Communities In Rural Areas Research Articles

Parenting Styles of The Kadazandusun Community in Rural Areas of Sabah in Ensuring Child’s Success in School

Today, many KadazanDusun children who live in rural areas, whose parents are without educational background and earn a living as farmers, have successfully entered public tertiary level education institutions (IPTA) or private tertiary level education institutions (IPTS). This development has prompted this study to identify the parenting styles involved in ensuring the success of children in school and thus succeeding in furthering to tertiary level. For data collection, this study choses the qualitative approach. Thus, to obtain the required data, interviews were carried out with parents who have more than one child studying at IPTA/IPTS, self-employed in their hometown and had no opportunity to formal education. The respondents were chosen through purposive and snowball selection. The findings show that both authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles are practiced by the KadazanDusun parents in ensuring that children are successful in school. The children who were also interviewed agreed these styles are practiced because of the difficulties in the parents’ lives due to the lack of good education. Therefore, the parents want to ensure their children to succeed in their education for a better future. The parents do not want their economic problems which they are facing now to be inherited by their children.

Consistency in bird community assembly over medium-term along rural-urban gradients in Argentina

BackgroundThe analysis of bird community assembly rules is fundamental to understand which mechanisms determine the composition of bird species in urban areas. However, the long-term variation of community assembly rules has not been analyzed yet. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze the variation of community assembly rules along rural-urban gradients of three cities in central Argentina and (2) to compare the patterns of community assembly between two periods separated by 6 years. Bird surveys were performed along transects in urban, suburban, and rural habitats during 2011 and 2017. Departures from null models that took into account differences in species richness (standardized effect size, SES) were calculated for functional and phylogenetic diversities.ResultsA total of 57 species were recorded. Bird species richness was higher in suburban than in urban and rural habitats. SES of functional diversity increased over the years and was significantly lower in urban habitats than in rural habitats, showing a pattern of functional clustering in the most urbanized areas and functional randomness in rural ones. Phylogenetic diversity was higher in both suburban and urban habitats than rural ones, and the phylogenetic clustering in rural bird assemblages changed to randomness in suburban and urban habitats.ConclusionsBird communities in urban habitats were phylogenetically random and functionally clustered, evidencing environmental filtering by urbanization. In contrast, bird communities in rural areas tended to be phylogenetically clustered, evidencing that certain clades are adapted to rural areas. The processes structuring bird communities along rural-urban gradients were consistent between the 2 years compared.

Traditional management of Cactaceae: Cereus jamacaru DC as the native cactus most managed by rural communities in areas of Caatinga in Brazil

Background: Studies on management practices reflect the quality of the actions regarding the managed resource by people and allow us to identify possible selective pressures over time.Methods: Was investigated how have been carrying out management practices using native cacti species in two communities. Data collection was through the ethnobotanical (semi-structured interviews) and morphometric approach (botanical measurements). It was aimed to interview residents who used and/or cultivated some native species. For morphometric analysis were recorded total height from the highest branch and the maximum number of stem ribs per plant, ground-level and chest level diameter. Managed and unmanaged plants were comparatively analyzed. Was created a distribution map with gathering and cultivation areas indicated by the residents through QGIS software. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to investigate the differences between the specimens managed and unmanaged, and the Pearson linear correlation test to test the correlation between the diameter x height.Results: People mentioned the management of six native species, through the collection, non-selective incipient management, and ex situ cultivation. Low complexity activities were the most frequent; also, there was little variation between the forms of management. Cereus jamacaru DC. was the most locally managed species and by a higher number of people, and it was observed that specimens from the Area of Direct Use (ADU) had greater variation.Conclusions: Intra-specific variants were identified by people and they said to prefer the larger and healthier branches and younger (green) cladodes, suggesting human selection that can favor particular phenotypes where these plants are propagated.Keywords: dry forest, ethnobotany, phenotypic variation, artificial selection

