Rural Network Research Articles

Multi-terminal negative sequence directional pilot protection method for distributed photovoltaic and energy storage distribution network

After high proportion of distributed photovoltaic and energy storage is connected to the distribution network by distributed multi-point T-connection, the traditional two-terminal directional pilot protection criterion will be affected by the output characteristics of distributed generation (DG) fault current, which leads to the wrong judgment of the fault direction. In response to the asymmetric fault of typical high proportion of DG T-connected to rural distribution network under the background that DG generally adopts negative sequence current suppression strategy, the paper studies the characteristics of negative sequence power direction when the measuring points of the main line and branch lines of DG distribution network in forward fault or backward fault under the negative sequence current suppression strategy, and puts forward a multi-terminal directional pilot protection method of distribution network with high proportion of DG based on negative sequence power direction, which solves the problem that the traditional two-terminal directional pilot protection in DG distribution network is not applicable. Finally, the correctness of the protection criterion is verified in Pscad/Emtdc.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessing the bias of molybdenum catalytic conversion in the measurement of NO2 in rural air quality networks

The measurement method of NO2 with continuous analysers is specified for EU Ambient Air Quality Directive compliance reporting, which provides a consistent methodology and concurrent NO measurements (85/203/EEC-NO2). While the established method of measurement of NO2, following conversion of NO2 to NO using a molybdenum-conversion process, has known interference uncertainties (due to conversion of other oxidised nitrogen (NOy) chemicals, the consistency and traceability of compliance measurement is important. This study compared three continuous NO2 analyser instruments: a Thermo-NOx molybdenum convertor chemiluminescence analyser (Model 42C, ThermoFisher Scientific Inc., MA, USA), a photolytic chemiluminescence analyser (T200UP, Teledyne Technologies Inc., San Diego, USA) and a Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS) analyser (T500U, Teledyne Technologies Inc., CA, USA). The instruments were run for over a year at the Auchencorth Moss long-term peatland monitoring site (Southeast Scotland) which is a low NOx atmosphere away from sources. NOy and NHx chemicals were also measured concurrently. This study concludes that there is a strong artefact in molybdenum catalyst chemiluminescent instruments as a result of unselective catalysis of airborne NOy compounds that causes an overestimate of NO2 measured in the atmosphere. The observed artefact in concentration measurements is likely to be observed at the entire UK scale as almost the entirety of the rural air network relies on molybdenum catalyst instruments. We therefore recommend that molybdenum catalyst instruments should be phased out and replaced in air quality monitoring networks with molecule specific (spectroscopy) instrumentation (equivalent in cost, such as those described in this study) that do not suffer from the same measurement artefacts.

The research on power quality management technology of station area based on distributed photovoltaic scale access

The intermittency, randomness and fluctuation of low voltage distributed photovoltaic power generation bring problems such as overvoltage, harmonic overlimit and reverse overload to rural distribution network, which seriously affect the power supply quality of low voltage distribution network. This paper mainly analyzes the power quality problems caused by large-scale distributed photovoltaic connected to rural distribution network, such as terminal overvoltage, transformer reverse overload, harmonic overlimit, and three phase unbalance. The power quality management strategy of low voltage station area based on distributed energy storage system is proposed, and the power quality management business module of low voltage station area is built based on the power information acquisition system to verify the reliability of the power quality management strategy of low voltage station area. The application effect of distributed energy storage system in controlling overvoltage, reverse overload and harmonic overlimit in low voltage station is verified through pilot construction.

