Rural Infrastructure Research Articles

Digital Transformation in Brazilian Agribusiness: Impact of Agtechs and Iot on Production and Sustainability

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of technological innovations, especially the Internet of Things (IoT), on the optimization of agricultural production and the sustainability of Brazilian agribusiness, focusing on AgTechs and the challenges they face. Theoretical Framework: The study analyzes the current context of agribusiness in Brazil, identifying its main characteristics and trends. It examines Agriculture 4.0 and the implementation of innovations, focusing on the potential of IoT in agricultural production with practical examples and benefits. It also characterizes Brazilian AgTechs, exploring growth opportunities and the broad challenges they encounter. Method: Utilizing a qualitative, exploratory approach based on a narrative literature review, relevant articles, theses, and reports from the last 10 years on the use of IoT and technological innovation in Brazilian agribusiness were analyzed. Results and Discussion: The results indicate that IoT offers significant benefits at all stages of production; however, AgTechs face social, technological, economic, and regulatory obstacles, highlighting the need for public policies and funding for large-scale technological adoption. Research Implications: The research suggests that public policies aimed at improving rural infrastructure and encouraging technological adoption are essential, especially for small producers. Originality/Value: This study contributes by exploring the impact of IoT on Brazilian agribusiness, highlighting the role of AgTechs in Agriculture 4.0. The originality lies in the analysis of the challenges faced by startups and the practical application of these innovations. The value of the research is in promoting technological adoption, improving productivity, and sustainability in the agricultural sector.

Temporal and spatial evolution of the combined and coordinated growth of green finance, new urbanization, and rural industry revitalization and the driving mechanisms.

An issue that requires immediate attention in China is how to coordinate the interaction between green finance, new urbanization, and rural industry revitalization. This study develops a mechanistic framework for the coupling and coordination of green finance, new urbanization, and rural industry revitalization, and employs the spatial Durbin model to investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of connecting coordination degree and driving mechanism. The results indicate that (1) green finance development is lagging in the comprehensive development of China's three systems. (2) The dynamic evolution features of the degree of linkage coordination between China's green finance, new urbanization, and rural industry revitalization show a potential polarization phenomenon. (3) Improving economic development and government administration has a facilitating effect on neighboring areas, whereas improving the level of rural transport infrastructure has a hindering effect. (4) While optimizing the agricultural industry's structure and raising the level of government administration in the central region impedes coupled and coordinated development, increasing the economic development in the eastern and western regions promotes it. Therefore, building green credit and investment should be accelerated; potential polarization between inter-provincial regions should be identified timely; and key factors affecting the development of coupled coordination should be a focus. In view of the characteristics of spatial heterogeneity, measures such as formulating coupled and coordinated development strategies for each region in accordance with local conditions will promote coupled and coordinated development.

Role of Mahatma Gandhi NREGA in Building Rural Infrastructure and Sustainable Development

This paper discusses the role of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in creating and strengthening various infrastructure assets in rural India. It critically analyses the number of assets, employment generation, and contribution to improving rural livelihoods. It also analyses the amount spent on each infrastructure activity, with a particular focus on agriculture, natural resource management, basic services-related works, and the construction of infrastructure to support the production activities of Self-Help Groups (SHGs). The information for the paper was obtained from the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) website. The analysis adopted is to work out the percentage of expenditures on various assets and the number of works carried out from 2013-14 to 2023-24. Based on the analysis, the paper has uncovered sufficient evidence of the growing trend of allocating funds to infrastructure strengthening, with over 60 per cent of Mahatma Gandhi NREGS funding allocated to assets related to agriculture and Natural Resource Management (NRM) activities. The last two years have seen an annual expenditure of around Rs. 30000 crore on building rural infrastructure, primarily in the agriculture sector, which has significantly strengthened rural livelihoods and reduced poverty. Finally, this paper provides policy suggestions to improve the governance for better implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi NREGA.