Rural Community Health: Keeping Michigan's Upper Peninsula Informed During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, public health departments and healthcare systems are working to navigate the crisis and protect the community. Those communities in rural areas, where health and communication infrastructure are often limited, face additional challenges in keeping individuals informed, safe, and healthy. Moreover, the amount of misleading information circulating is making it even more difficult to convey critical and rapidly evolving public health recommendations. Michigan Technological University is located in Michigan's rural Upper Peninsula which accounts for 30% of the State's land mass but only 3% of the total population. Our goal was to increase campus and community awareness about COVID‐19 and its impact on health and society.For our rural community, we offered a 1) COVID‐19 public town hall series and 2) COVID‐19 university wide academic course. The public town hall series was delivered weekly and broadcasted live through a webinar (Zoom), social media, and local radio. Each week a speaker panel consisting of public health officials, clinicians, educators, and/or other local experts discussed a COVID‐19 topic theme and answered questions from the community. The academic course was presented as a 1‐credit seminar‐based online course open to any student. Each week students explored a COVID‐19 related topic, participated in the weekly town hall, and engaged in follow‐up discussion and reflection. Primary course learning objectives were for students to locate credible COVID‐19 information sources and describe what is known about the general health impacts of the disease.Twelve public town halls, that included more than 35 different presenters, were delivered. Number of attendees on the Zoom webinars ranged between 20‐75 individuals with many others interacting with content through social media, radio, and the recorded content. Town hall themes included the role of public health to protect community health, impact of disease on physical and mental health, health disparities, mechanisms to interrupt and halt transmission, and strategies for adapting to lifestyle changes. Undergraduate and graduate students (n=37) from a variety of majors (biology, exercise science, chemistry, engineering, business, forestry) enrolled in the course. Nearly all students (96%) reported that the course increased their awareness about COVID‐19 and the majority (61%) indicated that the course was the most effective way to obtain COVID‐19 related information. All students recommended that other students take this course in the future.The public town hall series provided a robust platform to deliver critical, real‐time health information to our campus and broader community during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Additionally, students perceived that the academic course increased their awareness of COVID‐19. Increased public health messaging is a critical step to keeping Michigan's rural Upper Peninsula informed, safe, and healthy during the COVID‐19 pandemic and may serve as a model for other rural university‐community partnerships.

Effects\xa0 of rural\u2013urban residence and education on intimate partner violence among women in Sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analysis of health survey data

BackgroundIntimate Partner Violence (IPV) against women is a major public health and human rights problem worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has one of the highest prevalence of IPV against women in the world. This study used meta-analysis to obtain pooled rural–urban and education attainment differences in the prevalence of IPV among ever-partnered women in SSA, and assessed whether the differences in IPV depended on the SSA region or period or women’s age.MethodsWe analysed IPV data on 233,585 ever-partnered women aged 15–49 years from 44 demographic and health surveys conducted between 2000 and 2018 in 29 SSA countries. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to estimate overall rural–urban residence and educational differences in IPV rates among the women in SSA. Subgroup analyses were also done to investigate the sources of heterogeneity in the overall meta-analysis findings.ResultsThe pooled prevalence of intimate partner violence was estimated to be 41.3% (37.4–45.2%). Regionally, the highest prevalence of IPV was in Middle Africa (49. 3%; 40.32–58.45), followed by East Africa (44.13%; 36.62–51.67), Southern Africa (39.36%; 34.23–44.49), and West Africa (34.30%; 27.38–41.22). The risks of experiencing IPV were significantly higher if the women had less than secondary education (RR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.07–1.22) compared to those with at least a secondary education. Generally, women who resided in a rural area had their risks of experiencing IPV increased (RR = 1.02; CI 0.96–1.06) compared to those who resided in urban areas, but the IPV increases were only significant in East Africa (RR = 1.13; CI 1.07–1.22).ConclusionIn sub-Saharan Africa, intimate partner violence against women is widespread, but the levels are much higher among women with lower levels of education and residing in rural areas. Our findings have provided additional support to policies aimed at achieving SDG goals on the elimination of all forms of violence against women and girls in sub-Saharan Africa. For example, policies that advocate improved educational attainment, especially among women and communities in rural areas.

