Motorcycle Accident Research Articles

A review of open pelvic fractures with concurrent genitourinary injuries.

Open pelvic fractures (OPFs) are uncommon but potentially lethal traumatic injuries. Often caused by high energy blunt trauma, they can cause severe injury to abdominal and pelvic structures. We sought to conduct a review of the literature in order to ascertain the rates of genitourinary injury and vaginal laceration after OPF and the rates of resulting infection and mortality. A review of PubMed was conducted to identify studies reporting the rates of genitourinary injury from OPF. Study characteristics, patient characteristics, and outcomes were collected. The data were pooled, and descriptive statistics were obtained. Eight studies encompassing 343 patients were included. Average age was 35.1years (10-85.9), 28% were female, and the average Injury Severity Score was 26.5 (4-75). 95.5% of patients had a blunt mechanism of injury. Motor vehicle collision (23.9%), motorcycle accident (19.7%), and pedestrian struck (19.3%) were the most common etiologies. Overall mortality and infection rates were 31.2% and 18.7%, respectively. 19.7% of patients suffered an injury to the genitourinary system, and 32.4% of females sustained a vaginal laceration. OPFs have the potential for extremely high morbidity and mortality. While much research has been done to prevent early mortality from hemorrhage, there is comparatively little research into late mortality stemming from infection and sepsis. Intravenous antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment, and local antibiotics usage has been encouraged. In patients with a vaginal laceration, it is important to provide antibiotic coverage for vaginal flora.

Blunt inferior vena cava injury associated with AAST-grade V hepatic and renal injuries: A case report

A 56-year-old female patient presented with right chest and upper abdominal pain in a motorcycle accident. Hypotension and low blood hemoglobin were noted. Contrast-enhanced multi detector computed tomography showed hemoperitoneum, retroperitoneal hematoma, injury of the retro hepatic and suprarenal segments of inferior vena cava, grade V hepatic injury, and grade V right renal injury involving the right main renal vein according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. The surgeon repaired the inferior vena cava, ligated the right renal vein, and packed the liver laceration with pads and gauzes during emergency exploratory laparotomy. The condition remained stable until repeated active bleeding of the liver laceration occurred on the 20th post-operative day, which was successfully managed by trans arterial embolization. The patient was discharged with an eventful course on the 41st hospitalization day.

Surgical Fixation of Maisonneuve Fractures with a Screw Suture Fixation Device: Results of 10 Cases

Category: Trauma; Ankle; Sports Introduction/Purpose: Maisonneuve fractures consist of a fracture of the fibula in the proximal third with associated syndesmotic injury. Surgical management generally involves restoration of fibula length, reduction of the syndesmosis, and stabilization of the syndesmosis. Flexible fixation devices have gained popularity for syndesmotic fixation over the last several years. Current flexible fixation devices are not reliable for fixation of length unstable patterns of injury, like the Maisonneuve fracture. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the results of a new screw- suture syndesmotic device providing aperture fixation of the syndesmosis for fixation of Maisonneuve fractures. Methods: 10 consecutive patients with Maisonneuve injuries were treated with indirect restoration of fibula length, open reduction of the syndesmosis, and stabilization of the syndesmosis with the screw suture device. Talocrural angle and medial clear space was measured and recorded at time of injury, post operatively and 6 months. Rate of hardware removal was recorded.***2 patients are 2 months short of 6 months. both have healed their proximal fibula fractures so no changes to data are anticipated *** Results: There were 5 males and 5 females. 5 patients slipped on ice, 4 patients fell on uneven walking surfaces, 1 patient was in a motorcycle accident. 2 patients had associated posterior malleolus fractures, 1 was fixed with a posterior plate. 1 patient had a medial malleolus fracture repaired with 2 screws. 9 devices were placed independently. 1 device was inserted through a 4 hole 1/3 tubular plate. Average time to surgery was 12.3 days (range 5-24 days). Talocrural angles averaged 8.92 (4.8-14.5mm) on injury films, 13.8mm (10.6-17mm) post operatively and 13.5mm (10.6-16.6) at 6 months. Medial clear space measurement averaged 5.68mm (2-10mm) on injury films, 2.06mm (1.9-2.3mm) post operatively and 2.1mm (2-2.3mm) at 6 months. No devices required removal during the study period. Conclusion: The screw-suture device provided length stable fixation for treatment of Maisonneuve fracture patterns.