Impact of Free Nutritious Lunch Program on Student Well-Being and Learning Achievement in Indonesia: Implementation by 2025

This study evaluates the impact of Indonesia’s 2025 Free Nutritious Lunch Program on student well-being and learning outcomes using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected through a stratified random sample of urban and rural schools, focusing on changes in student health metrics, attendance rates, and academic performance. Qualitative data were obtained through focus group discussions and interviews with administrators, teachers, and students to contextualize the program's implementation and outcomes. Statistical analyses, including paired sample t-tests and regression analysis, revealed significant improvements in student health, with higher BMI z-scores in both urban (t(99) = 4.56, p<0.001 t(99) = 4.56, p < 0.001 t(99) = 4.56, p<0.001) and rural (t(99) = 3.82, p<0.001 t(99) = 3.82, p < 0.001 t(99) = 3.82, p<0.001) schools. Attendance rates increased significantly, with urban schools achieving a mean of 94.5% compared to 92.7% in rural areas. Academic performance, measured through GPA, also improved significantly (t(99) = 5.01, p<0.001 t(99) = 5.01, p < 0.001t(99) = 5.01, p<0.001), with urban students demonstrating slightly higher gains. Qualitative findings underscored the program’s role in alleviating food insecurity and enhancing student focus, though logistical challenges in rural implementation were noted. These results demonstrate the program’s potential to address educational inequities and improve student outcomes. Policy recommendations include enhancing rural infrastructure, fostering community engagement, and establishing sustainable funding models. This study highlights the strategic importance of school-based nutrition initiatives in advancing health and education equity.

ANP-MEAT-based evaluation of the performance of rural infrastructure provision in Mainland China

PurposeIt is a complex and dynamic process to provide high-quality rural infrastructure. However, there lacks a holistic performance evaluation method for rural infrastructure provision that reflects changing rural social needs and takes a village as a whole. This study aims to develop a holistic and dynamic performance evaluation model for rural infrastructure in Mainland China.Design/methodology/approachThis study established an evaluation index system by combining the lifecycle theory and the economy, efficiency, effectiveness and equity (4E) theory. This study developed an evaluation model by using the analytic network process (ANP) and matter-element analysis theory (MEAT). The model was validated by two representative villages in Mainland China.FindingsThe developed model can reflect dynamic social needs and effectively evaluate the overall infrastructure provision performance of a village. The weight of indicators reflects the changes in Mainland China’s contemporary rural social needs, with particular emphasis on the impact and output performance. The evaluation result shows that the overall performance of the representative villages was excellent but had a tendency toward good. Although the output performance was excellent, different input, process and impact performances resulted in different downgrade trends.Originality/valueThis study provides a theoretical basis for disaggregating the complex issue of the performance of rural infrastructure provision. The results can be used by relevant authorities to make a holistic and dynamic evaluation of the performance of rural infrastructure provision and timely revise planning and management policies.

Aligning Indonesia's economic goals with SDGS: Strengthening Qur'anic principles in Islamic finance

Purpose – This research examines the relationship between Islamic bank financing aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and economic growth, incorporating Qur'anic principles in Islamic finance.Methodology – Quarterly time-series data from Q1 2014 to Q1 2022 were analyzed using the cointegration and ARDL approaches. Data sources include the PSIFIs for Islamic Banks (IFSB Database), Indonesia's GDP (BPS), and the Financial Services Authority (OJK).Findings – Long-term analysis reveals that Islamic financing in SDG sectors such as SDG1 (No Poverty), SDG2 (Zero Hunger), SDG3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG4 (Quality Education), and SDG11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) positively correlate with economic growth, while SDG8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) shows an inverse relationship. In the short term, financing in SDG2, SDG3, SDG8, and SDG9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) positively impacts economic growth, whereas SDG6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) exhibits a negative association. These findings highlight Islamic finance's potential to address socio-economic challenges rooted in Qur'anic values, such as Surah al-Nisā’ [4]: 29 and al-Baqarah [2]: 261.Implications – Policymakers are encouraged to promote Islamic microfinance for SMEs and invest in rural sanitation infrastructure (SDG6). Furthermore, financing renewable energy projects (SDG7) aligns with sustainable development goals.Originality – This study bridges Islamic finance and sustainable development by integrating a Qur'anic perspective into the SDG framework, offering insights into leveraging Islamic finance to achieve sustainability and economic growth, while adhering to Islamic ethical principles.

