased rate of environmental degradation in rural areas and emanation of land-use practices that are neither economically efficient nor environmentally sustainable. This paper reviews the ongoing discussion on reforming the centralised spatial planning practice so that a new system that can achieve social, economic and environmental objectives is developed. The central argument in this article is, that by equipping planners and decision makers with actual practical experience from centralised planning, contradictions between planning and reality are likely to be much more clear, and therefore may facilitate more grounded suggestions for change. Through such analysis, decision makers and planners may be in a better position to understand why centralised spatial planning practice, which has been so much supported by the government, failed to make a justifiable contribution in land development in rural settlements. This paper hopes to answer the following questions: • What is it that spatial planners do to influence land development in villages? • What can the villagers do in the absence of guidelines from spatial planners? • What are the possible lessons from the planner's actions? To answer these questions the paper draws mainly from a research conducted by the author in the Town Planning Office in Kilimanjaro region ( Lerise, 1996). 1 Kilimanjaro is one of the smallest regions in mainland Tanzania, covering an area of about 13,250 square kilometers and about 11 million people, according to the 1988 Census. The region is located in the northern part of the country, bordering Kenya, with an altitude ranging from 900 to 2,700 and up to 5895 meters on the peak of Mt. Kilimanjaro. 1 The paper begins with a brief historical background on the development of spatial planning in rural areas in Tanzania, in order to set the context for this analysis. The brief background is then followed by an examination of planners’ activities in the regional office. After evaluating spatial planners’ activities, lessons for reforming the planning system and thereby improving its practice are suggested.

Population Growth and Development of Rural Settlements by Land Reclamation in Nineteenth Century Oldenburg

Population Growth and Development of Rural Settlements by Land Reclamation in Nineteenth Century Oldenburg

Rural buildings and environment

The study deals with the value of traditional housing and settlements in the countryside. It is argued that for the sustainable development of rural settlements at least four characteristics should be protected: balance between nature and built-up area; historic traditional entities; local communities; the countryside as an own culture. To study the value of the traditional natural system in housing and settlement, three levels have been investigated: the use of natural materials, the design of traditional–functional houses and the function of settlements. It was found that the analysis can be applied to areas that are under reconstruction or redevelopment. It can even save some 35–50% of investment costs. Finally, it can play an important role in sustainable improvements.

Sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in central Colombia

Lutzomyia longipalpis, 15 other species of the genus Lutzomyia, and one species of Brumptomyia were collected in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a river canyon 450 m above sea-level, in Rio Claro, Antioquia, Colombia. The presence of Lu. longipalpis is associated with the destruction of the primary forest and the development of new farmland and rural settlement in this region. The composition of species identified a different habitat for Lu. longipalpis in Colombia. Lu. yuilli and Lu. longipalpis were predominant (68.26%) followed by Lu. trapidoi, Lu. hartmani, Lu. triramula, Lu. panamensis, Lu. gomezi.

Development of the Methods combining Face Graph and Cluster Analysis for Representing and Grouping the Situations of Rural Park Development in Rural Settlements

Development of the Methods combining Face Graph and Cluster Analysis for Representing and Grouping the Situations of Rural Park Development in Rural Settlements

Rural Community Centres: Indicators of Social and Cultural Change

AbstractIn the study of the development of village and other rural settlements, communal buildings are often overlooked. There may be several reasons for this but such buildings as village halls and community centres are of relatively recent origin, they often have no unifying architectural style and they may represent a fairly unromantic and unpicturesque aspect of village/rural community life. However, the role of the pub too is often misunderstood. In this paper I want to discuss rural community centres and their role in the village in the past and today.

Climatic aspects in rural settlement development in hot, arid zones: A case study of the Central Jordan Valley

The characteristics of hot, arid climates include: slight precipitation, high temperature in the summer, low temperature in the winter, low humidity, strong winds and dust storms. These climatic conditions of the hot, arid zones create an uncomfortable environment for man. The state of Israel has performed a major settlement operation in the Jordan Valley in terms of both time and space. The climate of this valley conforms to the above-mentioned desert conditions. The research examined the operation of this settlement development. The methodology of this research was conducted on three levels: a regional level, a local or settlement structure level and the level of building design. On the basis of these conclusions, the research suggests some climate principles for consideration in development of settlement activities and planning in hot, arid zones.

The Evolution of the English Village

H. Bobek has distinguished a sequence of socio-economic structural stages that provides a means for the analysis of the evolution of rural settlement. Four of these stages, extending from clan-peasantry to modern capitalist farming and urbanism, are here discussed in relation to English rural settlement. It is argued that changes in the socio-economic organization were reflected in the landscape. Great changes in society have produced extensive changes in rural settlement, extensive both in degree and in area. Socio-economic changes affecting the form of rural settlement have been parallelled by changes in the composition of rural societies at the individual level, since the evidence, back at least to the medieval period, points to a high degree of personal mobility. Despite these changes, rural society is still nostalgically invested with a peaceful stability which contrasts with urban life, and which acts as a lure for the townsman, either as a commuter or in retirement.

The evolution of rural settlement in lowland Scotland in medieval and early‐modern times: An exploration

Abstract While a good deal is known concerning the evolution of rural settlement patterns and characteristics in medieval and modern times for many parts of Europe, the basic frameworks for studying Scottish rural settlement during these periods are still unclear. This article considers aspects of pre‐improvement rural settlement in Scotland, reviewing some of the approaches which have been used in the past and suggesting some possible directions for future work in the light of recent research.