Vehicular impact analysis of driving for accidents using on board diagnostic II

A large number of people meet with an accident everyday around the world. One of the leading causes of death is traffic accidents. The reasons behind India's rising number of road accidents contribute to bad driving behavior, poor road design and infrastructure, lack of enforcement of traffic laws. The post accidental investigation report is very important to know the actual reason of collision for the concerned parties and the insurance company and the police. The proposed work effectively extracts interpretable features describing complex driving patterns. It will provide analytical report of the accidents to various parties involved in process. This work analyzes the type and cause of accident. The experiment has been simulated using on board diagnostic II (OBD II) and smart phone accelerometer for post accidental analysis of collision. As the electronic control unit (ECU) does not provide accelerometer sensor, so the smart phone accelerometer has been utilized in conjunction with another parameter of OBD II device. The gravitational force (G-force) values observed from accelerometer sensor along the different axes and speed, acceleration, fuel consumption rate, and are retrieved from OBD II device. The result shows that the parameters recorded are very helpful in finding the actual accidental status of the vehicle.

Using a decision tree to compare rural versus highway motorcycle fatalities in Thailand

Thailand ranks first in Asia and ninth in the world in term of road accident. As of 2020, the number of vehicles registered in Thailand was over 41 million, with motorcycles accounting for half of all vehicles. This study aimed to determine the cause of fatalities to reduce motorcycle accidents. The research entailed separating the accidents and fatalities into those occurring on highways (HWs) versus those occurring on rural roadways (RRs) and focused solely on rider at fault accidents to involve any confounding factors related to passengers or others involved. In Thailand, HWs have higher speed limits and allow more vehicle types than some RRs. Thailand’s Department of Public Disaster Prevention and Mitigation recorded 115,154 motorcycle accidents from 2015 to 2020. Decision trees allow for processing large amounts of data to drill down into associations between the individual variables in a large data set; in this study, the tree also separated accidents into whether or not the driver was exceeding the speed limit. The model’s performance for HWs, predicted misclassifications were found to be 28.3% (fatality to nonfatality) and a 44.5% (nonfatality to fatality) while predicted misclassification for RRs were 15.5% (fatality to nonfatality) and 60% (nonfatality to fatality). At all ages, the most fatalities were among male riders on dry straightaways in clear daytime weather; notably, however, on RRs, even when the rider was driving responsibly, fatalities were high at night on roads with no light. Following the presentation of the study findings, suggestions are made for ways the Thai government can improve the motorcycle accident and fatality statistics, including increasing the age limit for a motorcycle license, with engine size limits further divided according to age; proper enforcement of the existing rules will also improve the country’s accident statistics. It will also be highly effective to improve road lighting, particularly on RRs.

REARWARD VISIBILITY ASSESSMENT FOR SELECTED PASSENGER IN ASEAN COUNTRIES

ASEAN region consists of the greatest number of motorcycle-related accidents with severe and fatal casualties in Asia. Limited or blocked rearward visibility of vehicles has long been viewed as one of the causes of motorcycle accident. In this study, the rearward visibility of sixteen passenger vehicles have been assessed and analyzed using a new assessment based on some aspects of ECE46 and FMVSS III international protocols for Class I (internal rearview mirror) and Class III (side-view mirror). A novel scoring system based on the average width of underbone-type motorcycles in Malaysia and Indonesia is proposed to highlight the importance of rearward visibility towards the conspicuity of motorcycles. The results of the assessment show that there are two distinct vehicle groups in terms of rearward visibility: pick-up trucks and non-pickup vehicles. Pick-up trucks tend to have more prominent rearward visibility for CLASS I and III due to its bigger mirror, windscreen and body structure.Keywords: Rearward visibility, vehicle visibility assessment, ECE46, FMVSS III

Effectiveness of a behavioural intervention delivered by text messages (safetxt) on sexually transmitted reinfections in people aged 16-24 years: randomised controlled trial

ObjectiveTo quantify the effects of a series of text messages (safetxt) delivered in the community on incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea reinfection at one year in people aged 16-24 years.DesignParallel...

