Rural Indonesia Research Articles

Children's Resilience to Not Working Before and During the Pandemic in Rural Indonesia

Children are an asset to a country and a resource that will further national and international development goals. Children who work will be threatened by their health, safety, education, and development. In the last 10 years, BPS has recorded the percentage of child labor fluctuating with the latest record in 2021 at 2.63 percent. The high percentage makes the phenomenon of child labor still a global concern to be addressed as contained in the Sustainable Development Goals. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the determinants of children's resilience not to work in rural areas during the observation period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses a three-level survival analysis method by utilizing Sakernas data for August 2019-2020 and data from the BPS website. The results of this study obtained that the percentage of children aged 5-17 years who worked increased during the pandemic by 5.62 percent to 18.88 percent in rural areas. The variables of child gender, child education, child status at individual level; household head gender, household head occupation sector, and household poverty status at household level; and percentage of poor population at districts level significantly affect the resilience of children aged 5-17 not to work in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Extension of the UTAUT2 Model: A Case Study of Indonesian SMEs Acceptance of Social Commerce

An entirely updated e-commerce platform referred to as Social Commerce was developed in response to the rise in social media use. Social commerce integrates interactions between buyers and sellers made possible by social media platforms and Web 2.0 technology. It is frequently seen as a subfield of e-commerce. Social commerce has been successfully introduced in developing countries. Many businesses around the world are small and medium enterprises (SMEs). For instance, SMEs in Indonesia can contribute up to 60.34% of the country's GDP and have a substantial labor pool. Using social commerce as an e-commerce platform can significantly improve the operational efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, little empirical research has specifically examined how SMEs embrace social commerce. Given the high level of concern, further research is required. Therefore, the current study experimentally examined how local SMEs in rural Indonesia introduced social commerce. The study was modeled using the Unified Theory of Technology Acceptance and Use (UTAUT) 2 model and several previous studies. SmartPLS 4 software was used to model and evaluate data using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings of the 114 samples showed that relative advantage, social support, facilitation conditions, and the government's support of social commerce influenced behavioral intention to use social commerce. Behavioral intention to use social commerce influences the actual use of social commerce. The findings of this study can help local governments and policymakers develop social trade promotion regulations to help potential SMEs and entrepreneurs gain long-term business support.

Inovasi Pemasaran Dalam Mendorong Pertumbuhan Usaha Mikro Di Desa Sentol Pamekasan

The "Marketing Innovation in Encouraging Micro Business Growth in Sentol Pamekasan Village" Community Service Program (PKM) aims to increase the competitiveness and economic well-being of microbusinesses in rural Indonesia. Microenterprises hold significant value in both local and national economies. In an era of dynamic economic expansion and continuous social transformation, the growth and progress of microenterprises are of the utmost importance. The potential for micro businesses in Desa Sentol, Pamekasan, is substantial; nonetheless, proprietors of such enterprises encounter several obstacles, such as restricted market entry, intensifying competition, and a dearth of comprehension about efficacious marketing tactics. PKM places emphasis on marketing innovation as a potential resolution to this issue. The outcomes of this PKM initiative demonstrate a substantial positive influence. A 20 to 30 percent increase in the income and profitability of microenterprises contributes to enhanced economic well-being for microbusiness proprietors and the Desa Sentol community at large. Moreover, new marketing methods expand market penetration, hence generating more prospects for business expansion. Additionally, the results indicate that proprietors of microbusinesses in Desa Sentol have assimilated sustainable practices and a commitment to innovative marketing strategies. The significance of strengthening collaboration between microbusiness proprietors, local governments, and other pertinent stakeholders, as well as continuing to utilize marketing innovations, is illuminated by these findings. Ongoing support is provided through advanced training and technical mentoring. Future recommendations encompass the implementation of advanced training initiatives, continuous mentorship programs, enhanced cooperation channels, and the expansion of the range of products and services offered. By fostering ongoing assistance and expanding inventive capacity, Desa Sentol possesses substantial potential to emerge as a paradigm of achievement in the rural micro-enterprise sector of Indonesia. Additionally, this PKM program may serve as a model for other places confronting comparable obstacles.