Abstract WMP7: Impact of Telestroke Access in a Rural Setting

Background: Despite decades long adoption as the standard-of-care for ischemic stroke, the majority of eligible patients do not receive intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), with underutilization especially pronounced in rural areas. Telestroke, however, may help alleviate this geographical healthcare disparity. The current study aims to identify the impact of implementing a mature telestroke network within a rural setting. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained telestroke database from a large rural tertiary care comprehensive stroke center covering 31 spoke hospitals spanning critical access hospitals to primary stroke centers between 10/2021-02/2023. Data was compared to a previous review period (01/2016-12/2018; comprised of 8 spokes) and the statewide IVT rates recorded in GWTG. Data analysis conducted via descriptive statistics and Fisher’s (two-tailed) exact test. Results: 1801 telestroke consults were performed; 41.4% (746/1801) were ineligible for acute stroke intervention. 39% (410/1055) of eligible patients were treated with IVT (vs. 33% [317/959] previously, p = 0.068), representing 58% (410/708; vs 24% [107/448] previously, p < 0.001) of statewide total IVT administration. Symptomatic hemorrhage (sICH) was 3.0%, overall 30-day mortality was 5.6%, and sICH mortality was 1.0%. IVT deferred most commonly: low NIH (44%), mimics (21%), coagulopathy (8%), followed by other. 22% (396/1801) of total consults were transferred from the originating site (vs. 34% [305/890] previously, p < 0.0001) of which 10% (42/396) underwent EVT. Discussion: The impact of expanding a rural telestroke network continued to produce high IVT rates (nearly double the national average) with safety outcomes (sICH, mortality) at or below national standards. Additionally, a large network has significantly increased the proportion of patients remaining at originating sites, optimizing both tertiary and local centers’ resources. The value of a regional telestroke hub is further underscored by the significant increase in statewide IVT attributed to network consults. However, further strategies are needed to better educate rural providers on acute stroke to reduce the rate of ineligible consults and streamline use of telestroke services.

Rural settlement of urban dwellers in China: community integration and spatial restructuring

With rapid urbanization in China, an increasing number of urban dwellers are migrating to rural areas, becoming “new villagers”. This phenomenon provides both opportunities and challenges for rural revitalization. This study aims to examine the community integration dilemmas of these new villagers from the perspective of social space production theory. Through oral history investigations, in-depth interviews and participant observations, this qualitative study explores the integration predicaments of new villagers across four dimensions—living space, production space, cultural space, and social space. The findings indicate that the integration dilemmas arise from disparities between new villagers and native villagers in status, cultural identity, values, and customs. New villagers face risks of exclusion in obtaining living space, cultural conflicts in production activities, value clashes with traditional rural culture, and social closure from existing rural networks. To better integrate new villagers into local communities, fostering cultural communication, shaping common values, and restructuring rural space are essential, providing insights for rural talent retention policies. This research offers implications for rural talent revitalization mechanisms in the context of urban–rural migration in China.

Power electronics applied to voltage control in rural distribution networks with penetration of distributed generation

In rural distribution networks with widely dispersed loads, characterized by the utilization of long overhead lines, voltage profiles with big variations appear along the line due to the significant variations of the load between peak hours and valley hours. This paper describes the problems that the integration of distributed generation based on renewable resources could generate in that scenario, and presents solutions that are commonly used to mitigate these problems and proposes new solutions to solve them. The integration of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable resources in these networks increases the variability of the voltage, and in some cases the power flow of the network also can be bidirectional. Usually this integration of distributed generation is limited by the network operator limiting the maximum voltage variation produced by the distributed generation in the point of common coupling (PCC). In this paper different traditional methods for voltage control are described and analyzed for a widely dispersed rural network scenario. The impact of the DG in these methods of voltage control and the advantages of power electronics in this new scenario are exposed. Power Electronic devices applied to these distribution networks allow more efficient management of the network increasing the integration of distributed generation maintaining the security levels.

Provider-to-provider telehealth for sepsis patients in a cohort of rural emergency departments.

Telehealth has been proposed as one strategy to improve the quality of time-sensitive sepsis care in rural emergency departments (EDs). The purpose of this study was to measure the association between telehealth-supplemented ED (tele-ED) care, health care costs, and clinical outcomes among patients with sepsis in rural EDs. Cohort study using Medicare fee-for-service claims data for beneficiaries treated for sepsis in rural EDs between February 1, 2017, and September 30, 2019. Our primary hospital-level analysis used multivariable generalized estimating equations to measure the association between treatment in a tele-ED-capable hospital and 30-day total costs of care. In our supporting secondary analysis, we conducted a propensity-matched analysis of patients who used tele-ED with matched controls from non-tele-ED-capable hospitals. Our primary outcome was total health care payments among index hospitalized patients between the index ED visit and 30 days after hospital discharge, and our secondary outcomes included hospital mortality, hospital length of stay, 90-day mortality, 28-day hospital-free days, and 30-day inpatient readmissions. In our primary analysis, sepsis patients in tele-ED-capable hospitals had 6.7% higher (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1%-11.5%) total health care costs compared to those in non-tele-ED-capable hospitals. In our propensity-matched patient-level analysis, total health care costs were 23% higher (95% CI 16.5%-30.4%) in tele-ED cases than matched non-tele-ED controls. Clinical outcomes were similar. Tele-ED capability in a mature rural tele-ED network was not associated with decreased health care costs or improved clinical outcomes. Future work is needed to reduce rural-urban sepsis care disparities and formalize systems of regionalized care.