The preliminary evaluation of differential characteristics and factor evaluation of the microbial structure of rural household toilet excrement in China.

Recent studies on the microbial community composition of human excrement after rural household toilet treatment are unclear regarding the effects and risks of using recycled products as fertilizers in agriculture. In this study, we used Illumina high-throughput sequencing to investigate the microbial community structure of the excrement from 50 Chinese rural household toilets on a spatial scale, and we evaluated the impact of select geochemical factors on the bacterial and fungal communities in the human excrement. Multivariate analysis showed that there was a significant spatial differentiation of the human excrement in microbial communities after all toilet treatments. Twenty dry toilet samples and thirty septic tank samples had similar bacterial (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) and fungal phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), differing only in the proportions of the microorganisms. For both dry toilet samples and septic tank samples, the pH and ammonium nitrogen were found to be the major driving forces affecting the changes in bacterial community structures (p<0.05), while there was no correlation found for the fungal community with environmental factors in China (p>0.05), except in the northern regions, where the total phosphorus was found to be significantly correlated with the fungal community (p<0.05). Network analysis confirmed that NH4+-N had the most significant impact on the content of pathogens. Certain pathogens were still detected after toilet treatment, such as Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Aspergillus, and Chrysosporium, and the proportion of potential pathogenic bacteria in dry toilets was higher than that in septic tanks, suggesting that septic tanks were better than dry toilets in treating human excrement. These results provide an ecological perspective for understanding the large-scale geographic distribution of household excrement microbial communities in rural areas and for improving human excrement treatment technologies and avoiding the risks of agricultural applications.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-13779-9.

Архетипи і уявне у формуванні сільських неоспільнот: висновки для державної політики сільського розвитку

The article contains the results of a study on modelling new communities in rural areas of Ukraine. Modelling considers both the possibility of modernization of archetypes and archaization of the individual imaginary. The research methodology is based on the theoretical work of G. Durand on the structures of the imaginary, used in the study of the transformation of rural communities. The the applied value of the research is determined by the possibility of using the obtained results in the development of state policy of rural development. The initial hypothesis of the study was the assumption that the stratification of modern rural society is based on archetypes (images, myths or schemes), which subconsciously create an idea, crystallize the imaginary and form thinking. Social processes in rural areas were eclectic, mixed with “modern” and “archaic”. It is noted that old archetypes and ideas showed a high ability to survive and adapt to new conditions, demonstrating incredible configurations of a combination of tradition and innovation. Attention is drawn to the fallacy of the dominant notion that market transformations of the economy will contribute to forming an exclusive class of owners. The reality has become the antagonism of relations between owners and non-owners, who have become employees with poorly protected rights. G. Durand attributes a “dramatic myth” to the “night mode” of the structure of representation. It is noted that social gaps, violating the integrity of rural communities, also affected the perception of the individual’s place in the local social environment and his behaviour within the community, based on which 10 social groups of rural communities were modelled. It is concluded that the formation of imaginary and archetypes in rural communities occurs in an environment where the number of strangers is increasing. The polarization of the rural population and the confrontation of relations indicate the destructiveness of social processes in rural areas. Society must create artificial social institutions that will regulate human life, and this seems to be a super difficult task in the context of a variety of archetypes of rural life.

Quality of life, mental health, and family functioning of schizophrenia caregivers: A community-based cross-sectional study.

The caregivers of people with schizophrenia might suffer from various problems. We investigated the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among them, and factors associated with their quality of life. A cross-sectional study in communities of rural areas was conducted. We found that the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress were 14.2%, 25.5%, and 6.6%, respectively. Their quality of life was independently associated with family functioning (affective responsiveness, problem solving, communication) and the presence of depressive symptoms (p < .05). Schizophrenia caregivers need more supports from health care professionals to improve their skills in problem solving.

