Characteristics Of Runoff Pollution Research Articles

Laboratory Investigation on Pollutant Removal Effect of Purification Materials for Porous Asphalt Pavement

Purification materials have been widely applied as filter media in best management measures including wetlands, bioretention systems, and so forth, whereas their application in permeable pavement is limited and needs further research. This paper aims to explore the feasible applications of water purification materials in permeable pavement materials and structures. Based on laboratory rainfall test and static adsorption test, the possible application of three types of water purification materials, including diatomite, quartz sand, and straw biochar, in porous asphalt pavement and their pollutant removal effect were investigated. The results show that the filter layers can effectively increase the total suspended solids removal rate to 60%–80%. And when the purification materials are applied as alternative fillers in porous asphalt mixture (PA), they can enhance the removal effect of dissolved pollutants, especially heavy metals, by their special chemical properties and the positive influence on microscopic pore structures of PA. The adsorption effect of PA on pollutants is closely related to the environment temperature. The PA adsorption of nutrients and Cu increases with the increase of temperature, but the adsorption effect of Cr is better at lower temperatures. The pseudo-first-order model and the pseudo-second-order model can properly describe the adsorption process of heavy metals Cu and Cr by PA, respectively. The purification schemes that present purification effects under different runoff pollution characteristics are recommended as well.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Runoff Pollution in Langfang City

Urban runoff pollution can carry pollutants into the receiving water through scouring and leaching, causing black color and odor or eutrophication. Understanding and mastering the characteristics of runoff pollution is a prerequisite for the effective control of runoff pollution. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of runoff pollution and the correlation between pollutants in the urban area of Langfang City. Rainfall runoff samples were collected seven times by setting up 14 sampling sites within the urban area. The suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), N, P, fecal E. coli, anionic surfactants, volatile phenols, and Zn, Cr6+, As, Cu, etc. were analyzed. The source and distribution of pollutants were summarized and analyzed through principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the concentration of pollutants in runoff in Langfang City varied greatly at different times and locations. The average ρ(SS) at each point ranged from 150-500 mg·L-1, and the average concentrations of COD, N, P, and fecal E. coli all exceeded those of the surface water standard Ⅴ. The average concentration of anionic surfactants, petroleum, and volatile phenols were between those of the surface water standard Ⅰ and standard Ⅳ. The concentrations of metal pollutants were relatively low. NH4+-N had a positive correlation with total nitrogen (TN), volatile phenols, and As. COD had a certain positive correlation with TN, total phosphorus (TP), Cr6+, and As, whereas fecal E. coli had a certain negative correlation with Zn and Cu. The organic matter, P, Cu, and SS were probably derived from vehicle tires and road surfaces. All sampling sites could be roughly divided into four types according to the features of pollution:mainly commercial service areas, residential areas, larger arterial roads, and small roads between communities. The pollution of runoff in Langfang City was relatively serious, especially that of COD, N, and P. This research provides important reference values for the control and regulation of runoff pollution in urban areas and other northern cities.

Leachate risks of fine solid wastes in porous asphalt pavement and runoff purification effects of diatomite filler

Solid wastes have been widely applied in porous asphalt pavement, but some of them may contain pollutants. Whether their leachate during rainfall events poses a threat to nearby watersheds has not received enough attention. Based on the laboratory rainfall and infiltrate test, this study evaluated the leachate risks of fine solid wastes in porous asphalt mixture (PA). Based on the runoff pollution characteristics in Shanghai, China, the purification performance of PA with diatomite filler was explored. The results showed that a small amount of Al and Fe in solid waste fillers might infiltrate during intensive rainfall. The diatomite filler could improve pollutants removal rates via physical filtration and selective chemical adsorption effects. The correlations between rainfall characteristics and the removal rates were further developed, which indicated the increase of rainfall time and intensity adversely affected the removal rates. The composition of PA for different runoff pollution characteristics was proposed as well.