Teleophthalmology at a primary and tertiary eye care network from India: environmental and economic impact.

To evaluate the environmental and economic impact of teleophthalmological services provided by a primary (rural) and tertiary (urban) eyecare network in India. This prospective study utilised a random sampling method, and administered an environmental and economic impact assessment questionnaire. The study included 324 (primary: 173; tertiary: 151) patients who received teleconsultations from July to September 2022. The primary network (rural) used a colour-coded triage system (Green: eye conditions managed by teleconsult alone; yellow: semi-urgent referral within 1 week to a month, red: urgent referral within a day to a week). The tertiary network (urban) included new and follow-up patients. The environmental impact was assessed by estimating the potential CO2 emissions saved by avoiding travel for various transport modes. Economic impact measured by the potential cost savings from direct (travel) and indirect (food and wages lost) expenses spent by yellow and red referrals (primary) and the first-visit expenses of follow-up (tertiary) patients. The primary rural network saved 2.89 kg CO2/person and 80 km/person. The tertiary urban network saved 176.6 kg CO2/person and 1666 km/person. The potential cost savings on travel expenses were INR 19,970 (USD 250) for the primary (average: INR 370 (USD 4.6) per patient) and INR 758,870 (USD 9486) for the tertiary network (average: INR 8339 (USD 104) per patient). Indirect cost savings (food and wages) were of INR 29,100 (USD 364) for the primary and INR 347,800 (USD 4347) for the tertiary network. Teleophthalmology offers substantial environmental and economic benefits in rural and urban eyecare systems.

Health poverty alleviation in China from the perspective of historical institutionalism: policy changes and driving factors.

Health poverty alleviation is an effective tool for improving the living quality and developmental conditions of impoverished populations. Since 1978, China has been actively implementing health poverty alleviation projects, resulting in a more robust rural healthcare service network and increased convenience for the local population to access medical treatment. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that China still faces a complex situation with the simultaneous existence of multiple disease threats and the interweaving of various health influencing factors. Ongoing risks of emerging infectious diseases persist, and some previously controlled or eliminated infectious diseases are at risk of resurgence. The incidence of chronic diseases is on the rise and exhibits a trend toward affecting younger populations. Therefore, examining the successful experiences of China's health poverty alleviation over the past 40 years becomes a critically important issue. The study focuses on China's health poverty alleviation policies, employing historical institutionalism as a theoretical perspective to analyze the historical changes and evolutionary logic of health poverty alleviation policies. A historical institutionalist analytical framework for health poverty alleviation policies is constructed. The research findings reveal that China's health poverty alleviation policy has undergone three distinct periods since 1978: the initial phase (1978-2000), the exploratory phase (2000-2012), and the stable development phase (2013-present). At the macro level, the political, economic, and social contexts of different periods have influenced the evolution of health poverty alleviation policies. On the meso level, coordination effects and adaptive expectations have had an impact on China's health poverty alleviation policy. At the micro level, various actors, including the central government, local governments at different levels, social forces, and impoverished communities, interact during the evolution of health poverty alleviation policies. This paper summarizes the theoretical aspects of China's health poverty alleviation policy experience. The research conclusions, viewed through the lens of historical institutionalism, offer practical insights into the evolution of government policies. This provides directional guidance for enhancing health poverty alleviation projects.