The Role of Technopreneurship on Development of Noodles and Testless Bread Products From Cassava (Manihot Esculenta)

This research is research and development on the form of experiments in the laboratory and aims to develop cassava products into noodles and testless bread with a touch of technology (technopreneurship). So far, cassava in Makassar is very abundant although not seasoned and the price is very low because the utilization by the community is still limited. Almost all communities in rural areas have cassava gardens. Therefore it is necessary to innovate its product development by being given a touch of technology-based technopreneurship through research. The results must be socialized so that the benefits are better and can be known by the community as raw materials for businesses that can be processed to be more productive to improve people’s lives. Experimental research has been carried out in the PKK laboratory and continued its development and application in the field. It has been started from PNBP research in 2017 and continued in 2018 with PDUPT research in the laboratory and its application on the field in 2019. The research began of an experimental trial to obtain a prototype model of noodle and white bread products from cassava which continued development and application on the field to obtain the final product model that the public likes and is suitable for production and marketing. Using experimental research methods in the laboratory and field, followed by organoleptic tests for hedonic tests and hedonic quality tests with indicators of color, taste, texture, aroma, and product quality. Using an instrument checklist with 25 trained and non trained panelists. Organoleptic test results were analyzed by descriptive and mean test of SPSS program assistance. The product is noodles and white bread made from cassava with specific taste that is liked by the community and its quality is suitable for marketing.

Komunikasi, Keberagaman, dan Pariwisata: Strategi Warga Rama Agung menuju Desa Wisata Religius

Indonesia is experiencing an emergency communication between religious communities. The issue of division is easier to emerge and be consumed quickly by the community than the issue of togetherness. Interestingly, it is always the best practice of harmony between religious communities in rural areas which raises optimism that diversity in Indonesia continues. This study explains communication between religious communities in the success of the implementation of a religious tourism village in Rama Agung. A qualitative case study approach was carried out. Data were collected through interview techniques, observation, and search for relevant literature. Specifically for the interview data, we processed it through the transcript mechanism, keyword search, keyword categorization, and wording. Our findings include three important focuses: indicators of diversity, communication patterns in religious tourism villages, and forums for communication. We found three salient social capitals: the legacy of value systems brought by immigrant communities and the results of value processing in the environment, written rules or agreements between communities, and the leadership of religious leaders who were able to balance internal and external desires. Informal and formal communication forums have been used by the community to communicate their ideas. Then we present a communication pattern from the idea discussed, the development, to the execution stage. In the end, this study suggests a narrative approach to describe more clearly the way of communication in the village of religious tourism organized by religious diversity

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF SMALL ENTERPRISES: AN OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN THE MOPANI DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

Background: This study analysed entrepreneurial dynamics, activities and challenges confronting small agricultural businesses in the Mopani District Municipality in Limpopo, South Africa. Mopani is a rural district municipality and home to 1,2 million people of whom 77% live below the poverty line. Agriculture is a major income-generating sector for many disadvantaged communities in rural areas of South Africa, and it plays a significant role in the economy. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to investigate the operational practices that contribute to the success/failure of emerging agricultural small enterprise owners in their agricultural activities within Mopani District – a district with large numbers of highly competitive and commercial farmers. In addition, the study suggested interventions that could help smallholder farmers to sustain their income-generating businesses.Method: A qualitative research method was adopted to gain insights from 30 small agricultural businesses, which included crop, poultry and diversified or mixed production. Different data collection techniques (interviews, document analysis and observations) were used to collect data and increase the trustworthiness of the research findings. Results: The majority (68%) of farm owners had no finance to start their own personal businesses, except that they received funding (financial start-ups) from the Municipality, the Comprehensive Agricultural Support Programme (CASP) and other agencies. Thirty-two per cent (32%) started their businesses on their own without municipal assistance, but they received funding later on. The study revealed that entrepreneurial practices and procedures of running small agricultural enterprises were multidimensional and diverse. Entrepreneurs lacked business management skills, vision, capital and access to markets. Conclusions: While the number of jobs in the large enterprises is decreasing, and government battles in creating conditions for job opportunities, the number of people seeking employment is growing every year. This causes an increase in unemployment in the country. The successful enterprises established income-generating activities that met the needs of their communities. Successful farmers seem to have an endless array of internal and external constraints such as internal efficacy, farm knowledge, business practices, poor marketing, natural disasters and harsh climate conditions amongst emerging farmers. Government should focus their attention on entrepreneurship training, as this is the avenue for incubators and the engine room for economic growth. This would create the much-needed business sustainability, employment opportunities and alleviate poverty in communities