Effect of shock-flame interactions on initial damage characteristics in highway tunnel under hazmat tanker truck accident

Hazardous materials road transportation (HMRT) accidents are the main hazards of highway tunnels, and the damage evolution process subject to catastrophic consequences have gained significance due to increasing accidental events. This study presents the scene reconstruction referenced with actual case of methanol tanker truck explosion in highway tunnel and integrates it with effecting parameters such as location, causation, consequence, time series data, tunnel structure, hazmat properties, emergency. In this work, the damage characteristics caused by tanker truck explosion are discussed by comparing with different traffic situations inside the highway tunnel. The results indicate the strength of shock wave is enhanced as the traffic flow grows, especially in the ceiling and ground of tunnel, the peak overpressures are significantly higher than that in other areas. With the increasing of the traffic vehicles in tunnel, the process of the explosion overpressure changing in tunnel can be categorized in five stages. This study presents the predictive model relating with explosion specific impulse, which can be better presented in impulse changes in tunnel with the minimum degree of fitting is 0.9139. By comparison between different traffic situations in tunnel, it reveals the formation of precursor shock wave enhances the flame propagation, and the accelerated flame in turn strengthens the overpressure, indicating the underlying damage mechanism. This study contributes to better understanding multi-factor damage mechanism of HMRT accident in highway tunnel, and further optimizing HRMT accident detections and emergency plans.

Inspection and Preparation for Testing of the Road Overpass of the Almaty-Kapshagai Highway after the Vehicular Impacts

The 33.0 m long reinforced concrete bridge beams of the overpass superstructure after vehicular impacts were taken as a research object. The overpass consists of 14 beams, six of which were repaired by restoring the widened lower part with EMACO FAST TIXO, manufactured by BASF. The remaining 8 beams were completely dismantled and replaced with new ones. The new beams have been fully tested for the perception of vehicular loads. The fully reconstructed span structure showed compliance with the design loads of A14, NK-120 and NK-180 based on test results.

Interpositional arthroplasty with temporal muscle flap – a surgical alternative for condylar ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint

Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is characterized by a bony or fibrous fusion between the articular fossa and the condyle. It represents one of the greatest therapeutic challenges in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Several treatments have been used for its management, such as gap arthroplasty, interpositional arthroplasty, and TMJ reconstruction with autogenous bone graft and alloplastic prostheses. A 39-year-old Black male patient developed a complex mandibular symphysis fracture associated with bilateral high condylar fractures after a motorcycle accident. In the first approach, osteosynthesis was performed to reduce and fix symphysis fractures and conservatively treat the condyles. However, the patient did not proceed with physiotherapy and adequate follow-up, evolving into bilateral ankylosis. Subsequently, he underwent interpositional arthroplasty with a temporal muscle flap. The treatment of ankylosis is imperatively surgical and aims to release the joint and reanatomize the region, restoring functionality to the stomatognathic system. The choice of technique depends on many factors, including age. In children, gap arthroplasty is the most frequent choice because it helps in the centrality of condylar growth. In adult patients, gap arthroplasty with interposition of the temporal muscle is eligible, as it restores function and reduces the recurrence of bone fusion and consequent re-ankylosis.

Energy absorption performance of steel plate-polyurethane foam composite protective structures

In recent years, accidents of vehicles (or vessels) hitting bridge piers have occurred frequently, posing serious threats to the safety of the bridge structures, vehicles, and people. Due to their energy-absorbing effects, flexible protective structures have the potential to reduce the damage of both the bridges and vehicles. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop flexible protective structures with high performance of energy absorption. In this study, a new type of steel plate-polyurethane foam composite protective structure was proposed, in which the face panels and webs were made of flat and folded steel plates, respectively, and polyurethane foam was used as the filling material. Basic mechanical behavior of the composite protective structure was studied through static compression tests; and the influences of three key variables (i.e., web form, foam density and foam-filling pattern) on the energy absorption performance of the structures were focused. The results showed that the energy absorption (EA) and crushing force efficiency (CFE) of the folded-web specimens without foam filling were higher than the straight-web counterparts by 19.6 % and 74.2 % on average, respectively; and the EA and CFE of the folded-web specimens fully-filled with a foam density of 50 kg/m3 (100 kg/m3) were 30.6 % (33.8 %) and 124.7 % (116.6 %) higher on average than the straight-web counterparts, respectively. In addition, it was found that there was a positive composite effect between steel plates and polyurethane foam; but the polyurethane foam on the outside of the protective structure was prone to bending deformation, which weakened the energy absorption performance of the structure to a certain extent. In the future, the proposed composite protective structure can be further optimized to achieve better energy absorption performance, so as to provide a better solution for the impact protection of bridge piers or other structures.

