Rural Areas Of China Research Articles

A Comprehensive Research on China Rural Area Finance

A Comprehensive Research on China Rural Area Finance

Improving service accessibility and equity for sustainable development goals without newly facilities by rural settlement reconstruction

Ensuring the provision of accessible, affordable, and high-quality public services to all individuals aligns with one of the paramount aims of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the face of escalating urbanization and a dwindling rural populace in China, reconstructing rural settlements to enhance public service accessibility has become a fundamental strategy for achieving the SDGs in rural areas. However, few studies have examined the optimal methods for rural settlement reconstruction that ensure accessible and equitable public services while considering multiple existing facilities and service provisions. This paper focuses on rural settlement reconstruction in the context of the SDGs, employing an inverted MCLP-CC (maximal coverage location problem for complementary coverage) model to identify optimal rural settlements and a rank-based method for their relocation. Conducted in Changyuan, a county-level city in Henan Province, China, this study observed significant enhancements in both accessibility and equity following rural settlement reconstruction by utilizing the MH3SFCA (modified Huff 3-step floating catchment area) and the spatial Lorenz curve method. Remarkably, these improvements were achieved without the addition of new facilities, with the accessibility increasing by 44.21%, 4.97%, and 3.11%; Gini coefficients decreasing by 19.53%, 1.64%, and 3.18%; Ricci-Schutz coefficients decreasing by 21.09%, 2.09%, and 4.33% for educational, medical, and cultural and sports facilities, respectively. It indicated that rural settlement reconstruction can bolster the accessibility and equity of public services by leveraging existing facilities. This paper provides a new framework for stakeholders to better reconstruct rural settlements and promote sustainable development in rural areas in China.

Changes in food consumption and nutrition intake of rural residents in central China

Food security and diet diversity is essential to sustainable food system all over the world. As the income of rural residents achieves great increase, the structure of food consumption and food diversification face significant change. Rural residents' food consumption and nutrients intake worth more attention. Chinese government has been striving to achieve sustainable development in rural areas. We conducted this study to explore area-level practices aiming at achieving food and nutrition security in rural China. In order to search for the change principle and main influencing factors of residents' food consumption, three rural areas in Henan Province were selected. According to the data obtained from the Henan Province Bureau of Statistics, changes in food consumption from 2012 to 2021 in three rural areas were analyzed in this study. This study led to the following remarkable results: (1) The per capita consumption of poultry, meat, sugar, and eggs of the three rural residents has increased much more than that of other food items. (2) In the three rural areas, the proportions of grains, vegetables, liquor, and edible oils have decreased overall. The proportions of other categories, such as poultry, meat, and fruits, have increased. (3) The rural residents’ per capita nutrition intake has increased remarkably. The results provide some empirical foundation for local government who need suggest that rural residents should control their intake of high-energy food, such as poultry, meat, and sugar. This study has significant policy implication for achieving sustainable goals in rural areas of China.

Point-of-care Testing HbA1c screening for type 2 diabetes in urban and rural areas of China: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Point-of-care Testing (POCT) glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a convenient, cheap, effective and accessible screening method for type 2 diabetes in rural areas and community settings that is widely used in the European region and Japan, but not yet widespread in China. The study is the first to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of POCT HbA1c, fasting capillary glucose (FCG), and venous blood HbA1c to screen for type 2 diabetes in urban and rural areas of China, and to identify the best socio-economically beneficial screening strategy. Based on urban and rural areas in China, economic models for type 2 diabetes screening were constructed from a social perspective. The subjects of this study were adults aged 18-80 years with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. Three screening strategies were established for venous blood HbA1c, FCG and POCT HbA1c, and cost-effectiveness analysis was performed by Markov models. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were performed on all parameters of the model to verify the stability of the results. Compared with FCG, POCT HbA1c was cost-effective with an incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) of $500.06/quality-adjusted life year (QALY) in urban areas and an ICUR of $185.10/QALY in rural areas, within the willingness-to-pay threshold (WTP = $37,653). POCT HbA1c was cost-effective with lower cost and higher utility compared with venous blood HbA1c in both urban and rural areas. In the comparison of venous blood HbA1c and FCG, venous blood HbA1c was cost-effective (ICUR = $20,833/QALY) in urban areas but not in rural areas (ICUR = $41,858/QALY). Sensitivity analyses showed that the results of the study were stable and credible. POCT HbA1c was cost-effective for type 2 diabetes screening in both urban and rural areas of China, which could be considered for future clinical practice in China. Factors such as geographic location, local financial situation and resident compliance needed to be considered when making the choice of venous blood HbA1c or FCG.