Polymorphism in the Mitochondrial Cytochrome B of Crossbred Madura-Limousine Cattle

Madura cattle breeders in rural Indonesia prefer to request artificial insemination services for their cows with Limousin bull's freeze-thawed semen. However, crossbred Madura-Limousin (Madrasin) bulls reported a high infertility rate. This study aimed to identify the mutation of cytochrome b (Cytb) mtDNA in Madura-Limousin crossbred cattle to develop a fundamental breeding approach that would promote animal protein production and preserve the genetics of purebred Madura cattle. Blood samples were collected from the two bulls of crossbred Madura-Limousin, purebred Madura, and Limousin bulls for DNA analysis. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the Cytb mtDNA, which was then sequenced using the Sanger method. The MEGA 7.0 software was used with the neighbor-joining method to construct the phylogenetic tree. Compared to the purebred Madura cattle and purebred Limousin bulls, the crossbred Madura-Limousin bulls (also known as Madrasin) exhibited alterations in their nucleotide sequence as follows: Deletion of Adenine (number 37), mutation Guanine (66) to Cytosine, Thymine (73) to Cytosine, Guanine (78) to Adenine, Cytosine (84) to Guanine, Thymine (85) to Cytosine, Thymine (99) to Cytosine, Adenine (105) to Guanine, Adenine (114) to Guanine, Cytosine (126) to Thymine, Cytosine (141) to Thymine, and Adenine (144) to Cytosine, resulting in corresponding changes in the deletion of amino acid Isoleucine (position number 11) and mutation of Isoleucine (34) to Methionine. As observed in the resulting clades, the purebred Madura and Limousin cattle were grouped, while Madrasin crossbred cattle were separated. It could be concluded that Madrasin bulls exhibited alterations in their nucleotide and protein sequences of Cytb mtDNA, placing them in a distinct group from purebred Madura cattle and Limousin bulls.

Critical Periods in Cognitive and Socioemotional Development: Evidence from Weather Shocks in Indonesia

Abstract Early-life circumstances are important determinants of long-run human capital and well-being outcomes. The first 1,000 days of life are often cited as a ‘critical period’ for child development, but this notion has rarely been directly tested. In a setting where children are potentially subject to shocks in every year of their childhood, I estimate the impact of early-life weather shocks on adult cognitive and socioemotional outcomes for individuals born in rural Indonesia between 1988 and 2000. There is a strong critical period for these shocks at age two for cognitive development, but no evidence for a similar critical period for socioemotional development. The effects appear to be driven by changes in agricultural income and nutritional investment. The impacts are initially latent, only appearing after age 15. I show suggestive evidence for dynamic complementarity in early-life investments.

Encouragement and distortionary effects of conditional cash transfers

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs aim to reduce poverty or advance social goals by encouraging desirable behavior that recipients under-invest in. An unintended consequence of conditionality may be the distortion of recipients’ behavior in ways that lower welfare. We first illustrate a range of potential distortions arising from CCT programs around the world. We then show that in the simple case where a CCT causes low return participants to select into a behavior, and social returns and private perceived returns are aligned, transfer size plays an important role: the larger the transfer, the stronger the distortion becomes, implying that (i) there is an optimal transfer size for such CCTs, and (ii) unconditional cash transfers (UCTs) may be better than CCTs when the transfer amount is large. We provide empirical evidence consistent with these claims by studying a cash transfer program conditional on seasonal labor migration in rural Indonesia. In line with theory, we show that when the transfer size exceeds the amount required for travel expenses, distortionary effects dominate and migration earnings decrease.

Disparity of Neonatal Care Visits by Region in Indonesia: A Secondary Data from Basic Health Research.