Reaction‐to‐fire testing of bus interior materials: Assessing burning behaviour and smoke gas toxicity

AbstractAlthough fire safety regulations for buses have been adapted in recent years regarding, for example, fire detection and engine fire suppression systems, the changes in regulations for bus interior materials are minimal. A comparison of fire safety regulations for interior materials in other transport sectors for trains, ships or aircraft reveals a much lower level of requirements for bus materials. Although repeated bus accidents as well as fire statistics show the danger a bus fire can pose to passengers. In particular, the combination of a fire incident and passengers with reduced mobility led to severe disasters in Germany and other European countries. To enhance the fire safety for passengers, the interior bus materials are crucial as the fire development in the bus cabin determines whether escape and rescue is possible. Against this background, bus interior materials were tested in different fire test scenarios. Measurement of a wide variety of parameters, for example, the mass loss, ignition time, smoke gas composition, heat release rate among others were carried out. Tested materials complied to the newest set of requirements. For this purpose, interior materials and their components had to be identified according to their chemical structure. Parts of the tests were funded by BASt (Federal Highway Research Institute) in the project 82.0723/2018. Experimental results show reaction‐to‐fire behaviour which lead to very limited times for escape and rescue in case of fire in a bus cabin. Based on the studies on fire behaviour and toxicity assessment, recommendations for improved fire safety regulations for interior materials could be made.

Fractal Analysis of Tunnel Structural Damage Caused by High-Temperature and Explosion Impact

The tunnel is one of the most important components in modern underground engineering. Due to long and narrow shape constraints, it very easily results in large-scale fire and explosion when deflagration is caused by the accidents of vehicles that transport dangerous goods in the tunnel. Previously, the studies on the damage to tunnel lining caused by high-temperature impacts in these kinds of disasters were often limited to a discussion of only one influencing factor, either fire or explosion, but they rarely considered the two factors simultaneously. In this work, the damage properties of full-size tunnel lining induced by high temperature and impact were evaluated, and the concrete samples from the whole lining arch were selected for CT scanning. The improved differential box-counting method was used for the fractal analysis of the CT images to obtain the damage-distribution properties of the tunnel lining structure under the two coupled influencing factors: the high temperature caused by fire, and the impact caused by deflagration.

Effects of Motorcycle Accidents on Household Livelihood in Vihiga County, Kenya

Purpose: World Health Organization reports that more than 1.2 million people die every year due to road transport related traffic accidents. In Kenya approximately one in every five death is due to road traffic accidents. In Vihiga County, motorcycles are the leading cause of accidents with victims increasing from 140 in 2008 to 338 in 2018. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to analyze motorcycle accident effects on household livelihood in Vihiga County, Kenya.
 Methodology: The study was modeled around the system theory. A descriptive research design was adopted with a target population of 140 respondents who were the victims of the road traffic accident were involved using the census technique. Data collection was done using questionnaires and interviews. Validity test was by construct validity while reliability test involved the use of Cronbach’ alpha. Data was analyzed into frequencies, cumulative frequencies and percentages using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 16). The study findings indicated that motorcycle accidents have an effect on livelihoods because families find it difficult accessing basic needs after their bread winner is involved in a road accident. There is an association between motorcycle accidents and access to food with chi-square of 4.487 and p-value of 0.016.
 Unique contribution to practice and policy: The study recommends that the government should train all riders to impart them with skills that will help reduce accidents and also revise the driving school curriculum in order to seal loopholes that see unqualified motorcycle riders on the road. National Transport and Safety authority to make known to the public blackspot areas especially in Hamisi sub county and ensure safety measures are taken to stop motorcycle accidents. Traffic police department to reinforce traffic rules especially on the use of helmets as most of the injuries that were fatal were as a result of riding without helmets. Ministry of education through the constituency development fund committee to identify children from families with victims of motorcycle accidents and ensure their fees is paid to avoid the high school dropout cases. The government to incorporate NGOs offering humanitarian services to consider including families of victims of motorcycle accidents in their feeding program to ensure they access food. Finally, public campaign to be carried out to sensitize the motorcycle riders on importance of subscribing to NHIF so as to be able to access treatment in case of an accident.