Study on the Function of Social Media in Rural Health Communication in the Context of Media Convergence

In today's era, the rapid development of Internet technology is driving profound changes in the media landscape. Media convergence, an irreversible development trend, is penetrating into multiple dimensions such as form, technology, platform, market, organization and users. In the all-media era, the deep integration of communities, neighborhoods, regions and cultures is having a profound impact on China's media ecosystem. With the advent of the network era, health communication is facing unprecedented new opportunities and challenges. The application of advanced technologies such as algorithms and cloud computing has provided a brand new way to popularize health knowledge. This not only makes the dissemination of health information more efficient, but also allows more people to access health-related knowledge conveniently. However, in China's rural areas, health communication still faces many problems. The China New Media Development Report reveals in detail the current situation of rural health communication in terms of creation, content, dissemination, and influence, pointing out problems such as lack of subject, insufficient traffic, and insufficient media capacity. The report emphasizes that the construction of health culture is of great significance to rural revitalization. This study aims to promote the development of rural health communication, so that the dividends of technology can truly benefit the countryside and improve the health of rural residents. To this end, we need to actively explore and practice to find effective solutions to promote the progress of rural health communication in China.

Chinese Government Enterprise Driven Strategies in Rural Poverty Alleviation - A Case Study of China's Rural Area of Henan

Chinese Government Enterprise Driven Strategies in Rural Poverty Alleviation - A Case Study of China's Rural Area of Henan

Microscopic Characterization of Individual Aerosol Particles in a Typical Industrial City and Its Surrounding Rural Areas in China.

Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze individual aerosol particles collected in Lanzhou (urban site) and its surrounding areas (rural site) in early 2023. The results revealed that from the pre-Spring Festival period to the Spring Festival period, the main pollutants at the urban site decreased significantly, while the PM2.5 and SO2 concentrations increased at the rural site. During the entire sampling period, the main particles at the urban site were organic matter (OM), secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), and OM-SIA particles, while those at the rural site were OM, SIA, and soot particles. The degree of external mixing of single particles in both sites increased from the pre-Spring Festival period to the Spring Festival period. The proportion of the OM particles increased by 11% at the urban site, and the proportion of SIA particles increased by 24% at the rural site. During the Spring Festival, the aging of the soot particles was enhanced at the urban site and weakened at the rural site. At the urban site, the SIA particle size was more strongly correlated with the thickness of the OM coating during the pre-Spring Festival period, while the correlation was stronger at the rural site during the Spring Festival.

Quantifying Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Rates by Rural and Urban Areas: Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Vaccination plays an important role in preventing COVID-19 infection and reducing the severity of the disease. There are usually differences in vaccination rates between urban and rural areas. Measuring these differences can aid in developing more coordinated and sustainable solutions. This information also serves as a reference for the prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases in the future. This study aims to assess the current coverage rate and influencing factors of COVID-19 (second booster) vaccination among Chinese residents, as well as the disparities between urban and rural areas in China. This cross-sectional study used a stratified random sampling approach to select representative samples from 11 communities and 10 villages in eastern (Changzhou), central (Zhengzhou), western (Xining), and northeast (Mudanjiang) Mainland China from February 1 to February 18, 2023. The questionnaires were developed by experienced epidemiologists and contained the following: sociodemographic information, health conditions, vaccine-related information, information related to the Protective Motivation Theory (PMT), and the level of trust in the health care system. Vaccination rates among the participants were evaluated based on self-reported information provided. Binary logistic regression models were performed to explore influencing factors of vaccination among urban and rural participants. Urban-rural disparities in the vaccination rate were assessed using propensity score matching (PSM). A total of 5780 participants were included, with 53.04% (3066/5780) being female. The vaccination rate was 12.18% (704/5780; 95% CI 11.34-13.02) in the total sample, 13.76% (341/2478; 95% CI 12.40-15.12) among the rural participants, and 10.99% (363/3302; 95% CI 9.93-12.06) among the urban participants. For rural participants, self-reported health condition, self-efficacy, educational level, vaccine knowledge, susceptibility, benefits, and trust in the health care system were independent factors associated with vaccination (all P＜.05). For urban participants, chronic conditions, COVID-19 infection, subjective community level, vaccine knowledge, self-efficacy, and trust in the health care system were independent factors associated with vaccination (all P＜.05). PSM analysis uncovered a 3.42% difference in vaccination rates between urban and rural participants. The fourth COVID-19 vaccination coverage rate (second booster) among the Chinese population was extremely low, significantly lower than the previous vaccine coverage rate. Given that COVID-19 infection is still prevalent at low levels, efforts should focus on enhancing self-efficacy to expand the vaccine coverage rate among the Chinese population. For rural residents, building awareness of the vaccine's benefits and improving their overall health status should be prioritized. In urban areas, a larger proportion of people with COVID-19 and patients with chronic illness should be vaccinated.

