Rural Areas Of China Research Articles

Trends in Urban Vegetation Growth in China from 2000 to 2022

Over the past two decades, urbanization in China has been advancing rapidly. The intricate effects of urbanization on vegetation growth in the urban core have been studied and reported. However, the percentage of impervious surfaces in the urban core, as defined in previous studies, was relatively low, and included some pixels containing farmland and water bodies. Consequently, their results may be affected by urbanization processes, such as the transformation of land types. Hence, this paper extracted 100% impervious surfaces from 2000 to 2022 as urban core areas in China using a 30 m resolution China land cover dataset (CLCD), which completely excluded the effect of urbanization itself on the experimental results, obtaining the trend of vegetation change in the real urban core area. Employing the remote sensing imagery of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from 2000 to 2022, we analyzed the growth of vegetation in 1559 urban cores and the surrounding rural areas in China. The study’s findings revealed that the majority of the core areas (85.3%) studied in this paper exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in vegetation, indicating that the various urban greening policies in China have been effective. However, only about 23.7% (369) of the urban core areas showed a faster increase in vegetation than the rural areas. This suggests that for most urban cores (1190), vegetation increase is not as pronounced as it is in surrounding rural areas. Additionally, the EVI rate of change in the urban cores obtained using CLCD versus MODIS land cover data significantly differed. The latter obtained a less pronounced trend of vegetation growth compared to the former, attributable to the disparity in their spatial resolution and the methodology used to define urban areas. The study underscores the importance of vegetation growth and its distribution in various urban core areas to comprehend the dynamics of urban cores’ vegetation growth and to offer insights for the subsequent formulation of greening policies. Moreover, data with different resolutions will significantly impact the results, thus highlighting the necessity of employing high spatial resolution data for more comprehensive research.

Performance research on multi-energy complementary heating systems in rural areas of China: A mini review

Abstract Winter heating in rural areas has always been an issue of great concern to the State. In China, traditional heating methods mainly use coal-fired boilers or heating stoves, however, coal burning has caused serious environmental pollution and air quality problems. In order to improve heating conditions and reduce environmental pollution, some rural areas have begun to try multi-energy complementary heating (MECH) system, which improves heating efficiency by comprehensively utilizing solar energy, biomass energy, ground source heat pump, air source heat pump (ASHP). However, due to poor economic conditions, the actual operation faces various factors and challenges. In order to solve these problems, this paper provides a systematic review of the research on MECH systems in rural areas in China in recent years. First, it summarizes the existing MECH systems, including various technologies such as solar-ASHP heating, solar-biogas heating, and ground source heat pump-solar heating, and lists their advantages and disadvantages in detail. Secondly, the effects of MECH systems in practical applications are discussed through case studies. Finally, recommendations for promoting MECH technologies are presented to facilitate the development of MECH systems in rural areas. The study contributes to the development of MECH system, which helps to improve rural heating conditions and reduce environmental pollution.

Global epidemiology of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in human and animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Since the initial identification of the Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) in ticks in rural areas of China in 2009, the virus has been increasingly isolated from a diverse array of hosts globally, exhibiting a rising trend in incidence. This study aims to conduct a systematic analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of SFTS cases, alongside an examination of the infection rates across various hosts, with the objective of addressing public concerns regarding the spread and impact of the disease. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, an exhaustive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Medline, CNKI, WanFang, and CQVIP. The literature search was confined to publications released between January 1, 2009, and May 29, 2023. The study focused on collating data pertaining to animal infections under natural conditions and human infection cases reported. Additionally, species names were unified using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The notification rate, notification death rate, case fatality rate, and infection rates (or MIR) were assessed for each study with available data. The proportions were pooled using a generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM). Meta-regressions were conducted for subgroup analysis. This research has been duly registered with PROSPERO, bearing the registration number CRD42023431010. We identified 5492 studies from database searches and assessed 238 full-text studies for eligibility, of which 234 studies were included in the meta-analysis. For human infection data, the overall pooled notification rate was 18.93 (95% CI 17.02-21.05) per ten million people, the overall pooled notification deaths rate was 3.49 (95% CI 2.97-4.10) per ten million people, and the overall pooled case fatality rate was 7.80% (95% CI 7.01%-8.69%). There was an increasing trend in notification rate and deaths rate, while the case fatality rate showed a significant decrease globally. Regarding animal infection data, among 94 species tested, 48 species were found to carry positive nucleic acid or antibodies. Out of these, 14 species were classified under Arthropoda, while 34 species fell under Chordata, comprising 27 Mammalia and 7 Aves. This systematic review and meta-analysis present the latest global report on SFTS. In terms of human infections, notification rates and notification deaths rates are on the rise, while the case fatality rate has significantly decreased. More SFTSV animal hosts have been discovered than before, particularly among birds, indicating a potentially broader transmission range for SFTSV. These findings provide crucial insights for the prevention and control of SFTS on a global scale. None.