Обеспеченность трудовыми ресурсами и кадрами сельского хозяйства Тамбовской области

The article is devoted to the analysis of the provision of labor resources and personnel in agriculture in the Tambov region. The materials for the research included statistical reporting data from the Tambov region, analytical data from reference and scientific literature, annual reports and primary accounting documents of agricultural enterprises, as well as the author’s calculations. The level of demographic, labor resource situation in rural areas, wages, infrastructure accessibility and security of rural residents have a significant impact on the state and development of human resources in the agricultural sector of the economy. Based on the analysis, it was revealed that during the study period 2010-2021. There is a very active decline in the rural population of working age. At the same time, there is a favorable situation in which the share of the unemployed population has decreased by 28.4% and the share of employed people in the economy has increased by 2.3 percentage points. Most agricultural organizations lack qualified personnel, accounting for up to 35% of the overall demand. In agricultural organizations of the Tambov region, the proportion of certified specialists has increased - from 79.0 to 82.6%, including those with higher education from 29.7 to 42.3%, which should be considered a favorable moment. An analysis of the qualitative characteristics of managers and specialists of agricultural organizations in recent years indicates their improvement, therefore this trend should be supported and developed by government agencies of the agro-industrial complex. The decrease in the total number of specialists and managers of agricultural organizations leads to a lack of opportunity to improve the staffing system of the agro-industrial complex and the unpreparedness of personnel in this category for innovative development A negative point that hinders the development of human resources in the agricultural sector of the economy should be considered the insufficiently high level of professional education. The formation of high-quality human resources will contribute to the transition of the agricultural sector of the economy to an innovative path of development.

Informal Institutions and Multinationals' Drive Towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Dark‐Side Perspective

ABSTRACTThis study explores the influence of informal institutions (including its dark side) on multinational enterprises (MNEs) in promoting sustainable development goals (SDGs) in a developing nation. Using qualitative interviews, we find that informal institutions, including “crime” and “corruption,” increase telecommunication MNEs' support of SDGs. Our findings underscore the critical role of understanding and harnessing informal institutions, showcasing their significant impact on shaping the actions and contributions of MNEs. This research not only contributes to institutional theory but also provides empirical evidence of MNEs positively influencing local communities for sustainable development including socially embedded projects, knowledge externalities, and rural infrastructure. The study advocates for a collaborative approach involving government, local communities, and MNEs to ensure the effective implementation of SDGs. Consequently, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers, academics, and practitioners navigating the complex dynamics of MNEs' involvement in SDGs within developing countries.

Impact of digital village development on farmers’ human settlement environment improvement behaviors

IntroductionAs digital village construction advances, digital technologies are gradually permeating various aspects of rural life, providing a new avenue for improving rural human settlement environment (RHSE).MethodsWe matched the 2020 and 2021 data from the China Land Economic Survey (CLES) with the County Digital Rural Index (CDRI), exploring how digital village development (DVD) influences farmers’ human settlement environment improvement behaviors (HSEIBs).Results and discussionResearch findings indicate that DVD has significantly increased farmers’ probability of disposing of domestic wastewater scientifically and adopting sanitation toilets, with robustness checks conducted. Further analysis reveals that this positive impact is primarily realized through effects of enriching villages, enriching villagers and social interaction. The analysis of heterogeneity reveals that in households with a higher proportion of seniors, DVD significantly raises the usage of sanitation toilets but does not significantly promote the scientific treatment of domestic wastewater. Additionally, when we subdivide DVD into different dimensions, we find that the digitalization of rural infrastructure, rural economy, rural life and rural governance can effectively facilitate farmers’ HSEIBs, but the digitalization of rural governance has the least impact. Our findings not only enrich the field of digital well-being research but also shed light on the digital divide problem in rural China.

The migration aspect of rural population behavior as an element of demographic behavior modeling

The article discusses the construction of a model for demographic behavior, in particular its structural element, migration behavior. According to the author, rural depopulation has many consequences, including a decrease in the labour resources, deterioration of rural infrastructure and, ultimately, exacerbation of economic problems. Anti-crisis measures aimed at the development of rural areas require close attention to changing the model of demographic behavior of rural residents, including its migration aspect. The article examines the migration behavior of rural residents of the Central Black Earth Economic Region, drawing on Federal State Statistics Service data on rural migration in the region, as well as on 2021–2024 sociological studies on key factors and trends in socio-demographic development. Analysis of statistical information on rural migration in Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, and Tambov regions does not provide a stable trend, since the time factor is not decisive. In the current situation, survey methods provide more accurate information highlighting migration sentiments, readiness, and activity of the rural population. The results of sociological diagnostics were used to substantiate a number of trends in the migration behavior of rural residents.