Evaluation of urban–rural difference in breast cancer mortality among Chinese women during 1987–2021: A hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis

BackgroundBreast cancer mortality varies in urban and rural areas in China. Studies have reported urban–rural difference across time period, however, the evaluation on urban–rural differences in age and birth cohort effects is limited. Our aim was to quantitatively assess urban–rural disparities in age, period and cohort effects in breast cancer mortality in China. MethodsWe collected age-specific breast cancer mortality rates for urban and rural females aged 20–84 years from 1987 to 2021. Hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) models were used to evaluate the effect of area (urban, rural) on breast cancer mortality and investigate urban–rural differences in age, time period and birth cohort effects. ResultsWe found a significant area (urban, rural) effect on breast cancer mortality in that rural females had a lower mortality risk than urban females [−0.25 (95 % confidence interval (CI): −0.32, −0.17)]. Age trajectories of mortality based on the HAPC model showed nonlinear trends with adjustment for area variable. The urban–rural difference in age effect appeared to be divergent with age, and urban women had higher mortality risk in the senior age group. The urban–rural difference in birth cohort effect indicated a reversal around the birth cohort group of 1962–1966, after which rural females had a higher mortality risk than urban females. ConclusionThe area (urban, rural) could affect breast cancer mortality among women, and the effect of urban–rural difference varies with age and birth cohort. To promote the health of urban and rural females, the gap between urban and rural areas should be shorten.

Trends in Urban Vegetation Growth in China from 2000 to 2022

Over the past two decades, urbanization in China has been advancing rapidly. The intricate effects of urbanization on vegetation growth in the urban core have been studied and reported. However, the percentage of impervious surfaces in the urban core, as defined in previous studies, was relatively low, and included some pixels containing farmland and water bodies. Consequently, their results may be affected by urbanization processes, such as the transformation of land types. Hence, this paper extracted 100% impervious surfaces from 2000 to 2022 as urban core areas in China using a 30 m resolution China land cover dataset (CLCD), which completely excluded the effect of urbanization itself on the experimental results, obtaining the trend of vegetation change in the real urban core area. Employing the remote sensing imagery of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from 2000 to 2022, we analyzed the growth of vegetation in 1559 urban cores and the surrounding rural areas in China. The study’s findings revealed that the majority of the core areas (85.3%) studied in this paper exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in vegetation, indicating that the various urban greening policies in China have been effective. However, only about 23.7% (369) of the urban core areas showed a faster increase in vegetation than the rural areas. This suggests that for most urban cores (1190), vegetation increase is not as pronounced as it is in surrounding rural areas. Additionally, the EVI rate of change in the urban cores obtained using CLCD versus MODIS land cover data significantly differed. The latter obtained a less pronounced trend of vegetation growth compared to the former, attributable to the disparity in their spatial resolution and the methodology used to define urban areas. The study underscores the importance of vegetation growth and its distribution in various urban core areas to comprehend the dynamics of urban cores’ vegetation growth and to offer insights for the subsequent formulation of greening policies. Moreover, data with different resolutions will significantly impact the results, thus highlighting the necessity of employing high spatial resolution data for more comprehensive research.