Local Action Group - a pillar of the development of the Romanian village

The Local Action Groups have the capacity to act in a complex way, so as to cover the entire economic and social issues of the regions where they act. The actions carried out by the LAGs have direct consequences on rural development by encouraging those projects that develop alternative solutions in obtaining revenues; diversification of the market for products and services; ensuring sustainable development, by protecting the environment and ensuring the security and well-being of life. This article makes an analysis of the impact of European funding in supporting the development of the rural environment of the area of influence of a Local Action Group in Olt County. It describes the situation of European funding at LAG level and the proposal of development directions that need to be considered in the future: increasing competitiveness in agricultural activities, sustainable use of resources and balanced development of economic activities and local communities in rural areas.

An Ethnobotanical Study of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables Among Local Communities in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia

The consumption of indigenous leafy vegetables (ILV) is a common practice among local people in Bintulu. It serves as an important food resource for local communities in rural areas. However, these traditional practices were declining in urban areas and among younger generations. Therefore, the study aimed to record the ILV consumed by the local people, and mode of consumption of the ILV. A field survey was carried out with two phases; phase one was the distribution of structured questionnaires and the second phase was the interview session with 20 respondents from each of the three native markets located in Bintulu Division; Bintulu, Tatau, and Sebauh market. The study has identified 20 species of ILV from 18 different families: Agavaceae, Anacardiaceae, Athyriaceae, Blechnaceae, Brassicaceae, Compositae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Gnetaceae, Leguminosae, Limnocharitaceae, Menispermaceae, Myrtaceae, Olacaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Piperaceae, Smilacaceae and Verbenaceae. Identified ILV were consumed in many ways by the natives. The plant parts used also differ from one species to another and had different taste. A further study should be carried out to analyse the plant nutritional values and agronomy factors for commercialization of the potential ILV.&#x0D; Keywords: Bintulu, consumption method, ethnobotany, ethnobotanical study, indigenous leafy vegetables

Spatial disproportions in development of territorial community under conditions of administrative and financial decentralization

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify the spatial features of the social-economic development of territorial communities in the context of administrative and financial decentralization.&#x0D; Methodology /approach. The method of system analysis is used in the work – to research the spheres of central-peripheral interactions at the level of territorial communities; method of comparative analysis – to identify trends in the formation and development of interactions between the center and the periphery in communities and the factors that determine them; abstract-logical method – for the formation of theoretical generalizations and formulation of conclusions from the research; method of graphic visualization, which allows providing a clear presentation of the results of the analysis; sociological survey of chairmen of local councils of territorial communities of Lviv region – to determine the state of development of central-peripheral interactions in their communities. The key role of territorial and systemic approaches to the analysis of core-peripheral interactions in territorial communities is emphasized, which made it expedient to form a research method based on taking into account the conditions for the development of a particular environment and existing spatial restrictions.&#x0D; Results. The article identifies the features of the formation of core-peripheral interactions in the territorial communities of rural areas. It is focused on the formation of derivative core-peripheral interactions that arise in the territorial communities created during the implementation of administrative-territorial reform. On the basis of a systematic and comprehensive analysis, the existing and hidden core-peripheral dependencies were identified and the features of the mutual influence of the centers of the united territorial communities of the rural areas of the Lviv region on the socio-economic development of the community territory were revealed. The problems and risks of the development of the territory of the community are substantiated in the context of the mutual influence of a derivative nature.&#x0D; Originality / scientific novelty. A scientific approach to the identification of central-peripheral interactions in territorial communities was developed, which allows identifying the spatial effects of social, economic, managerial interactions of the center and the periphery within the community. A scientific-and-methodological approach to the assessment of central-peripheral interactions was developed, which provides for the selection of community groups according to certain criteria (community type (urban / rural / urban), community composition, location in the region) and their diagnosis in areas: analysis of strategic documents of local council on the development of central-peripheral interactions in a community; analysis of the management structure of the local council, representation of peripheral communities, compliance of the composition and structure of the governing body with the goals of community development; analysis of budget support for infrastructure development; research of employment opportunities in the community. The application of the approach will reveal the patterns of formation of central-peripheral interactions at the level of territorial communities.&#x0D; Practical value / implications. The results of the study make it possible to have a more comprehensive assessment of the state of the formation of central-peripheral interactions in territorial communities, contribute to the identification of risks of social conflict between different groups in the community and to form recommendations for their activation. The results are recommended for consideration by local governments when preparing proposals for socio-economic development and ensuring the financial capacity of local communities.