The causal effect of Internet use on rural middle-aged and older adults' depression: A propensity score matching analysis.

Depression among older adults is increasingly becoming a global public health issue. Along with the rapid development of digital information technology, the Internet has profoundly changed the lifestyle of older adults. However, few studies have focused on the mental health of rural middle-aged and older adult populations, and this study aims to explore the impact of Internet use on depressive symptoms among rural middle-aged and older adults. Our study is based on 10,946 Chinese rural participants aged 45 and above in the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Depression is measured by a 10-item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D10), and multiple linear regression and the propensity score matching (PSM) method are used to examine the effect of Internet use on depression in Chinese rural middle-aged and older adults. Internet use significantly reduced depression in rural middle-aged and older adults. The mechanism was that Internet use improved mental health by improving social interaction and enhancing social support. Furthermore, desk computer, laptop computer, and cellphone use were all significantly associated with lower depression scores compared to non-Internet users. And the more the content of Internet use, the significantly lower the level of depression in rural middle-aged and older adults. Heterogeneity analysis showed that Internet use reduced depression more pronounced in the groups of males, those in elementary and secondary education, low-medium income, and aged under 75. The paper confirms that Internet use significantly reduces depression, with social interaction and social support playing a mediating role. The results of the study show that strengthening rural Internet infrastructure can promote healthy aging in rural areas.

The Building New Rural Program in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Outcomes and People's Expectations

Background and objective: The Building New Rural Program in Ho Chi Minh City aims to enhance rural infrastructure, improve socio-economic conditions, and protect the environment. The program seeks to meet residents' expectations for sustainable development, addressing the challenges of rapid urbanization and economic transition.Methods: The study utilized a combination of primary and secondary data analysis. Primary data were gathered through participant observation in 56 communes, in-depth interviews with 30 residents and local officials, and a structured questionnaire survey of 1,017 households.Results: The study highlights significant achievements of the program, including notable advancements in economic growth, infrastructure development, and social sectors such as education, healthcare, and environmental protection. These efforts have improved living standards, reduced social instability, and partially fulfilled people's aspirations for sustainable rural development.Conclusion: The Building New Rural Program has brought substantial socio-economic improvements to rural areas in Ho Chi Minh City. However, to ensure more sustainable progress, it is essential to prioritize support for disadvantaged areas, enhance public service quality, and reinforce environmental protection policy enforcement.

SELF-TAXATION OF THE URAL PEASANTS IN THE 1920-1930S

In the history of the Soviet state, the phenomenon of self-taxation of the rural population is of particular scientific interest. When studying the tax policy of our country in the 1920s and 1930s, one cannot ignore additional payments by the population along with the agricultural tax. Self-taxation had various forms: monetary, in-kind, and labor participation. Although the chosen topic has been studied by historians, it has not lost its relevance, since it can be studied from the point of view of domestic history, economic history, and the history of the state and law. Finding itself in the most difficult economic conditions, the country's leadership during the years of the new economic policy decided to use the initiative of the peasantry to improve life in the countryside, their cultural and economic needs with the help of voluntary self-taxation at first. After the grain procurement crisis of 1927/28, self-taxation changed from independent management of peasants’ funds to a mandatory element of the rural economy, when the forced confiscation of peasant funds served as an instrument for encouraging villagers to sell grain and other products on unfavorable terms. The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of the transformation of self-taxation from voluntary to compulsory using the example of the Urals, the largest region of the country. The object of study was the Ural peasantry. The subject of the study is the influence of the authorities, through legislation, on the independent, feasible participation of peasants in the development of rural infrastructure; the transformation of self-taxation into a mandatory payment; and the reflection of villagers on innovations in tax policy. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive and systematic analysis of self-taxation in the Ural region based on numerous historical and legal sources, usually introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The results of the conducted research showed that the authorities violated the initially defined rights of peasants to free expression of will in solving pressing cultural and social issues. Self-taxation became a mandatory, compulsory part of replenishing the rural budget.