Self-help or co-operative involvement: Approaches to effective development in rural settlements

Self-help or co-operative involvement: Approaches to effective development in rural settlements

Handloom weavers’ cottages in central Lancashire: some problems of recognition

AbstractMany examples of former handloom weavers’ cottages in central Lancashire have been radically altered and their identification depends heavily on documentary evidence. It is also apparent that the size and plan-form of weavers’ cottages in this region varied markedly and that many of those with small loomshops appear to show no fundamental difference from other contemporary working-class dwellings. From identifications that have been made, it seems possible that the erection of handloom weavers’ terraces were of considerable importance in the development of both rural and urban settlement in the region during the Industrial Revolution.

Retailing in rural areas: A case study in Norfolk

In Britain the decline of facilities in rural settlements in the face of increasing urban dependence is becoming a major policy issue; despite high mobility, many people still lack access to essential facilities. This paper is based on fieldwork carried out mostly during 1976 in two rural areas of Norfolk, as part of a Government-sponsored study of rural transport and accessibility. It looks first at the pattern of shops and their location related to parish size, and then discusses levels of use in comparison with urban facilities, drawing on household activity surveys. The paper then analyses in depth the ownership and operation of village shops, using the results of a survey carried out among the proprietors of the shops in the two study areas, and also considers the issues that concern shopkeepers and villagers. Finally it notes changes over the past two years in the pattern of facilities and discusses the case of two villages. The implications for rural planning are examined, and the author concludes that development of rural settlements must be based on sensitive and local understanding, rather than directive blanket policies, if reasonable access to shops and similar facilities is to be retained.

Paths of Evolution of Rural Settlements

AbstractRural places are discussed in terms of predominantly farming communities, nonfarm communities and places with mixed functions. In the case of farming communities, Soviet policy is to encourage consolidation to optimal sizes of 1000 or 2000 people, to make possible better services than can be extended to single-dwelling and other very small settlements. An increasing share of nonfarm settlements among rural places reflects the operation of three kinds of processes: the appearance of places related to nonfarm use of the territory (mining, transportation, recreation, etc.); the transformation of rural places, especially in suburban zones into dormitory settlements; and the development of small-scale local industry.

THE ETHNIC FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN ISRAEL

SummaryThe Ethnic Factor in the Development of Rural Settlements in IsraelSurveys of development were carried out in 1958 and 1963 in 223 co‐operative, small‐holder villages which had been newly settled in Israel. The farmers in each village belonged to one of three groups ‐ North African, Asiatic and Western ‐ each one with sufficient distinct characteristics to warrant terming them ‘ethnic’ groups.In order to separate the effect of the ethnic factor, four external parameters which might have influenced the development of the villages were examined first. Only one, the allocation of natural means of production, was found to be unequally distributed among the three ethnic groups. The development of each ethnic group was then determined according to a model based on ten criteria, bearing on the social and economic situation of the villages.The study showed that the ethnic factor was important in determining the rate of development. The group with the highest level of technical background, the Western, exhibited the highest level of development in both survey years, but by the end of the five‐year period, its level was slightly declining, while the levels of the other two groups were tending to catch up. Each ethnic group exhibited a specific rate of development, with the lower the starting point, the greater the development rate.The study bears on the adaptation of ‘folk’ people, who in most cases were not originally farmers, to modern agriculture with a complicated technology and organization, and on the importance of settling homogeneous ethnic groups, particularly in the case of non‐modern people.

Villages originated from the Premises of Local Powerful Families in Tohoku District

Gozoku-yashiki-mura is a village type originated from the premises of local powerful families in the southern part of Tohoku district. The origin of the older ones of them goes back to Heian period (8-12 centuries), and in some places the sites of residence of still earlier period are well preserved. Many of the rulers of early days who were the heads of the mansions became the farmers later, and settled in this part of the country. Their ways of living are to be surmised by the remaining earthen walls, moats surrounding the mansions, family shrines and the like.The question is why this kind of powerful families could have survived through long ages in this particular district like a cultural fossil. It is partly explained by the remoteness of Tohoku district which enabled them not to be too much influenced by the changes in the center. It is also because the feudal lords of later period adopted the policy to take advantage of their influence over local people, so long as it was not against their own interests.We can surmise the development of rural settlement here, through the analysis of present aspects of such premises. These are the grounds some 55 X 55 meters large, surrounded by moats and earthen walls. Some of them are even larger, and near them there lived their hereditary retainers called Nago or Fudai. Besides the historical reasons, here to be noticed is the existence of conditions for the preservation of such a way of living. The general nature of landform here is a very gentle slope, which developed some local habits different from most parts of this country. Such are the habit of using stream water for drinking, and that to let the rubbish flow into the fields as fertilizer, by means of irrigation canals. These habits all put together, helped to make the disseminated village an economically favorable type of settlement.

Progress of the Restitution of the Bison (Bison Bonasus L.) in Poland

The history of the European bison gives us a most striking example how some species of animals disappear gradually while being deprived of their natural surroundings. In Western Europe, where the increase of population and development of rural settlements showed a quicker progress than in the East of the continent, the bisons were regarded as Royal game already since the VII-th or VIII-th century and attemps have been made to protect them more or less. Nevertheless the area of the distribution of the bison shrank rapidly and at the beginning of the XIX-th century was restricted only to the Bialowieza Forest. It should be added, however, that over 50 years ago the occurence of the bisons was discovered also at another place namely on the North-Western slopes of the Caucasus. These Caucasian bisons were, however, completely exterminated recently and the species exists there no more since about 8 years. That part of Poland in which the Bialowieza Forest is situated belonged at the beginning of the XIX-th century to the territory of the Russian Empire. The Tzar of Russia issued in 1803 a Decree according to which a special imperial license had to be obtained in every particular case for shooting or capturing a bison at the Bialowieza Forest. The decree established also a careful protection of the bisons.