Educating 'surplus population': uses and abuses of aspiration in the rural peripheries of a globalising world

Increasing school enrolment has been a focus of investment, even in remote rural areas whose populations are surplus to the requirements of the global economy. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in primary schools and their neighbouring communities in rural areas of Lesotho, India and Laos, we explore how young people, their parents and teachers experience schooling in places where the prospects of incorporation into professional employment (or any well rewarded economic activity) are slim. We show how schooling uses aspiration, holding out a promise of a 'better future' remote from the lives of rural children. However, children’s attachment to such promises is tenuous, boosted yet troubled by the small minority who defy the odds and succeed. We question why education systems continue to promote occupational aspirations that are unattainable by most, and why donors and governments invest so heavily in increasing human capital that cannot be absorbed.

Relationships between land tenure insecurity, agrobiodiversity, and dietary diversity of women of reproductive age: Evidence from Acholi and Teso subregions of Uganda.

Land tenure security is central to food security of rural agricultural‐dependent communities, but there is limited evidence linking the state of agrobiodiversity to perception of land tenure security and access to and quality of food eaten. This study explores this relationship using data captured from 1,279 households in Acholi and Teso subregions of Uganda, and the relationships are established using a study sample of 1,227 women of reproductive age (WRA). Sixteen percent of respondents perceived themselves to be land tenure insecure. Although approximately 275 species were reported available for food, household access to a variety of plant and animal species is limited to <10 species by 69% of the study population. Dietary diversity was also low, with 53% of women meeting minimum diet diversity. Evidence from estimation of a generalized Poisson regression reveals that dietary diversity of WRA is consistently, positively correlated with species diversity available for food and negative with land tenure insecurity. A unit increase in species diversity led to 18% increase in dietary diversity of WRAs. Land tenure insecurity was likely to reduce dietary diversity of WRAs by 26% (p < .05). Interventions with an aim to increase species diversity can deliver positive dividends for food and nutrition security. Land policy reforms and interventions that strengthen land tenure security for both men and women are likely to contribute positively to dietary diversity leading to improved food and nutrition security of vulnerable communities in rural areas.

OP179 Nationwide Electroencephalographic Screening Using Telemedicine Apps

IntroductionDisruptive telemedicine tools can help overcome the lack of specialized care and electroencephalographic (EEG) support for diagnosing and treating nervous system disorders such as epilepsy in remote communities. However, evidence on how such cloud-based platforms could enhance data-driven health care is limited. The utility of telemedicine-based apps to achieve EEG screening of communities in rural areas of Paraguay was investigated.MethodsThis descriptive study was carried out by the Telemedicine Unit of the Ministry of Public Health in collaboration with the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging of the Health Science Research Institute in Paraguay and the Basque Country University in Spain to evaluate the utility of telediagnostic apps for EEG screening. For this purpose, the results obtained by tele-EEG apps implemented in nineteen public community hospitals were analyzed to determine the utility of the apps as epidemiological surveillance tools.ResultsAmong the 10,791 remote EEG studies performed, the most common reasons for the test included epileptic seizure (44%), headache (22%), seizure disorder (8%), follow up (6%), attention deficits in children (5%), cognitive impairment (4%), cranioencephalic trauma (3%), brain death (1%), history of seizure (0.9%), abnormal movements (0.7%), and behavioral disorders (0.5%).ConclusionsThe results showed that telemedicine apps can significantly enhance nationwide EEG screening by freeing up professional time and increasing productivity, improving access and equity, and reducing costs. However, before their systematic implementation a contextualization of the apps using the regional epidemiological profile must be performed.