Cooperative operation optimization for rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operators considering typical energy scenarios

Despite being rich in renewable energy, China's rural areas are backwards in terms of energy use. Rural multi-microgrid cooperative operation optimization can effectively promote renewable energy use in rural areas. Many different microgrid energy scenarios have been developed for rural areas of China, and they have different resource endowments and unit compositions. Moreover, frequent power-related interactions occur between counties and villages. This study analyzes four typical microgrid energy scenarios in rural areas of China and optimizes their synergistic operation based on county-integrated energy operators. First, a mathematical model of rural microgrids for four energy scenarios and a trading mechanism between rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operators were constructed. Subsequently, an upper-level optimization model that minimizes operating costs was developed for the county-integrated energy operator. A low-level optimization model was developed for rural multi-microgrid usage, and it minimized the operating costs. Finally, Stackelberg game theory was utilized to resolve the optimization issue. The results showed that the cooperative optimization of rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operations can reduce the operating costs of both parties compared to that when each subject is operating alone. This optimization reduced the rural multi-microgrid cost from 12 773.64 yuan to 11 508.67 yuan and county-integrated energy operator cost from 3898.37 yuan to 1581.79 yuan. Moreover, it reduced both parties' dependence on external power grids; increased the self-balancing capacity of the rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operator from 0.424 to 0.715 and 0.694 to 0.852, respectively; substantially increased the capacity of renewable energy consumption through power interaction; and reduced the risk of fluctuations in system operating costs.

Study on Hidden Dropout of Students in Junior High Schools in Rural Areas of China

Free compulsory education has made "all children can go to school" a reality and eliminated the phenomenon of dropping out of school due to tuition and miscellaneous fees. However, at this stage, hidden dropout has risen to become the main contradiction in China's compulsory education. The article focuses on the problem of hidden dropout in rural junior high schools, and explains the impact of hidden dropout on personal development, students' families and society. The causes of hidden dropout are analysed in depth, including students' own factors, family factors, school education factors and social environment factors. Corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from the levels of school, family and society, with a view to providing theoretical basis and practical reference for effectively solving the problem of students' hidden dropout at junior middle school level in rural areas, as well as promoting the healthy development of rural education.

Return Migration and Human Resources Development in Rural Areas: European Experience and Chinese Practice

Objective: The purpose of this study is to explore and propose strategies to promote the return of rural population and effective human resource development in China, and to learn from the successful experience of European countries, especially their education and training systems, social security mechanisms, characteristic industries and infrastructure construction, in order to facilitate the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. Theoretical framework: Based on literature review, SWOT analysis, and international comparative research methods, this study builds a theoretical framework to identify the key elements of rural population return and human resource development, including vocational education and training, social security system, the cultivation of characteristic industries, the construction of infrastructure, etc., and reveals the similarities and differences between China and Europe in these fields through comparative analysis. Design/Methods/Approach: Adopt a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, firstly, through an extensive literature review to build a theoretical foundation; Second, data from official and international agencies are used for quantitative analysis, including processing and visualizing data on rural residents' incomes, investment in education, and population structure. Subsequently, SWOT analysis was used to assess the current state of human resource development in China's rural areas. Finally, the data obtained are exhaustively analysed, combined with European cases and specific strategic suggestions are proposed. Significance: The results of this study will provide a comprehensive strategic framework for human resource development in China's rural areas, emphasizing the implementation of multidimensional strategies such as optimizing investment in education, vocational training, and improving the social security system, which is of great practical importance to promote the healthy return of rural people and promote the sustainable development of the economy and economy. rural society. The proposed strategies can not only guide policy-making, but also provide a scientific basis for the development path of rural areas.