Assessment of the reliability of the mathematical model of the 0.4 kV rural electric network in Matlab Simulink on the example of a study of the steady-state mode of a single-phase short circuit

PURPOSE. Currently, modeling is one of the most reliable ways to study normal and emergency modes of operation of electrical networks. In this regard, a mathematical model of the 0.4 kV rural electric network was developed in the MATLAB Simulink program.PURPOSE. Evaluation of the accuracy of the parameters of the operating modes of the 0.4 kV rural electric network obtained by modeling in MATLAB Simulink by estimating the values of the steady-state single-phase short circuit current at different distances from the transformer substation.METHODS. The currents obtained using the 0.4 kV electrical network model developed in MATLAB Simulink were compared with the currents obtained using other calculation methods (according to GOST 28249-93, the simplified phase-zero loop method and the mathematical model «Project RZA»).RESULTS. It was revealed that the discrepancy in the results at individual points was 9-11%. When simulating a steady-state single-phase short circuit in MATLAB Simulink, it was found that the voltage of the damaged phase A decreases to 0 V, while the voltages on the two remaining intact phases increase by 1.4-1.5 times, i.e.E. by a factor of 2 to the values of 335-354 V when short-circuiting at the transformer terminals and to the values of 329-338 V when short-circuiting behind a section of a 0.4 kV power line.CONCLUSIONS. The resulting mathematical model of a 0.4 kV rural electric network in the MATLAB Simulink program can be used to study normal and emergency operating modes, study the modes of joint operation of renewable energy sources with a centralized network, and the processes of switching on backup generation sources.

Predicting the california bearing ratio via hybrid method of multi-layer perceptron

The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) holds significant importance in the design of flexible pavements and airport runways, serving as a critical soil parameter. Moreover, it offers a means to gauge the soil response of subgrades through correlation, an aspect pivotal in soil engineering, particularly in shaping subgrade design for rural road networks. The CBR value of soil is influenced by numerous factors, encompassing variables like maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), plasticity index (PI), soil type, and soil permeability. The condition of the soil, whether soaked or unsoaked, also contributes to this value. It is worth noting that determining CBR is time-consuming and extensive. Acknowledging the gravity of this determination, the study introduces a pioneering approach employing machine learning. This innovative technique uses a foundational multi-layer perceptron model, harnessing the algorithm’s robust capabilities in addressing regression challenges. A hybridization approach enhances the multi-layer perceptron’s performance and achieves optimal results. This approach integrates the Bonobo Optimizer (BO), Smell Agent Optimization (SAO), Prairie Dog Optimization (PDO), and Gold Rush Optimizer (GRO). The hybrid models proposed in this study exhibit promising results in predicting CBR values. The MLAO3 hybrid model is particularly noteworthy, emerging as the most accurate predictor among the range of models, with an impressive R2 value of 0.994 and an RMSE value of 2.80.

Neighborhood Does Matter: Farmers’ Local Social Interactions and Land Rental Behaviors in China

The transfer of farmland is an important area of rural development research; however, the impact of rural social networks has been neglected in studies. The aim of this study is to explore the effects, mechanisms, and heterogeneity of neighbors’ behavior on the process of land renting by farmers. Based on the data of the China Family Panel Studies in 2018, this research empirically analyzes the impact of community-level, local social interactions on the land rental behavior of farmers and its mechanisms using a spatial probit model. The results of this study indicate that neighbors’ land rental behavior positively and significantly affects that of other farmers in the same village. In addition, neighbors’ land rental encourages other farmers in the same village to follow suit through an increase in the perceived importance of the Internet among the farmers. In addition, there is heterogeneity in neighborhood influence. Notably, the impact of social networks on the renting out of the land by farmers, as evidenced in this study, is a key factor in accelerating the circulation of rural land and promoting rural development, thus contributing to the process of rural revitalization and its recording in the literature.

APLICAÇÃO DE PROCEDIMENTOS PARA SERVIÇOS DE ENGENHARIA EM ESCALADAS EM ÁRVORES A PARTIR DA NR-35

This paper addresses the importance of safety when working at heights, focusing on tree climbing and related activities. The primary need for adequate training for workers who deal with unstable and potentially dangerous activities is highlighted. The presence of equipment such as chainsaws, mowers,foragers and cranes increases the risks associated with these tasks, requiring special attention and safety measures. The implementation of Regulatory Standard NR-35 proved to be a crucial milestone in establishing specific and mandatory guidelines for safety when working at heights. However, authors emphasize that the regulation may not cover all the nuances of different activities at height, requiring a flexible and specialized approach in applying the standard. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present instrumental procedures for working at height to prun trees in the energy distribution sector so that this does not harm and cause surges of both an electrical nature and worker safety. Emphasizing the standard in RDR – Rural distribution network with a right-of-way that can correspond to 3.0 meters for BT networks and 6.0 meters for MV networks in which the NR-35 standard would apply. The results were based on the use of standards and laws that govern the country and presents an instrumental procedure that found the use of 30kN anchor cables and all other protective equipment for services of this nature.