Neonatal care visit is one of the efforts to reduce the neonatal mortality rate. In Indonesia, few studies have analyzed neonatal care visits by region in the last decade. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors associated with neonatal care visits by region in Indonesia. This study was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. It used secondary data from Riskedas (Basic Health Research). The total sample size was 64,321 female respondents of childbearing age who had babies aged 29days to 59months. The dependent variable was the completeness of neonatal care visits measured through at least one at the first neonatal care visit (KN 1), at least one at the second neonatal care visit (KN 2), and at least one at the third neonatal care visit (KN 3). Data were analysed using a statistical binary logistic regression test. The respondents who had complete neonatal care visits in Indonesia was 47.9%. The region with the highest proportion was Java-Bali at 58.5%, while the region with the lowest proportion was Papua at 23.8%. Variables influencing the completeness of neonatal care visits were delivery attendant, urban residence, secondary and higher education background, parity, delivery at a healthcare facility and compete antenatal care visits. Of these variables, delivery attendant (p < 0.05) was the most significant variable in all regions. This study showed that there were significant differences in complete neonatal care visits between regions in particularly between the ones in the west and east part of Indonesia. The government is expected to be able to provide equal distribution of and access to health facilities in rural and eastern Indonesia, especially neonatal services.

Exploring Women’s Lived Experiences of Early Marriage in Rural Indonesia

Early marriage is still a global concern, and Indonesia ranks second behind Cambodia in the number of early marriages within the ASEAN region. Despite the spread of technology and the influence of Western media, some Indonesian families, especially those who live in rural areas, continue to practice early marriage. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the reasons behind early marriage based on the perspective of Indonesian women who were married before the age of 18. Based on a phenomenological approach, thirty women, ages 18-45, from the Madurese community in Situbondo, East Java participated in the study. Results showed that young Madurese women decided to get married for love and companionship, as well as for economic benefits and protecting the family’s honor. Participants also believed that cultural norms and values related to marriage, sexual purity, and gender expectations play a role in early marriage. Suggestions for future studies and community interventions are discussed.

Creating Digital Creativepreneur for SMEs in Rural Indonesia

SMEs in Balida Village, Majalengka, strives to survive and grow in the pandemic era, while digitalization era provides opportunities to be more creative and reach a broader market efficiently. Main problem is lack of digital literacy and skill among them. Those weaknesses and opportunities drive to a solution program of a digital creative entrepreneur development that aims to enhance digital literacy and accelerate digital transformation in SMEs sector. The program applied activities in current analysis, design solution, training, assistance, and evaluation. The main activities are training and assistance for implementing of digital marketing through a marketplace platform to 32 SMEs with various business fields, such as food and culinary, convection and fashion, groceries, art, health and beauty, and services. The evaluation showed that training and technical assistance had increased digital literacy and interest in digital marketing of SMEs. They plan to expand the market and sell products using the marketplace platform. At the end of this 7-month program, 5 digital creative entrepreneurs were born with the need for advanced development programs.&#x0D; Keywords: digital literacy, digital creative entrepreneur, digital marketing, marketplace

Access and utilization of health services improved by trained posyandu cadres in rural Indonesia

Abstract Posyandu stands for ‘Pos Pelayanan Terpadu’ in Bahasa, meaning ‘Integrated Service Post,’ a community-based health center to provide a range of services for mothers and under five children in Indonesia. Each Posyandu center s served by five posyandu cadres who are community-based health workers and responsible to deliver essential health services and counseling to their communities. In Central Lombok district, Indonesia, we facilitated building capacity and skill of posyandu cadres for counseling and health education and to encourage the community to attend Posyandu center as well as to seek care from nearby Puskesmas and Polindes (other community based static health facilities). During January - August 2022, we trained 1100 posyandu cadres and equipped them with pictorial cards with health education and counseling messages. We retrieved monthly attendance and care seeking data from Puskesmas, Polindes and Posyandu centers through routine health management information system for January 2022 to February 2023 and we compared pre-training (January-August 2022) and post-training (September 2022-February 2023) data. Monthly average number of pregnant women and sick children who were brought to nearby Puskesmas and Polindes for care during pre-training period was 1553 which was significantly increased to 1844 during post-training period (p &amp;lt; 0.001). We also observed statistically significant ((p &amp;lt; 0.001) increase in average monthly attendance of mothers and children at Posyandu centres (from 12,751 in pre-training period to 14,677 in post-training period). This incremental attendance at Posyandu centers and increased care seeking from Puskesmas and Polindes can potentially be attributable to counseling-education session by trained and skilled posyandu cadres and it reconfirms the worthiness of additional investment for capacity and skill building of posyandu cadres to improve community health in rural Indonesia. Key messages • Posyandu cadres have potential strength to make significant improvement in community health care service delivery by educating and counseling communities in rural Indonesia. • Investment on capacity building and training of posyandu cadres can pay off by improving access and utilization of health care services by pregnant women and children.