Performance research on multi-energy complementary heating systems in rural areas of China: A mini review

Abstract Winter heating in rural areas has always been an issue of great concern to the State. In China, traditional heating methods mainly use coal-fired boilers or heating stoves, however, coal burning has caused serious environmental pollution and air quality problems. In order to improve heating conditions and reduce environmental pollution, some rural areas have begun to try multi-energy complementary heating (MECH) system, which improves heating efficiency by comprehensively utilizing solar energy, biomass energy, ground source heat pump, air source heat pump (ASHP). However, due to poor economic conditions, the actual operation faces various factors and challenges. In order to solve these problems, this paper provides a systematic review of the research on MECH systems in rural areas in China in recent years. First, it summarizes the existing MECH systems, including various technologies such as solar-ASHP heating, solar-biogas heating, and ground source heat pump-solar heating, and lists their advantages and disadvantages in detail. Secondly, the effects of MECH systems in practical applications are discussed through case studies. Finally, recommendations for promoting MECH technologies are presented to facilitate the development of MECH systems in rural areas. The study contributes to the development of MECH system, which helps to improve rural heating conditions and reduce environmental pollution.

Global epidemiology of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in human and animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Since the initial identification of the Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) in ticks in rural areas of China in 2009, the virus has been increasingly isolated from a diverse array of hosts globally, exhibiting a rising trend in incidence. This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of SFTS cases, alongside an examination of the infection rates across various hosts, with the objective of addressing public concerns regarding the spread and impact of the disease. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, an exhaustive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Medline, CNKI, WanFang, and CQVIP. The literature search was confined to publications released between January 1, 2009, and May 29, 2023. The study focused on collating data pertaining to animal infections under natural conditions and human infection cases reported. Additionally, species names were unified using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The notification rate, notification death rate, case fatality rate, and infection rates (or MIR) were assessed for each study with available data. The proportions were pooled using a generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM). Meta-regressions were conducted for subgroup analysis. This research has been duly registered with PROSPERO, bearing the registration number CRD42023431010. We identified 5492 studies from database searches and assessed 238 full-text studies for eligibility, of which 234 studies were included in the meta-analysis. For human infection data, the overall pooled notification rate was 18.93 (95% CI 17.02-21.05) per ten million people, the overall pooled notification deaths rate was 3.49 (95% CI 2.97-4.10) per ten million people, and the overall pooled case fatality rate was 7.80% (95% CI 7.01%-8.69%). There was an increasing trend in notification rate and deaths rate, while the case fatality rate showed a significant decrease globally. Regarding animal infection data, among 94 species tested, 48 species were found to carry positive nucleic acid or antibodies. Out of these, 14 species were classified under Arthropoda, while 34 species fell under Chordata, comprising 27 Mammalia and 7 Aves. This systematic review and meta-analysis present the latest global report on SFTS. In terms of human infections, notification rates and notification deaths rates are on the rise, while the case fatality rate has significantly decreased. More SFTSV animal hosts have been discovered than before, particularly among birds, indicating a potentially broader transmission range for SFTSV. These findings provide crucial insights for the prevention and control of SFTS on a global scale. None.

Cooperative operation optimization for rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operators considering typical energy scenarios

Despite being rich in renewable energy, China's rural areas are backwards in terms of energy use. Rural multi-microgrid cooperative operation optimization can effectively promote renewable energy use in rural areas. Many different microgrid energy scenarios have been developed for rural areas of China, and they have different resource endowments and unit compositions. Moreover, frequent power-related interactions occur between counties and villages. This study analyzes four typical microgrid energy scenarios in rural areas of China and optimizes their synergistic operation based on county-integrated energy operators. First, a mathematical model of rural microgrids for four energy scenarios and a trading mechanism between rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operators were constructed. Subsequently, an upper-level optimization model that minimizes operating costs was developed for the county-integrated energy operator. A low-level optimization model was developed for rural multi-microgrid usage, and it minimized the operating costs. Finally, Stackelberg game theory was utilized to resolve the optimization issue. The results showed that the cooperative optimization of rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operations can reduce the operating costs of both parties compared to that when each subject is operating alone. This optimization reduced the rural multi-microgrid cost from 12 773.64 yuan to 11 508.67 yuan and county-integrated energy operator cost from 3898.37 yuan to 1581.79 yuan. Moreover, it reduced both parties' dependence on external power grids; increased the self-balancing capacity of the rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operator from 0.424 to 0.715 and 0.694 to 0.852, respectively; substantially increased the capacity of renewable energy consumption through power interaction; and reduced the risk of fluctuations in system operating costs.