Planning model for rural distribution networks with integrated energy stations via robust optimization method

With the modernization and intelligent development of agriculture, the energy demand in rural areas continues to increase, which leads to an increased operational burden on the existing rural distribution network. Integrated energy stations (IESs), in rural areas, use renewable energy sources such as biogas, wind power, and photovoltaic as energy inputs, which can fully improve energy efficiency and help reduce the operating load and peak valley difference of rural distribution networks. In this paper, a multistage planning model is proposed for rural distribution networks with IESs based on the robust optimization method. Firstly, a rural distribution network operation framework with IESs is proposed, and a mathematical model of rural IESs is built based on the energy hub (EH). Then, the multistage robust planning model of rural distribution net-works with IESs is developed and typical scenarios of stochastic source and load are generated based on improved k-means. An iterative solution method for a two-stage robust optimization method is proposed based on the nested column constraint generation (NC&CG) algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented model and solution approach is assessed through case studies on a modified IEEE 33-node distribution network and a real 152-node distribution network.

Study of reliability indicators of cable lines in rural areas

In this article, the investigation of the power supply system's reliability in our Republic, particularly focusing on the cable lines utilized in rural power networks, is highlighted as a pressing concern within the energy sector today. A crucial task in addressing this issue successfully involves researching the reliability metrics of existing cable lines, specifically self-contained insulated conductors in rural power networks with dynamic variable loads, and formulating pertinent recommendations. The reliability indicators of cable lines in rural areas were assessed using a comprehensive method that integrates modern approaches and the latest advancements in science and technology. The method's superiority over others is grounded in scientific principles. Furthermore, factors influencing the reliability metrics of cable lines in rural power networks, such as cable line failures, are systematically categorized.

Хозяйственная жизнь и быт крестьян как отражение процесса формирования сельской поселенческой сети на территории Среднего Прииртышья в конце XIX - начале ХХ в.

In the process of formation of the rural settlement network of the Middle Irtysh region, several stages can be distinguished, among which an important place is occupied by the period of the late 19th - early 20th century. At this time, a large number of new rural settlements appeared on the map of the modern Omsk region, and the number of existing settlements increased significantly. The circumstances that determine this process within the designated chronological framework are of interest today in the interdisciplinary scientific field. Considering the stated problem, both objective and subjective factors should be taken into account; take into account the influence of state policy, natural and climatic, geographical, socio-economic conditions. One of the indicators of the process of formation of a rural settlement network on the territory of the Middle Irtysh region in the late 19th - early 20th century. the organization of the economic life and life of the peasants. It was they who, in many ways, determined the microclimate in the village or the need to find a new place of residence. The construction and maintenance of the railway, the availability of land, forests and pastures suitable for farming, the availability of sources of drinking water created the conditions for the emergence of new settlements in the Irtysh region. Their foundation was the result of both the resettlement of peasants from beyond the Urals, and the result of internal migration. The basis of economic life was arable farming and cattle breeding. Crafts, which directly depended on the place of residence of the peasants, played an important role in economic life. An important condition for settling in a new place was the construction of houses. The type of dwelling depended on the zone of settlement: in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, the main types of dwellings of the settlers at the first stage were dugouts, huts and booths, in the taiga regions the material for construction was wood.

Research on the Root Cause Analysis and Governance Measures of Frequent Power Outages in Electric Power Enterprises

Abstract Accompanied by the rapid development of the economy and the great strides of reform, the whole society puts forward higher and higher requirements for the safety and stability of the power grid, and the frequent power outage events will bring great losses to the power enterprises. In this paper, we employ the linear encoding function in the MAGNN method to linearly process the risk factors associated with frequent power outages in electric power enterprises. We then assign weights to these linearly processed risk factor vectors using a graph attention mechanism. Finally, we apply the correction matrix of outage risk factors to identify the risk of power outages in electric power enterprises and design an intelligent power outage control system. The study discovered that 10 kV system failure is the primary cause of frequent outages in Power Enterprise-A. The number of failures occurred 129 times due to 10kV feeder system failures in rural distribution networks. The study also reveals that the implementation of an intelligent outage control system resulted in a 73.60% year-over-year decrease in the reliability loss of fault outages in power enterprise A, thereby effectively addressing the issue of frequent outages and reducing the economic losses incurred by power enterprises. This paper provides an effective method for resolving frequent power outages in electric power enterprises and provides a guiding direction for improving power supply reliability in electric power enterprises.