The Effect of Chicken Manure and Triple Super Phospat Fertilizer on The Growth of Purple Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) on Andisol

Cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea) belong to the Brassicaceae family, is a vegetable that is widely cultivated by farmers in rural Indonesia. In an effort to increase the productivity of purple cabbage it is necessary to carry out soil management. Andisol is one type of soil that is relatively fertile but has a high level of P absorption so it is necessary to add Chicken Manure and TSP Fertilizer. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of treatment and response from the combination of treatment on the application of chicken manure and TSP fertilizer on the growth and production of purple cabbage plants. The research design used was a group randomized design (RAK) with 2 factors arranged factorially. The first factor is chicken manure fertilizer which consists of 3 levels, namely: K1 = chicken manure fertilizer 10 tons / ha (50 grams / polybag), K2 = chicken manure fertilizer 20 tons / ha ( 100 grams / polybag) and, K3 = chicken manure fertilizer 30 tons / ha ( 150 grams / polybag). The second factor of TSP fertilizer consists of 3 levels, namely: T1 = TSP 200 kg / ha ( 1 gram / polybag), T2 = TSP 300 kg / ha ( 1.5 grams / polybag) and, T3 = TSP 400 kg / ha ( 2 grams / polybag). Treatment of Chicken Manure (K), TSP fertilizer, and Interaction (KxT) had no real effect (P ≥0.05) on the variables of maximum plant height, maxmium leaf count, root length, flower crop diameter and wet weight of crop per plant.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Confirmatory Factors Influencing Innovative Schools in Indonesian Rural Areas

This study aims to describe the results of research on how schools in the rural areas of West Pasaman sub-district, Indonesia lead innovation at individual, class, and institutional levels. The study particularly identify the leadership role of school principals and school readiness to make changes. This research was conducted quantitatively with an expost facto and correlational study approach. The population was principals and elementary school teachers selected based on geographical considerations, namcely the location or distance of the schools from the district administration center. 200 elementary school teachers were selected as participant of the research. Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) was used for the analysis of quantitative data using an algorithm, bootstrapping, and blindfolding techniques. The results of this study prove that change leadership and readiness for change have a positive and significant impact on school innovation in Indonesian rural areas. Change leadership can foster readiness for change for school residents, especially teachers so that school innovation ultimately occurs. The results of this study prove that change leadership and readiness for change have a positive and significant impact on school innovation in Indonesian rural areas. Linearly, it can also be interpreted that change leadership can build readiness for change among school members, especially teachers, so that in the end a school innovation is formed. The role of the principal in the context of change starts from initiation, then implementation to the institutionalization of change.

Challenges of Teaching English for Elementary School Student in Indonesian Rural Areas

Teaching English in rural areas presents another hurdle for English language teachers. Furthermore, this present study attempted to analyze the challenges of teaching English for young learners in Indonesian rural area. This study employed qualitative methodology and case study was used as a research design. Then, in this study, purposive sampling was adopted to select the participants. Furthermore, three elementary English teachers were participated as the participants in this study. In addition, the data were collected through semi-structured interview. Then, to validate the data this study used credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Furthermore, thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. This study discovered that there were five main challenges of teaching English in rural areas which were the status of English in curriculum, lack of qualified English teacher, insufficient of educational facilities, students’ negative attitudes toward English and students’ socio-economic background. Additionnally, the implications of this study was provided valuable information for further research and can be helpful to school's stakeholders to increase the quality of the education in the English language learning process, especially at the primary level of education.