<b>Determinant of Pastoralist Participation in Dry Fish Agribusiness Value Chain Activities: An Implication for Employment Opportunities</b>

Dry fish agribusiness has proven to be a lucrative venture for pastoralist communities, allowing them to generate additional income during the dry season, when livestock productivity is low. This study aims to determine pastoralist participation in dry fish agribusiness value chain activities in the Akobo district. Akobo district, kebelles, and respondents were selected using purposive, random, and systematic sampling techniques, respectively. The data were collected through structured interviews and questionnaires. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A binary logistic model was used in this study. Qualitative data were analyzed using a five-point Likert scale. This study found that pastoralists actively participate in production, transportation, processing, and marketing activities. The major constraints that limit their participation in dry fish agribusiness were a low level of education, lack of modern storage facilities, poor rural infrastructure, and lack of external training, poor rural market, and high transportation costs. The results of the binary logit model showed that educational level, market access, and household size were significant and positive, whereas technology access was significant and negatively influenced pastoralist participation in dry fish agribusiness value chain activities. Dry fish agribusiness value chain activity is vital for improving the livelihood of pastoralist inhabitants in Akobo district. Therefore, pastoralists in this district should be better equipped to actively participate in dry fish agribusiness value chain activities.

Digital Infrastructure and Rural Revitalization: Based on the Context of New Infrastructure in Education

Digital infrastructure is the foundation for the efficient operation of the countryside in the digital era, which has injected new momentum into rural revitalization by enhancing the supply capacity of rural network infrastructure, increasing the transformation and upgrading of rural infrastructure, and facilitating the intelligent upgrading of agricultural production methods and the modernization of agriculture, among other things. There are three main findings: first, rural revitalization is steadily advancing but facing challenges, and although the average level of its index is currently in the lower middle range, the overall trend is steadily rising, and various economic indicators need to be considered comprehensively. Second, digital infrastructure has significantly contributed to rural revitalization by strengthening rural network infrastructure, such as 5G networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), and encouraging the growth of e-commerce in rural areas, smart culture and tourism, and other digital new businesses, thus activating a new engine for rural industries. Thirdly, the new education infrastructure, which is based on digital infrastructure, has also shown to play a significant role in promoting rural revitalization.

Drivers of vegetable market participation in southcentral Ethiopia: Heckman two-stage model approach

Vegetable marketing helps to increase household income and ensure food and nutrition security in developing countries, including Ethiopia. However, market participation by vegetable producers is typically low in many parts of Ethiopia. Thus, our study intends to investigate key drivers affecting vegetable market participation and its intensity among smallholder households in the Lemo district of southcentral Ethiopia. The data were collected from a total of 345 randomly selected respondents. Heckman’s two-stage model was employed to analyze the data. The findings show that the intensity of vegetable sales in the study area was 34.32%, implying that the larger proportion of the vegetable output was not marketed but consumed at the producers’ homes.The model results show that the respondent’s sex, age, education level, land size, perception towards weather conditions, access to credit, technology adoption, and market distance influenced vegetable market participation. Similarly, education level, family size, off/non-farm income, perception towards weather conditions, access to credit, technology adoption, and market information determined the intensity of vegetable market participation. Therefore, policies aimed at enhancing the implementation of gender-sensitive development programs alongside providing better access to adult education, credit, market information, improved technologies, better rural infrastructure, and market linkages are recommended to encourage smallholder farmers’ involvement in the market and enhance their livelihood improvement.

Powering Indonesia’s Future: Reviewing the Road to Electric Vehicles Through Infrastructure, Policy, and Economic Growth

Electric vehicles (EVs) emerged as a help for Indonesia as a pathway to address environmental challenges related to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. Despite governmental efforts, including Presidential Regulation No. 55/2019, EV adoption rates in Indonesia remain low, although sales are increasing annually due to limited charging infrastructure, high upfront costs, and consumer perception. This study distinguishes itself from previous research by moving beyond a singular focus on policy, adoption factors, barriers, or economic opportunities. Instead, it integrates these dimensions into a cohesive analysis while placing particular emphasis on government policies. By adopting this multidimensional approach, the study presents a nuanced understanding of EV adoption in Indonesia, exploring not only the drivers, challenges, and economic potential but also the tangible benefits of EV manufacturing and usage for both producers and consumers within the current regulatory framework. It highlights the transformative impacts of EV adoption on key areas such as job creation, GDP expansion, and energy security, offering strategic insights for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders. Future research could explore rural infrastructure development, local battery production impacts, and long-term economic implications of EV in Indonesia’s ecosystem.