Systemic effects of the COVID pandemic on rural black American men's interpersonal relationships: A phenomenological examination.

The COVID-19 pandemic was a socionatural disaster that unprecedentedly disrupted the daily lives of individuals, families, and communities. Prior research indicates that Black American men living in rural contexts, particularly in Southern parts of the United States of America, were disproportionately affected by the psychological and economic effects of the pandemic. Despite these disparities, few studies have examined the pandemic's impact on rural Black American men's social networks. This study aimed to explore the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural Black American men's interpersonal relationships. Informed by the principles of critical ethnography and guided by van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenology, seventeen men were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol. Interviews were transcribed and then analyzed using an iterative thematic reduction process consistent with van Manen's approach. Four themes were generated: Familial Reorganization, Adaptive Fatherhood, Rona Romance, and Essential Community. Participants recounted how the pandemic motivated them to improve their relationships with family members and children but contributed additional stress to their romantic relationships. Participants further recounted how their friendships were the least impacted as they were willing to make exceptions to their normal protective protocols to socialize with close friends. Participants also noted feeling disconnected from their wider community because they could not attend church even though their religious beliefs remained unchanged. Findings highlight the need for scholars, clinicians, and policymakers to consider men's relational health when developing and implementing pandemic recovery efforts, as it can significantly influence their ability to recuperate mentally and physically. Future research should be dedicated to (1) investigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on fathers, as prior research has nearly exclusively focused on mothers' experiences and (2) delineating protective effects of rural Black American men's involvement in the Black Church from their individual spiritualities to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the influence of contextual crisis on their long-term health and wellbeing.

Analysis of the contribution of rural road infrastructure development to economic growth based on computer algorithms

Abstract A convenient and efficient rural road network helps to develop the rural economy and promote national rural revitalization. This paper systematically analyzes the role of rural road infrastructure construction on economic growth from a theoretical perspective. Simultaneously, it employs a computer algorithm based on vector autoregression to construct an econometric model. Based on this theoretical analysis empirically examines the relationship between rural infrastructure construction and economic development. It collects data from a city’s rural area from 2000 to 2020 as a research sample and conducts a series of analyses, including VAR model estimation, impulse response, and variance decomposition. The results show that rural road infrastructure construction has a significant impact on economic growth, with coefficients of −0.288 and 0.356 for lags 1 and 2. The construction of rural road infrastructure is responsible for more than 90% of the variation in economic growth, whereas the opposite is about 10%. Therefore, rural road infrastructure development does not have a significant effect on economic growth in the short term but has a significant effect in the medium and long term.

Защита электрогенераторов объектов распределенной генерации от аварийных режимов

Distributed generation is a good solution for areas remote from centralized power supply sources as it helps increase the reliability of consumer operation. Distributed generation power supply systems use renewable sources of electricity, diesel generators and gasoline generators in the form of mobile power stations, which in most cases are not equipped with modern means of protection. This study presents an analysis of existing means of protecting electric generators from abnormal and emergency operating conditions, including voltage asymmetry, which is one of the factors reducing the service life of generators and is typical for rural electrical networks. During the analysis, the authors determined the main types of generator protection against emergency operation modes: protection of stator windings, protection against underfrequency and overfrequency, protection against undervoltage and overvoltage, protection against voltage (current) asymmetry. It is noted that the main cause of voltage asymmetry leading to mechanical vibration and rapid overheating of the rotor is single-phase loads in the system, which are unevenly distributed over three phases. The problem of voltage asymmetry is mainly solved by redistributing loads in transmission lines and/or installing compensating devices. However, in rural power supply systems, unbalanced load distribution is rarely corrected. The voltage asymmetry can be compensated through the use of hybrid active power filters of series compensation and improved control methods of these filters. Voltage converters that are effective in equalizing voltage asymmetry in PV systems can effectively protect small capacity diesel power generators provided that the use of additional equipment is economically viable.