Hypertension treatment in rural Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis

People with chronic diseases are at higher risk of a pandemic threat because COVID-19 can affect their clinical outcomes, including mental illness and cardiovascular disease. COVID-19 has reduced access to healthcare facilities and physicians for patients with chronic diseases who require regular visits, follow-ups, testing and prescription refills. The aim of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of hypertension therapy based on the patient's blood pressure level at each visit. This is a descriptive-analytical study that uses a cross-sectional approach and retrospective data. Data collection started in April and ended in October 2021. Data were collected from the medical records of the Oesapa Health Centre in Kupang City to conduct the research. 165 respondents participated in the study. The results of the study of patients with hypertension in the area of research data showed non-compliance in carrying out health control or treatment, namely 229 respondents (83.27%), then two visits by 28 respondents (10.18%), three visits by 13 respondents (4.73%), four visits with 3 respondents (1.10%), five and ten visits for health check-ups, each with only one respondent (0.36%). The results of this study suggest that the pandemic state of COVID-19 has a significant impact on patients' compliance with their health check-ups and on their treatment outcomes.

Within-Community Conflict on Mining Policy: Assessing Implication in Rural Indonesia

The case of Kendeng, Rembang regency, Central Java, due to the expansion of cement factory buildings in Tuban and Gresik East Java, has led to conflict not only between the community and policymakers but also between community members. This paper discusses the fragmentation in the community by mapping argumentation behind pro and contra the policy. Based on research during 2018-2019, applying desk study, interviews, and direct observation, this paper identifies that the conflict has led to the social grouping into pro-, anti-cement, and neutral people, which impacted the daily social life of the community. The grouping has created tension in daily social relationships, creating fragmentation among the village community members. The case allows us to reflect more on the need for the policy to be aware of the social impact of a development policy within the community; moreover, for rural communities, the neighborhood is a crucial institution for them.

Preserving Tradition and Celebrating the Prophet: An Ethnographic Study of the Mbelu’ Pandang Tradition West Sumbawa, Indonesia

This ethnographic study delves into the Mbelu’ Pandang tradition, a unique cultural practice held in Labuan Kertasari Village, West Sumbawa, Indonesia. This tradition, which originated from the Selayar tribe, involves intricate rituals such as the rolling of pandan leaves and the slicing of pandanus, performed during the commemoration of the Prophet Muhammad’s birthday. The study aimed to explore the historical roots, philosophical meanings, and contemporary significance of the Mbelu’ Pandang tradition, emphasizing its socio-cultural and religious values. Data was collected over three months using participant observation, in-depth interviews with 13 key informants, including village elders, religious, and community leaders, and qualitative content analysis was employed to interpret the findings. Results indicate that the tradition serves multiple functions: fostering community cohesion, acting as a conduit for religious expression, and reinforcing cultural identity among the villagers. It also highlights the efforts to preserve this tradition through local festivals and community-based initiatives, which sustain cultural heritage and promote regional tourism. The study contributes to understanding the dynamics of cultural preservation within minority tribes and offers insights into the complex interplay between tradition, religion, and modernity in rural Indonesia.

Flexible Work Supervision and Harmonious Relationships: A Qualitative Study of Non-Physical Work Environment in Rural Indonesia