Study on Hidden Dropout of Students in Junior High Schools in Rural Areas of China

Free compulsory education has made "all children can go to school" a reality and eliminated the phenomenon of dropping out of school due to tuition and miscellaneous fees. However, at this stage, hidden dropout has risen to become the main contradiction in China's compulsory education. The article focuses on the problem of hidden dropout in rural junior high schools, and explains the impact of hidden dropout on personal development, students' families and society. The causes of hidden dropout are analysed in depth, including students' own factors, family factors, school education factors and social environment factors. Corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the levels of school, family and society, with a view to providing theoretical basis and practical reference for effectively solving the problem of students' hidden dropout at junior middle school level in rural areas, as well as promoting the healthy development of rural education.

Return Migration and Human Resources Development in Rural Areas: European Experience and Chinese Practice

Objective: The purpose of this study is to explore and propose strategies to promote the return of rural population and effective human resource development in China, and to learn from the successful experience of European countries, especially their education and training systems, social security mechanisms, characteristic industries and infrastructure construction, in order to facilitate the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. Theoretical framework: Based on literature review, SWOT analysis, and international comparative research methods, this study builds a theoretical framework to identify the key elements of rural population return and human resource development, including vocational education and training, social security system, the cultivation of characteristic industries, the construction of infrastructure, etc., and reveals the similarities and differences between China and Europe in these fields through comparative analysis. Design/Methods/Approach: Adopt a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, firstly, through an extensive literature review to build a theoretical foundation; Second, data from official and international agencies are used for quantitative analysis, including processing and visualizing data on rural residents' incomes, investment in education, and population structure. Subsequently, SWOT analysis was used to assess the current state of human resource development in China's rural areas. Finally, the data obtained are exhaustively analysed, combined with European cases and specific strategic suggestions are proposed. Significance: The results of this study will provide a comprehensive strategic framework for human resource development in China's rural areas, emphasizing the implementation of multidimensional strategies such as optimizing investment in education, vocational training, and improving the social security system, which is of great practical importance to promote the healthy return of rural people and promote the sustainable development of the economy and economy. rural society. The proposed strategies can not only guide policy-making, but also provide a scientific basis for the development path of rural areas.

A Case Study on the Application of New Media Technology and Market Expansion of Rural Enterprises in Central China

New media has become a critical marketing method in modern times and plays a vital role in rural China's market expansion and development. Currently, the sales of agricultural products by Chinese rural enterprises have become an indispensable part of agricultural product marketing. In the face of fierce market competition, these companies must focus on building agricultural product brands to enhance market competitiveness continuously. However, under the influence of traditional economic concepts and production models, enterprises in some rural areas of China still need to understand brand building, which limits the effective use of new media and results in certain constraints on marketing agricultural products. Therefore, this article aims to conduct an in-depth study of how rural enterprises use new media technology to highlight their products' unique features and advantages by formulating effective marketing promotion strategies.In the face of fierce market competition, rural enterprises need to use creative marketing methods to increase the visibility and recognition of their products. To this end, researchers have proposed marketing promotion strategies through new media technology. In the process of brand building, this article emphasizes the combination of product characteristics and local culture to ensure that the brand image is more in line with the tastes and needs of local consumers. Through innovative designs of brand logos, slogans, etc., rural enterprises are expected to stand out in the market and enhance their competitiveness in new media marketing. Ultimately, this article aims to provide compelling new media marketing strategies for rural enterprises to promote the upgrade of their brand image and improve the market competitiveness of agricultural product sales.

Research on Public Policies to Promote the Organic Connection Between Rural Revitalization and Poverty Alleviation

Poverty alleviation is foundational to maintaining Chinas comprehensive progress towards a moderately prosperous society. Rural revitalization is a crucial measure to further realize the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. The organic connection between these two is a focal issue in the development process of China's agricultural and rural areas, playing a strategic support role in achieving Chinas second centennial goal. Based on this, this paper focuses on the organic connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in the new era. By summarizing the basic background and overall connotations of both, and employing a research methodology that integrates theory with practice, this study explores the achievements and inherent logical relations of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization at this stage, as well as the strategic significance of their integration in various aspects. With the shift of strategic focus to the "three rural issues," promoting the organic connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization may face challenges from group coverage, spatial scope, work objectives, task deadlines, and policy allocation in the future. Therefore, this paper further proposes feasible suggestions for the implementation of governance policies that promote the organic connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization from the perspectives of people, society, organizations, institutions, and development.