A Case Study on the Application of New Media Technology and Market Expansion of Rural Enterprises in Central China

New media has become a critical marketing method in modern times and plays a vital role in rural China's market expansion and development. Currently, the sales of agricultural products by Chinese rural enterprises have become an indispensable part of agricultural product marketing. In the face of fierce market competition, these companies must focus on building agricultural product brands to enhance market competitiveness continuously. However, under the influence of traditional economic concepts and production models, enterprises in some rural areas of China still need to understand brand building, which limits the effective use of new media and results in certain constraints on marketing agricultural products. Therefore, this article aims to conduct an in-depth study of how rural enterprises use new media technology to highlight their products' unique features and advantages by formulating effective marketing promotion strategies.In the face of fierce market competition, rural enterprises need to use creative marketing methods to increase the visibility and recognition of their products. To this end, researchers have proposed marketing promotion strategies through new media technology. In the process of brand building, this article emphasizes the combination of product characteristics and local culture to ensure that the brand image is more in line with the tastes and needs of local consumers. Through innovative designs of brand logos, slogans, etc., rural enterprises are expected to stand out in the market and enhance their competitiveness in new media marketing. Ultimately, this article aims to provide compelling new media marketing strategies for rural enterprises to promote the upgrade of their brand image and improve the market competitiveness of agricultural product sales.

Research on Public Policies to Promote the Organic Connection Between Rural Revitalization and Poverty Alleviation

Poverty alleviation is foundational to maintaining Chinas comprehensive progress towards a moderately prosperous society. Rural revitalization is a crucial measure to further realize the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. The organic connection between these two is a focal issue in the development process of China's agricultural and rural areas, playing a strategic support role in achieving Chinas second centennial goal. Based on this, this paper focuses on the organic connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization in the new era. By summarizing the basic background and overall connotations of both, and employing a research methodology that integrates theory with practice, this study explores the achievements and inherent logical relations of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization at this stage, as well as the strategic significance of their integration in various aspects. With the shift of strategic focus to the "three rural issues," promoting the organic connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization may face challenges from group coverage, spatial scope, work objectives, task deadlines, and policy allocation in the future. Therefore, this paper further proposes feasible suggestions for the implementation of governance policies that promote the organic connection between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization from the perspectives of people, society, organizations, institutions, and development.

The realization logic of rural revitalization: Coupled coordination analysis of development and governance.

Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new stage. The principal social contradiction is the uneven development of urban and rural areas. The rural revitalization strategy has emerged as time has required. The realization of rural revitalization not only requires development to lay the foundation of the countryside but also requires governance to lead the development of the countryside. Development and governance are two indispensable aspects of rural revitalization. However, China's rural areas have long been in a state of development without governance, and this situation must change. Therefore, systematically exploring the relationship between development and governance is the key to solving the current shortcomings in rural areas. Based on the data from the statistical yearbook, the study constructed a set of evaluation indicators for rural development governance and revitalization and verified the model's effectiveness.The entropy method and the assessment model were used to calculate the comprehensive score of rural development, governance, and revitalization. The relationship between rural development and governance was analyzed using a coupled coordination model. The regression analysis model was used to explore the relationship between the coupling results of rural development, governance, and rural revitalization. From the comprehensive results, both development and governance show an upward trend, but the upward trend of development is better. From the analysis of coupling coordination between development and governance, the C value is in good condition, the T value fluctuates wildly, and the D fluctuates with the fluctuation of T. Judging from the comprehensive score of rural revitalization, it also shows an upward trend year by year. Judging from the regression analysis results of coupling coordination degree and rural revitalization comprehensive score, coupling coordination degree will significantly impact the rural revitalization evaluation value. The study found that current rural development and governance present a spiral coupling coordination relationship, and the degree of coupling coordination significantly correlates with rural revitalization. Based on the research conclusions, the study further proposes three paths to promote the coupling and coordination of development and governance. The first is an organizational isomorphism, which builds a coupled coordination system for rural development and governance. The second is to tilt resources and improve the supply of connected and coordinated factors for rural development and governance. The third is the operating mechanism to optimize rural development and governance's coupling and coordination path.