A Conflict Measures-Based Extreme Value Theory Approach to Predicting Truck Collisions and Identifying High-Risk Scenes on Two-Lane Rural Highways

Collision risk identification and prediction is an effective means to prevent truck accidents. However, most existing studies focus only on highways, not on two-lane rural highways. To predict truck collision probabilities and identify high-risk scenes on two-lane rural highways, this study first calculated time to collision and post-encroachment time using high-precision trajectory data and combined them with extreme value theory to predict the truck collision probability. Subsequently, a traffic feature parameter system was constructed with the driving behavior risk parameter. Furthermore, machine learning algorithms were used to identify critical feature parameters that affect truck collision risk. Eventually, extreme value theory based on time to collision and post-encroachment time incorporated a machine learning algorithm to identify high-risk truck driving scenes. The experiments showed that bivariate extreme value theory integrates the applicability of time to collision and post-encroachment time for different driving trajectories of trucks, resulting in significantly better prediction performances than univariate extreme value theory. Additionally, the horizontal curve radius has the most critical impact on truck collision; when a truck is driving on two-lane rural highways with a horizontal curve radius of 227 m or less, the frequency and probability of collision will be higher, and deceleration devices and central guardrail barriers can be installed to reduce risk. Second is the driving behavior risk: the driving behavior of truck drivers on two-lane rural highways has high-risk, and we recommend the installation of speed cameras on two-lane rural roads to control the driving speed of trucks and thus avoid dangerous driving behaviors. This study extends the evaluation method of truck collisions on two-lane rural highways from univariate to bivariate and provides a basis for the design of two-lane rural highways and the development of real-time dynamic warning systems and enforcement for trucks, which will help prevent and control truck collisions and alleviate safety problems on two-lane rural highways.

Women Chemists Committee honors award winners

The American Chemical Society’s Women Chemists Committee (WCC) honored several awardees during the ACS Fall 2022 meeting in Chicago. The 2022 Overcoming Challenges Award was presented to Riley Atrops , a recent graduate from California State University Channel Islands. This award is given to undergraduate women chemistry students who have overcome significant obstacles in their pursuit of success in the field of chemistry. Atrops survived a serious automobile accident when she was a child and was diagnosed with a tumor as an undergraduate. The 2022 Merck Research Award, sponsored by Merck & Co, was awarded to eight third- and fourth-year women graduate students. The recipients are Maria Aguilera , University of Rochester; Maria Adrover Castellano , University of Michigan; Sara Dibrell , California Institute of Technology; Olivia Garry , Princeton University; Zhuojun Huang , Stanford University; Irene Manning , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Alena Vasquez , Scripps

The art of pain: A quantitative color analysis of the self-portraits of Frida Kahlo.

Frida Kahlo (1907–1954) was a Mexican artist who is remembered for her self-portraits, pain and passion, and bold, vibrant colors. This work aims to use her life story and her artistic production in a longitudinal study to examine with quantitative tools the effects of physical and emotional pain (rage) on artistic expression. Kahlo suffered from polio as a child, was involved in a bus accident as a teenager where she suffered multiple fractures of her spine and had 30 operations throughout her lifetime. She also had a tempestuous relationship with her painter husband, Diego Rivera. Her physical and personal troubles however became the texture of her vivid visual vocabulary—usually expressed through the depiction of Mexican and indigenous culture or the female experience and form. We applied color analysis to a series of Frida's self-portraits and revealed a very strong association of physical pain and emotional rage with low wavelength colors (red and yellow), indicating that the expression of her ailments was, consciously or not, achieved by increasing the perceived luminance of the canvas. Further quantitative analysis that used the fractal dimension identified “The broken column” as the portrait with higher compositional complexity, which matches previous critical acclaim of this portrait as the climax of her art. These results confirm the ability of color analysis to extract emotional and cognitive features from artistic work. We suggest that these tools could be used as markers to support artistic and creative interventions in mental health.