The realization logic of rural revitalization: Coupled coordination analysis of development and governance.

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new stage. The principal social contradiction is the uneven development of urban and rural areas. The rural revitalization strategy has emerged as time has required. The realization of rural revitalization not only requires development to lay the foundation of the countryside but also requires governance to lead the development of the countryside. Development and governance are two indispensable aspects of rural revitalization. However, China's rural areas have long been in a state of development without governance, and this situation must change. Therefore, systematically exploring the relationship between development and governance is the key to solving the current shortcomings in rural areas. Based on the data from the statistical yearbook, the study constructed a set of evaluation indicators for rural development governance and revitalization and verified the model's effectiveness.The entropy method and the assessment model were used to calculate the comprehensive score of rural development, governance, and revitalization. The relationship between rural development and governance was analyzed using a coupled coordination model. The regression analysis model was used to explore the relationship between the coupling results of rural development, governance, and rural revitalization. From the comprehensive results, both development and governance show an upward trend, but the upward trend of development is better. From the analysis of coupling coordination between development and governance, the C value is in good condition, the T value fluctuates wildly, and the D fluctuates with the fluctuation of T. Judging from the comprehensive score of rural revitalization, it also shows an upward trend year by year. Judging from the regression analysis results of coupling coordination degree and rural revitalization comprehensive score, coupling coordination degree will significantly impact the rural revitalization evaluation value. The study found that current rural development and governance present a spiral coupling coordination relationship, and the degree of coupling coordination significantly correlates with rural revitalization. Based on the research conclusions, the study further proposes three paths to promote the coupling and coordination of development and governance. The first is an organizational isomorphism, which builds a coupled coordination system for rural development and governance. The second is to tilt resources and improve the supply of connected and coordinated factors for rural development and governance. The third is the operating mechanism to optimize rural development and governance's coupling and coordination path.

The Effectiveness of Administrative Power on Farmers’ Attitude in Land Acquisition Negotiation: Mediating Role of Perceived Fairness

Farmers’ attitude plays a crucial role in the success of land acquisition. To add new insights and theoretical support for the effective governance of land acquisition, this paper examines the effectiveness of administrative power on farmers’ attitude and the mediating role of perceived fairness based on asymmetric dependency theory. The hypotheses were verified using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis conducted with data gathered from 250 questionnaire samples in rural areas of China. The results reveal that the coercion and transparency of administrative power have a significant positive impact on farmers’ attitude while normality’s influence is not significant. The coercion and transparency of administrative power have a significant positive impact on fairness while normality’s impact is not significant. The mediating effect of perceived fairness was insignificant. Therefore, local governments could encourage farmers to embrace a cooperative attitude in land acquisition negotiations by fostering a constructive interaction between the government and the public and pursuing a high-level institutional balance driven by a service-oriented government.

The impact of digitalization on the rich and the poor: Digital divide or digital inclusion?

With the spread of digitization and regional economic imbalances brought about by industrial structure transformation, the income gap between urban and rural areas in China is increasing and the gap between rich and poor should be considered. Using county-level panel data from 2015 to 2019 in China, this paper first analyzes the overall impact of digital development on the wealth gap and the impact for different sub-points of the sample from the direct effect perspective. Then, it explores the intrinsic mechanism of digital development in migrating the wealth gap from the indirect effect perspective, focusing on industrial structure and consumer spending. The results of the study show that the level of digital development is negatively correlated with the rich-poor gap. When digital development is at a high level, it suppresses the rich-poor gap, and the suppression effect gradually increases. In addition, the impact of digital development on wealth gap is not limited to direct effects but is also manifested indirectly through changes in industrial structure and consumer spending. Within this context, industry structure upgrading, guided by both market and government forces, plays a positive role in narrowing the wealth gap as modifiable mediating variables. Government-led upgrading in industrial structure demonstrates a more comprehensive moderating effect on addressing wealth disparities within the context of digitalization.