TEHNOLOGIA BLOCKCHAIN PENTRU ÎMBUNĂTĂȚIREA TRASABILITĂȚII ȘI SUSTENABILITĂȚII ECHIPAMENTELOR INDIVIDUALE DE PROTECȚIE ÎN AGRICULTURA DIN ROMÂNIA

Blockchain technology provides a secure and transparent method to improve the traceability and sustainability of personal protective equipment (PPE) in Romanian agriculture. By enabling comprehensive monitoring of PPE across its lifecycle, blockchain addresses gaps in safety and compliance. It ensures adherence to safety standards while reducing risks of counterfeit or defective products. However, several challenges hinder adoption. High costs, limited digital infrastructure, and low digital literacy among farmers create significant barriers. Overcoming these requires targeted investments in rural digital infrastructure and training programs designed to enhance stakeholders’ skills. Public-private partnerships and pilot projects are essential to demonstrate the technology’s benefits and build trust among users. Gradual implementation, supported by collaboration between public and private sectors, can transform Romanian agriculture. Blockchain’s integration can lead to better productivity, improved safety, and greater sustainability. This study examines blockchain’s potential in PPE management, offering insights into its applications, benefits, and necessary steps for successful adoption in the agricultural sector. Through strategic action, Romanian agriculture can leverage blockchain to achieve safer practices and long-term sustainability.

Sustainable rural tourism development in Ethiopia: Leveraging economic growth, infrastructure improvements, and cultural heritage

Rural tourism, which offers authentic cultural and nature-based experiences, is increasingly recognized as a vital tool for sustainable development. Ethiopia, with its rich rural landscapes and cultural heritage, holds immense potential for rural tourism, but the sector remains underdeveloped. This study assesses the facilitating conditions and challenges of rural tourism in Ethiopia using a mixed-methods approach. Results indicate that Ethiopia’s economic growth, improved rural infrastructure, large rural population, higher ethnic and religious diversity index, and 11 UNESCO World Heritage Sites provide strong foundations for rural tourism. However, significant challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited marketing, restricted access to financing, ethnic conflicts, environmental degradation, and insufficient stakeholder cooperation hinder its growth. To address these barriers, the study proposes a model encompassing strategic investments in infrastructure, enhancing marketing and promotion, access to finance initiatives, conflict resolution strategies, sustainable tourism practices, enhancing stakeholder coordination, and supportive policy frameworks. By employing these strategies, Ethiopia can harness the full potential of its rural tourism sector, contributing to economic development and community well-being while promoting cultural preservation and environmental sustainability. Also, the proposed model is highly applicable to other developing economies that share similar contexts. Besides, given the importance of the seven fundamental pillars of the model, it remains relevant across tourism types like coastal destinations.

Increase or Reduce: How Does Rural Infrastructure Investment Affect Villagers’ Income?

Rural infrastructure is an important foundation for achieving sustainable rural development. To effectively formulate policies for rural infrastructure, it is crucial to evaluate the benefits of rural infrastructure investment (RII) using a systematic method. This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of the income-increasing effect of RII from a multidimensional perspective, and provide a reference for developing countries to adjust and improve rural infrastructure policies. For this purpose, this study has utilized 15 years of data in China to analyze the income-increasing effect of RII from three dimensions: structure, spatiality, and heterogeneity. The results indicate that (1) in terms of structure, both living infrastructure investment (LII) and production infrastructure investment (PII) promote wage income. PII has an increasing effect on non-wage income, but the increasing effect of LII on non-wage income is not evident. Meanwhile, the income-increasing effect of RII for high-income groups is larger than that for low-income groups. (2) In terms of spatiality, RII has a spatial spillover effect, which increases villagers’ income in neighboring areas. From the perspective of spatial effect decomposition, the indirect effect of RII even exceeds the direct effect. (3) In terms of heterogeneity, the increase in the level of job-related migration inhibits the income-increasing effect of LII but promotes the income-increasing effect of PII; the improvement of the education level promotes the income-increasing effect of LII but inhibits the income-increasing effect of PII.