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This qualitative study aims to provide a descriptive overview of the non-physical work environment at a Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDes) in a rural area of Indonesia. Using in-depth interviews with three informants, the research examines the flexible job supervision system, responsibility prioritization, periodic monitoring, and comfortable working atmosphere at BUMDes Tanjung Lestari. The findings reveal harmonious relationships among BUMDes management, village officials, and members, contributing to a conducive work environment. This study sheds light on effective work supervision approaches and interrelated dynamics within rural community enterprises, suggesting potential implications for sustainable and cooperative work environments.&#x0D; Highlight:&#x0D; &#x0D; Descriptive Overview: The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the non-physical work environment at a rural Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDes) in Indonesia.&#x0D; Flexible Supervision: The research explores a flexible job supervision system, highlighting its impact on work processes and outcomes.&#x0D; Harmonious Relationships: The study uncovers the harmonious relationships between BUMDes management, village officials, and members, contributing to a conducive work environment.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keyword: Non-Physical Work Environment, Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDes), Flexible Supervision, Harmonious Relationships, Sustainable Work Environment&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Covid 19, Inequality and Poverty in Rural Indonesia

The Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on inequality and poverty in rural Indonesia. This study aims to identify inequality and poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as program policies for poor families after the Covid-19 pandemic in rural Indonesia. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods with the Drone Participatory Mapping (DPM) approach is the preferred method used by researchers to obtain Precision Village Data (PVD). From this data, the researcher used the Lorenz Curve to determine the inequality and poverty of families in three villages (Sibandang, Cikarawang and Tegallalang). The results showed that the three research villages were in low inequality conditions (Sibandang Village with the typology of plantation village = 0.39; Cikarawang Village with the typology of food crops village = 0.36; and Tegallalang Village with the typology of rice field village = 0.35) during the Covid-19 pandemic. From this inequality, every poor family in rural Indonesia has a different income. Therefore, the policy to restore the condition of poor families in rural Indonesia must address three main aspects: education, employment and income.

Expert consensus on the attributes and competencies required for rural and remote junior physicians to work effectively in isolated indonesian communities.

Indonesian physicians working in rural and remote areas must be equipped not only with generic competencies but also with the attributes and skills necessary to provide health care services without compromising quality. This study sought to reach a consensus on the attributes and competencies that are viewed as essential and important for working effectively as an early career doctor in rural and remote practice in Indonesia. A two-round Delphi study was conducted by reference to 27 consenting physicians working in rural and remote Indonesia. Forty-three items covering 9 attributes and 34 competencies were sent to these physicians to be rated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 in terms of their importance for effective rural and remote practice. Nine attributes and 29 competencies progressed to Round 2. All nine attributes and 29 competencies were identified as essential or important for junior physicians' ability to be effective in their practice. The essential attributes included professional quality related to prioritising the rural community. The essential competencies included medical skills, professional behaviour, interprofessional skills, health promotion and connection to the rural community. The consensus thus reached on these essential and important attributes and competencies can inform curriculum development for the undergraduate and postgraduate training of junior rural and remote physicians.

Traditional health services utilization in rural Indonesia: does socioeconomic status matter?

The presence of traditional health services (THS) is expected by governments to fill the lack of modern health facilities available in rural areas. Also, the proportion of poor people in rural areas has been increasing more rapidly than it has in urban areas. The present study analyzed the socioeconomic status and THS utilization in rural Indonesia. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey. The study analyzed 357 556 adults (age &ge;15 years), examining age, gender, marital status, education, and occupation as control factors, in addition to socioeconomic status (SES; with five divisions from 'lowest' to 'highest') and THS utilization. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate the data. The results show that those with lower SES were 1.111 times more likely to utilize THS than those with the lowest SES (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.111; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.085-1.137). Those with middle SES were 1.113 times more likely than those with the lowest SES to utilize THS (AOR 1.113; 95%CI 1.086-1.140). Meanwhile, those with a higher SES are 1.166 times more likely than those with the lowest SES to use THS in rural Indonesia (AOR 1.166; 95%CI 1.139-1.194). Those with the highest SES were 1.166 times more likely than those with the lowest SES to use THS in rural Indonesia (AOR 1.166; 95%CI 1.134-1.200). The study concluded that SES status relates to THS utilization in rural Indonesia. All SES levels are more likely than those with the lowest SES to utilize the THS in rural Indonesia. The results indicate that although all SES levels can receive it, the lowest SES group rarely accesses THS.