Hospitalization of injured motorcyclists in Brazil from 2011 to 2021

The motorcycle accident, its social and economic costs to society are topics widely debated and discussed today, since the trauma disease is responsible for numerous cases of hospitalization, injuries in target organs and sequelae. In addition, it presents itself as the main cause of death in young people and the economically active population. The present study aims to characterize the profile of hospitalizations due to traffic accidents involving motorcyclists in Brazil, reported in the DATASUS database. This is an epidemiological, retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of a historical series from 2011 to 2021. Education and prevention is essential in actions to control motorcycle accidents, seeking to reduce mortality and physical disability of victims after trauma. Epidemiological surveillance and preventive campaigns must be active and continuously intensified, seeking to eliminate accidents for the benefit of the individual and society.

Fictive Dreamin’

Fictive Dreamin’ Jake Maynard (bio) How often do writers dream about writing? I’m thinking about the physical act: ass + chair, furrowed squint, eyelid quaking, temple tap and chewed lips. The keyboard chatters. Writing. I’ve been wondering because it finally happened to me. I’ve been writing hard for maybe six years and finally some pages appeared in my dreams. Maybe it took so long because the act of writing, at least as I [End Page 91] practice it, is pretty bleh. It’s mostly sitting and thinking and walking to the window and drawing dicks in the fogged glass. Sometimes the good words come, and sometimes they don’t. Despite writers’ thirst for narrative, the act itself doesn’t have a particularly compelling one. Writers’ angst, at best, is melodrama—a little like the tangles of bodies and naked TED talks that haunt me while I sleep. I texted some writer friends about it: Meredith: Maybe once every other month? I feel like I get good ideas in my dreams but never remember them when I wake up. Or my dreams are like ‘make characters go mini-golfing.’ Me: So are you actively writing in these dreams? Meredith: Sometimes. They usually start with me getting feedback and feeling like I need to change something so I’m never straight up writing in my dreams. Randi: I used to dream about getting awesome story ideas and either I could not remember them when I woke up or they turned out to be trash in reality. Sometimes I dreamed about my books selling. Mostly I dream about solving mysteries or running from murderers and terrorists or junk like that. Noelle: No, but I did practice Chinese in a dream the other day. Whit: I don’t think I do. I’ll dream about work emails sometime, but most of the dreams are fast-paced, moving screenplays. Plot twist. Revelation. Very movie-like. Me jumping out of bed like a lunatic about once a month, turning the light on, thinking there’s a dead snake—or something like that—in my sheets. Me panting, confused but coming to, slowly realizing it’s all a dream. [End Page 92] _______ Hardly a reliable sample size, but research suggests writing as a physical act rarely makes the dreamscape. This makes me wonder what John Gardner would say about it. If writing prose is itself a kind of dream-state—he called it the fictive dream— dreaming about it becomes outright lasagnal. In The Art of Fiction, Gardner writes: In the writing state—the state of inspiration—the fictive dream springs up fully alive: the writer forgets the words he has written on the page and sees, instead, his characters moving around their rooms, hunting through cupboards, glancing irritably through their mail, setting mousetraps, loading pistols. The dream is as alive and compelling as one’s dreams at night, and when the writer writes down on paper what he has imagined, the words, however inadequate, do not distract his mind from the fictive dream but provide him with a fix on it, so that when the dream flags he can reread what he’s written and find the dream starting up again. Here, Gardner’s talking specifically about the fictive dream as the writer experiences it, but the term has grown to refer to the continuous state of immersion that you feel inside of good fiction. In a workshop, God Forbid, you might hear, “that part on page three with the bullet points breaks the dream.” Gruff, smug, and intimidating in an academic white-guy sort of way, Gardner’s the type of writer most folks read once as they start out, then not again. He died in a motorcycle accident in 1984 at age forty-nine, three days before his third wedding—tragedy stalked his family; a farm accident had [End Page 93] horrifically killed his brother, leaving Gardner with lifelong nightmares—but his short life was prolific to the tune of twenty-five books. His Beowulf retelling, Grendel, got the most contemporary attention, but The Art of Fiction might be the more important work. That quote pops up on every...

Factors Affecting the Skill and Efficiency of Emergency Medical Service Staff in Mass Casualty Road Traffic Incidents: A Qualitative Study

Factors Affecting the Skill and Efficiency of Emergency Medical Service Staff in Mass Casualty Road Traffic Incidents: A Qualitative Study