Socialization of Lupus Disease Awareness for Housewife Group of Genting Village, Ambarawa, Central Java

Lupus or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a life-threatening chronic autoimmune disease with symptoms similar to those of other diseases. Frequent misdiagnosis of lupus increases the mortality rate of the disease. Public understanding is still low about Lupus, characterized by a variety of misperceptions about the disease, which still occurs. In rural area, Lupus is still often regarded as a virus transmitted and is associated with weak immune activity. There are still many women who do not yet know that they are a group that is more susceptible to Lupus than men. Various errors in people's perception of Lupus need to be corrected to increase public awareness of the disease. Efforts to correct misperceptions about Lupus have been done through Science and Technology for Community (Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi bagi Masyarakat, IbM) activities in counseling form to the housewife groups in Kalipucung Hamlet, Genting Village, Jambu District, Ambarawa, Central Java. Participatory approaches and tutorials have been carried out in the IbM activities through the provision of counseling materials, as well as the delivery of questionnaires before and after counseling. The results of the questionnaire analysis indicate that the counseling program could improve awareness about Lupus disease among community in rural area.

Building the resilience of rural creative entrepreneurship through leadership concept: the case of Kaliabu, Indonesia

This paper proposes a local leadership model that encourages the resilience of creative entrepreneurship in rural areas. Creative entrepreneurship faces various challenges that force them to be resilient in facing the global market competition. In the creative entrepreneur community in rural areas, the role of the leader is very important in triggering the creativity and transformation of the community. A case study on the entrepreneurship community of logo designers in Kaliabu Village shows that they suffer from business discontinuity due to market competition. Learning from this case, we propose the concept of transformational creative leadership as a solution to building resilience in creative entrepreneurship. This concept combines transformational leadership and creative leadership theories which are considered capable of encouraging entrepreneurial innovation and creativity through creative processes so that creative entrepreneurial resilience can be achieved.

An approach for evaluating the economic impacts of harmful algal blooms: The effects of blooms of toxic Dinophysis spp. on the productivity of Scottish shellfish farms

Shellfish production is an important activity for the economy of many countries. As well as its direct value, it helps to stabilize communities in rural areas characterized by limited job opportunities. It is also important for consumers who recognize shellfish as a healthy product that gains its nutrition from natural plankton without the need for fertilizers, chemical treatments or other anthropogenic intervention typical of terrestrial agriculture or other marine aquaculture. Nevertheless, global shellfish fisheries are under threat from harmful algal blooms (HABs) and related biotoxins, whose production is potentially exacerbated by global changes. This research provides evidence of economic impacts on Scottish shellfish farms in the last 10 years caused by HABs and their associated biotoxins. In contrast to previous approaches that have focused on variation in production as a function of temporal trends and blooms events, we use a production function approach to show which input factors (labour, capital, climate variables, concentration of biotoxins) have an effect on production. Results show that diarrhoetic shellfish toxins produced by the genera Dinophysis are most significant. A 1% change in the production of these biotoxins reduces shellfish production by 0.66%, with an average yearly negative variation in production of 15% (1,080 ton) and an economic loss (turnover) of £ (GBP) 1.37 m per year (in 2015 currency) over a national annual industry turnover of ~ £ 12 m. The production function approach is coupled with a multivariate time series model (VAR) capturing the statistical relationship between algal concentration, information on climatic variables and biotoxins to forecast the damage to shellfish production from HABs. This provides producers and regulators with the economic information to plan temporal and spatial mitigating measures necessary to limit damages to production by comparing the costs of these measures with the costs of lost production.