The Effectiveness of Administrative Power on Farmers’ Attitude in Land Acquisition Negotiation: Mediating Role of Perceived Fairness

Farmers’ attitude plays a crucial role in the success of land acquisition. To add new insights and theoretical support for the effective governance of land acquisition, this paper examines the effectiveness of administrative power on farmers’ attitude and the mediating role of perceived fairness based on asymmetric dependency theory. The hypotheses were verified using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis conducted with data gathered from 250 questionnaire samples in rural areas of China. The results reveal that the coercion and transparency of administrative power have a significant positive impact on farmers’ attitude while normality’s influence is not significant. The coercion and transparency of administrative power have a significant positive impact on fairness while normality’s impact is not significant. The mediating effect of perceived fairness was insignificant. Therefore, local governments could encourage farmers to embrace a cooperative attitude in land acquisition negotiations by fostering a constructive interaction between the government and the public and pursuing a high-level institutional balance driven by a service-oriented government.

The impact of digitalization on the rich and the poor: Digital divide or digital inclusion?

With the spread of digitization and regional economic imbalances brought about by industrial structure transformation, the income gap between urban and rural areas in China is increasing and the gap between rich and poor should be considered. Using county-level panel data from 2015 to 2019 in China, this paper first analyzes the overall impact of digital development on the wealth gap and the impact for different sub-points of the sample from the direct effect perspective. Then, it explores the intrinsic mechanism of digital development in migrating the wealth gap from the indirect effect perspective, focusing on industrial structure and consumer spending. The results of the study show that the level of digital development is negatively correlated with the rich-poor gap. When digital development is at a high level, it suppresses the rich-poor gap, and the suppression effect gradually increases. In addition, the impact of digital development on wealth gap is not limited to direct effects but is also manifested indirectly through changes in industrial structure and consumer spending. Within this context, industry structure upgrading, guided by both market and government forces, plays a positive role in narrowing the wealth gap as modifiable mediating variables. Government-led upgrading in industrial structure demonstrates a more comprehensive moderating effect on addressing wealth disparities within the context of digitalization.

Rural spatial restructuring in suburbs under capital intervention: Spatial construction based on nature

Rapid urbanization and consumerization are leading to significant transformation and spatial restructuring in the rural areas of China's suburbs. Promoting the commodification of rural nature with capital has become an important strategy for rural spatial restructuring. However, the research on how capital reshapes rural space from the perspective of rural nature is still insufficient. Based on the theoretical perspective of nature commodification, this study constructs a framework to analyze the relationship between rural nature and rural spatial restructuring. Taking Nanping Meditation Town in Guangzhou as a typical case, it discusses the process and mechanism of rural spatial restructuring in suburbs relying on the commodification of rural nature with capital’s intervention. The results show that: (1) Driven by China’s process of counter-urbanization and consumerism, capital constructs rural nature in suburbs by giving meaning to it. Diversified capitals promote the multi-functionalization, networking, and commodification of material, social, and cultural spaces in the countryside through the process of redistribution of urban and rural resources. At the same time, along with the spatial games of pluralistic subjects, the material, social, and cultural spaces further interact with each other and constantly undergo reconstruction. (2) The commodification of rural nature is an external response and a crucial strategy of rural spatial restructuring. It offers a new approach to enhance the value of the countryside. Rural nature is commodified through resources integration and value excavation, product planning and design, brand promotion and marketing under the influence of various capital entities. This process holds significant theoretical and practical importance for the endogenous development and revitalization of rural areas.

Trends in maternal and child health in China and its urban and rural areas from 1991 to 2020: a joinpoint regression model

The long-term trends in maternal and child health (MCH) in China and the national-level factors that may be associated with these changes have been poorly explored. This study aimed to assess trends in MCH indicators nationally and separately in urban and rural areas and the impact of public policies over a 30‒year period. An ecological study was conducted using data on neonatal mortality rate (NMR), infant mortality rate (IMR), under-five mortality rate (U5MR), and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) nationally and separately in urban and rural areas in China from 1991 to 2020. Joinpoint regression models were used to estimate the annual percentage changes (APC), average annual percentage changes (AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and mortality differences between urban and rural areas. From 1991 to 2020, maternal and child mortalities in China gradually declined (national AAPC [95% CI]: NMRs − 7.7% [− 8.6%, − 6.8%], IMRs − 7.5% [− 8.4%, − 6.6%], U5MRs − 7.5% [− 8.5%, − 6.5%], MMRs − 5.0% [− 5.7%, − 4.4%]). However, the rate of decline nationally in child mortality slowed after 2005, and in maternal mortality after 2013. For all indicators, the decline in mortality was greater in rural areas than in urban areas. The AAPCs in rate differences between rural and urban areas were − 8.5% for NMRs, − 8.6% for IMRs, − 7.7% for U5MRs, and − 9.6% for MMRs. The AAPCs in rate ratios (rural vs. urban) were − 1.2 for NMRs, − 2.1 for IMRs, − 1.7 for U5MRs, and − 1.9 for MMRs. After 2010, urban‒rural disparity in MMR did not diminish and in NMR, IMR, and U5MR, it gradually narrowed but persisted. MCH indicators have declined at the national level as well as separately in urban and rural areas but may have reached a plateau. Urban‒rural disparities in MCH indicators have narrowed but still exist. Regular analyses of temporal trends in MCH are necessary to assess the effectiveness of measures for timely adjustments.

The Impact of Off-Farm Employment Recession and Land on Farmers’ Mental Health: Empirical Evidence from Rural China

The agricultural land management under the household responsibility system (HRS) in rural China empowers farmers with land tenure rights, meeting the basic needs for their livelihoods and employment by cultivating the land. This paper investigates the pivotal role of agricultural cultivated land as a social safety net, ensuring livelihood security for farmers confronting a recession in off-farm employment. Our analysis is based on data collected from six provinces (Heilongjiang, Henan, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Shandong, and Anhui) in the rural areas of China from 2019 to 2020. We investigated the impact of the off-farm employment recession on the mental health of farmers and the moderating effect of land as a social safety net on the relationship between the off-farm employment recession and mental health. The analysis points to the following results: (1) The majority of farmers have significantly reduced off-farm working time during employment recession. (2) The off-farm employment recession has worsened farmers’ mental health. (3) Farmers’ land assets through tenure rights provide both income and employment security functions, which can mitigate the adverse effects of the off-farm employment recession on their mental health. The findings of this study highlight the crucial role of land assets to reduce the negative impact of unemployment in the context of economic recession, emphasizing the significance of the policies supporting the land rights among vulnerable rural groups.

The Transformation and Strategic Research of China's Rural Areas under the Conditions of Urban-rural Imbalance

The Transformation and Strategic Research of China's Rural Areas under the Conditions of Urban-rural Imbalance

Development and validation of the Chinese Rural Middle-aged and Elderly Health Literacy Scale

IntroductionA notable deficiency lies in the absence of tailored instruments for comprehensively evaluating the health literacy of middle-aged and elderly residents in rural areas of China. Given the context of...

Effectiveness of high-risk human papillomavirus genotyping for cervical cancer screening. A multicentre screening cohort study in rural China.

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) primary testing for cervical cancer screening in China's rural areas. Women aged 21-64 years were recruited. Cervical cytology was diagnosed following the Bethesda 2001 classification system, HPV infection (HR-HPV, HPV-16, HPV-18, and other 12 genotypes) identified by Cobas-4800, and colposcopy and biopsy performed when required. Primary outcomes were defined as the cumulative incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3/higher (CIN2/3+) and its relative risk at baseline and at the 36-month follow-up. The study included 9,218 women; mean age was 45.15 years (SD: 8.74); 81% completed the follow-up. The most frequent type of cytological lesions (12.4% ) were ASCUS (8.4%) and LSIL (2.2%). HR-HPV infection (16.3%) was more prevalent in HPV-16 than in HPV-18 (3 vs 1.5%); a positive relationship with the severity of the lesions, from 29.8% in ASCUS to 89.6% in HSIL was found. At baseline, 3.5% of the patients underwent colposcopy; 20% had a positive diagnosis. At the 36-month follow-up, the cumulative incidences of CIN2+ and CIN3+ were higher in women with HR-HPV infection (16.9 vs 0.5% and 8.2 vs 0.2%). The relative risk of CIN2/3+ was lower in HR-HPV-negative women compared to those with a negative cytology at baseline (0.4; 95%CI: 0.3-0.4). High-risk HPV-based screening may significantly reduce the risk of CIN2/3+ compared with cytology testing. This may be a new resource for public health demands in China's rural areas.

The impact of carbon emission trading schemes on China’s economic inequalities between and within urban and rural areas based on the satellite data: a county-level analysis

ABSTRACT Although China’s carbon emission trading schemes (CETS) garnered significant attention in the field of climate mitigation, limited data availability has hindered exploration into the impact of CETS on economic inequality at the county level in China. Given its potential to facilitate industrial upgrading and generate employment opportunities, the adoption of CETS holds promise for reducing economic inequality. To address data limitations, we employed a combination of gridded nighttime light data and land use data to estimate China’s county-level Dagum Gini coefficient and its components. Subsequently, we applied a difference-in-difference-in-difference method to examine how CETS affected economic inequalities between and within urban and rural areas in China. Our findings reveal that: (1) CETS significantly reduced overall economic inequality in counties with a high proportion of secondary industry output; (2) this reduction primarily occurred within urban and rural areas rather than between them. Further heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that while CETS effectively mitigated economic inequality between urban and rural areas in central and western regions, it did not achieve similar outcomes in the eastern region; (3) service industry development and rural GDP per capita served as important channels through which CETS reduced economic inequality within rural areas. Infrastructure development driven by CETS primarily addressed economic inequality within urban areas rather than rural areas.

Analysis of the life course effects of the disability dilemma among rural older adults in China.

To analyse whether the accumulation of early adverse experiences among individuals of different generations has an impact on disabilities and evaluate the cumulative effects of disadvantages in rural older adults in China. A Binary Logit Model was used to analyse the life course effects of the disability dilemma among rural older adults. Regarding Activities of Daily Life (ADLs), there was no significant difference between older adults that experienced 1 adverse events and the control group. The probability of older adults experiencing difficulties in 2, 3, 4, or more types of ADLs was 1.486 times, 2.173 times, and 3.048 times higher than that of the control group, respectively. Regarding Instrumental Activities of Daily Life (IADLs), there was no significant difference between the population that experienced 1 or 2 adverse events and the control group. The probability of experiencing difficulties in 3, 4, or more types of IADLs was 1.527 times and 1.937 times higher than that of the control group, respectively. Early adverse events had a cumulative disadvantageous effect on disability in older adults. The longer the duration of adverse experiences, the higher the risk of disability in old age. Education had a significant mitigating effect on health risks. Pay attention to early factors in the life course, strengthen the promotion of health prevention concepts, and pay attention to the moderating and relieving effects of education on health. We should also gradually improve the rural disability care system and family health security capabilities in China's rural areas.

Research on the Construction and Measurement of Digital Governance Level System of County Rural Areas in China—Empirical Analysis Based on Entropy Weight TOPSIS Model

Rural digital governance is an inevitable requirement to improve the efficiency of rural governance, and is also an important means to realize the modernization of rural governance. In the context of the digital rural development strategy, the index measurement system of the rural digital governance level is built around the five key governance areas of “digital economy, digital ecology, digital culture, digital people’s livelihood, and digital government affairs”. The entropy weight TOPSIS model is used to measure and evaluate the level of rural digital governance in 31 provinces in China in 2021. The results show that there is a large gap in the level of digital governance in China’s counties and villages, and the level of each region presents a decreasing spatial distribution from “east-middle-west”. In terms of digital economy, the eastern region has a high score and good development, while the central and western regions have poor development. In terms of digital ecology, only the eastern region is higher than the national average; In terms of digital culture, only the central region is higher than the national average; In terms of digital livelihood and digital government, the central and eastern regions are slightly higher than the national average; The top three provinces in overall scores are Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Jiangsu.