Characteristics of runoff pollution in a highly urbanized region: A case study in the Dongguan City

Urban runoff pollution has become one of the major sources of water pollution. Rapid urbanization process in China has led to a significant increase in the pollution loads, which has posed great threats on the regional water environmental safety. Thus, it is of great importance to systematically analyse the characteristics of runoff pollution in some typical highly urbanized regions. Taking the Dongguan City in South China as the study area, output and spatial characteristics of the pollution emissions were investigated through a GIS-based empirical model. The results showed that the annual pollution loads of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) exported from the city were approximately 338489, 613175, 28292 and 2824 t/a, respectively. In particular, the Songshan Lake Area in the city had the largest pollution loads, while the Water Town New Area had the least. In terms of pollution export fluxes unit area, they were highest in the Central Downtown Area (i.e. 2124, 3450, 145 and 16 kg/hm2 a for COD, SS, TN and TP, respectively) and relatively lower in the Southeastern Bordering Shenzhen Area. Enhancing the environmental management and improving the public environmental protection awareness are necessary for mitigating runoff pollution.

Runoff pollution control of a sewage discharge project based on green concept – a sewage runoff pollution control system

Abstract The problem of runoff pollution in sewage discharge projects mainly depends on manual inspections, and this traditional inspection method has high personnel and time costs. Moreover, with rapid development of the Internet of Things technology, application of intelligent information management has become a development trend of various neighborhoods where LoRa communication technology with low power consumption and long-distance transmission characteristics has been widely used. Therefore, starting from the concept of green environmental protection, LoRa technology is used in this paper to design and develop a runoff pollution control system including a management terminal, terminal and network components for waste-water discharge projects. The main function is to calculate and comprehensively analyze the conventional indexes such as CODCr, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus in the sewage treatment process, which reduces the calculation error of total pollutant treatment volume and total production volume, and improves the data accuracy of the sewage purification project. Meanwhile, the example verifies that the system proposed in the paper has accurate analysis of runoff pollution characteristics and accurate data calculation, which provides technical support for sustainable development and green development goals and mitigation of water crisis.

Analysis of Rainwater Runoff Pollution Characteristics of Various Typical Underlying Surfaces in Ningbo

The pollution of rainwater runoff in urban areas can cause nutrient enrichment and eutrophication in receiving waters. To explore the pollution characteristics of rainwater runoff in Ningbo, eight sampling campaigns were carried out during rainfall events from 2009 to 2019. Samples of rainwater runoff were collected from underlying surfaces of roofs, squares, grassland, main roads, and the roads in commercial streets and residential districts. The concentrations of runoff pollutants, their sources and correlations, and first flush effects were studied using frequency statistical analysis and correlation analysis. The average event mean concentrations of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids (TSS) in the rainwater runoff in Ningbo were in the ranges of 23.88-102.31, 0.40-1.69, 3.41-8.71, 0.09-0.50, and 37.6-323.4 mg·L-1, respectively. Apart from the square surfaces, the COD and total nitrogen pollution of the underlying surfaces was severe. The ammonia nitrogen concentrations from the roof, commercial street, and residential district surfaces were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from the square, grassland, and main road surfaces. The concentrations of total phosphorus from the commercial street, main road, and grassland surfaces were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the other underlying surfaces. The correlations of TSS with COD, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus showed that the pollutants and TSS have the same original sources in roof, square, main road, and commercial street runoff, while ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen have the same original sources in runoff from grassland and residential areas. Under the meteorological conditions of light and moderate rain, the first flush effects of ammonia nitrogen in the runoff of roofs and grassland were observed clearly, whereas this was not the same for the pollutants of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the residential area, main road, and square runoff.

Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses and Runoff in a Typical Purple Soil Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

To understand the runoff pollution characteristics of the typical purple soil small watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the rainfall-runoff duration under typical land use types of the Xinzheng watershed and the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the outlet runoff of each catchment were dynamically monitored, and the loss rule of N and P in the rainfall runoff in the small watershed in the TGR was investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the losses of runoff N and P were 13.69 kg·(hm2·a)-1 and 1.50 kg·(hm2·a)-1, respectively. N and P in agricultural fertilizers and rainfall scouring were the main causes of runoff pollution in the Xinzheng watershed. The average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) reached 10.05 mg·L-1 and 1.10 mg·L-1, far exceeding the occurrence standard of eutrophication, which should be cause for concern. The nitrate nitrogen (NN) and particulate phosphorus (PP) in the rainfall were 69.47 kg and 6.83 kg on August 15, 2010, accounting for 53.91% and 53.78% of TN and TP, respectively. The NN and AN were 6.68 kg and 5.61 kg, respectively, in the rainfall on August 26, 2010, accounting for 37.74% and 31.69% of TN and PP was 1.36 kg, accounting for 57.63% of TP, indicating that nitrogen loss was mainly through the soluble state, while phosphorus migration was dominated by particulate matter. Heavy rainfall in the Xinzheng watershed had a significant impact on the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. This was related to the properties of purple soil, such as thin soil layer, frequent cultivation and relatively loose soil.

Research on pollution characteristics of Expressway runoff in Guizhou, China

The author selected three expressways in Guizhou as the research objects, and the runoff pollution characteristics were researched by sampling, measuring and analyzing runoff during the rainfall. According to the research data, the primary pollution factors in expressway runoff such as SS. COD and Petroleum had greater pollution intensity; the BOD5, NH3-N, TP and Pb had medium pollution intensity, which were defined as the secondary pollution factors; the range of BOD5/COD was 0.0351∼0.1025, which means a poor biodegradability for the expressway runoff. The expressway runoff showed different pollution characteristics and discharge rules, which were mainly affected by the rainfall and rainfall intensity. The first flush effect (FFE) was mainly medium and weak in the research area, and the degree of FFE was relatively weak under the light rain conditions, FFE didn’t occur in some rain events. This work is expected to pave the way for the pollution control of expressway runoff.

Analysis of Rainfall Runoff Pollution Characteristics and Non-point Source Pollution Simulation

In view of the impact of non-point source pollution on the quality of water environment, the campus area of Shenyang Jianzhu University was taken as the research object, and the empirical model---SCS runoff curve number method is used to estimate the annual load of different runoff pollutants generated on the underlying surface of the roof and the underlying surface of the pavement. The results show that the load TSS of annual runoff pollutants in the campus is 38,975.66 kg/a, COD is 10,102.12 kg/a, TN is 454.78 kg/a, TP is 49.1 kg/a, and NH3-N is 171.88 kg/a; In 2015, the annual runoff pollutant TSS loading was 38189.14kg/a, COD was 19293.5kg/a, TN was 833.68kg/a, TP was 77.59kg/a, and NH3-N was 567.89kg/a.

Research on Runoff Pollution Characteristics and Countermeasures at Sensitive Highway Sites

Research on Runoff Pollution Characteristics and Countermeasures at Sensitive Highway Sites

Stormwater runoff pollution in a rural township in the hilly area of the central Sichuan Basin, China

Stormwater runoff in rural townships has a high potential for water quality impairment but little information is available on strormwater runoff pollution from rural townships. To investigate the characteristics of runoff pollution in a rural township, a catchment (2.32 ha) in Linshan Township, Sichuan, China was selected to examine runoff and quality parameters including precipitation, flow rate, and total nitrogen (TN), dissolved nitrogen (DN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), particulate phosphorus (PP), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solid (SS) in 12 rainfall events occurring between June 2006 and July 2007. Results show that the annual pollutant loads were 47.17 kg ha(-1) for TN, 6.64 kg ha(-1) for TP, 1186 kg ha(-1) for COD, and 4297 kg ha(-1) for SS. DN and PP were the main forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff. TP, COD and SS showed medium mass first flushes, in which nearly 40% of the total pollutant masses were transported by the first 30% of total flow volume. The peak of pollutant concentration appeared before the peak of runoff due to the first flush of accumulative pollutants in impervious areas and drainage ditches. The EMC values of TN, TP, DN and PP were negatively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity, precipitation, total flow volume, and runoff duration (P<0.05, n=12), while EMC of COD and SS were not related to any rainfall characteristics. The FF30 (FF, First Flush) for TN, TP, COD and SS were positively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity (P<0.05, n=12), and TP was also positively correlated to the average rainfall intensity (P<0.05, n=12), indicating that the magnitude of first flush increased with the rainfall intensity in the Linshan Township.

TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF POLLUTANT LOADS DURING STORM EVENTS IN A SMALL RIVER BASIN

Not only to estimate the impact of storm water on receiving waters but also to deduce the origin of the pollutants, it is important to analyze the runoff characteristics of pollutants during storm events. We conducted seven surveys during storm events to clarify the runoff characteristics of various pollutants and relationships between pollutant loads and runoff patterns. In addition, origins of various ions were deduced by examining the temporal variations of ion composition. Typical first flush effects in VSS and T-BOD concentrations were observed, and it was estimated that river sediments deposited in fine days strongly affect the runoff of VSS during a storm event. NO3--N concentration decreased by the early runoff, but kept up higher level at the recession stage, while ion concentrations decreased during the rising stage and increased again at the recession stage, indicating that ions were diluted by the major runoff. Relationships between pollutant loads and runoff were examined by the empirical equation “L/A = a (Q/A)n”. Judging from the n values, ash, SS, VSS, NH4+-N and TP were easily flushed out during storm events, while TN, DN, NO3--N, K+ and DOC kept almost constant concentration during a storm event. Most ions seemed to be diluted by storm water. It was indicated that NO3-, SO42- and K+ were mainly originated from diffuse sources during storm events in the surveyed watershed, while Mg2+ and Na+ was from the same source as Cl-. Most of the nitrate and sulfate loads seemed to be drained out from the surface soil layer of river basins and carried by subsurface runoff.

Runoff characteristics of nutrients from citrus fruit grove and its effects on water area

In this study, field observations are carried out in order to make clear the runoff characteristics of pollutants from citrus fruit grove, especially nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and other inorganic materials. Long-term observation in the test fields continued for more than 7 months and detailed observations during one rainfall are also carried out. From these observations, the following results are obtained. 1) Nitrogen concentration in grove soil leachate is usually in a range of 25 to 45 mgN/L, and the main component is nitrate, whereas phosphorus concentration is in a range of 0.1 to 0.8 mgP/L and the main component is phosphate. Concentration of nutrients is higher than that in environment around it. 2) Runoff loading rate of any materials from grove soil can be unified and expressed as a power function of the flow rate. In this case, runoff style of each material is characterized by the power coefficient beta x. 3) It is understood that the runoff characteristics are affected by the pH and rate of rainfall, and the ways of affecting the runoff characteristics are different in each material. 4) It is also suggested that detailed investigations are required to estimate the effect of pollutant runoff because the runoff characteristics are widely changed by the rainfall characteristics.

Estimation of urban nonpoint source pollution in Lake Biwa Basin

This study aims to simulate pollutant runoff into Lake Biwa using the Macro Model and examine the runoff characteristics of pollutants from urban nonpoint sources. As a result of the simulations of all rivers flowing into Lake Biwa, the characteristics of urban nonpoint source pollution and the basic units of urban nonpoint pollutants in the Lake Biwa basin became clear. It was shown that the control of pollutant runoff from nonpoint sources during storm events was significant in order to protect the water quality of Lake Biwa. From these results, valuable data concerning the environmental management of the Lake Biwa basin was obtained.

Estimation of urban nonpoint source pollution in Lake Biwa basin

This study aims to simulate pollutant runoff into Lake Biwa using the Macro Model and examine the runoff characteristics of pollutants from urban nonpoint sources. As a result of the simulations of all rivers flowing into Lake Biwa, the characteristics of urban nonpoint source pollution and the basic units of urban nonpoint pollutants in the Lake Biwa basin became clear. It was shown that the control of pollutant runoff from nonpoint sources during storm events was significant in order to protect the water quality of Lake Biwa. From these results, valuable data concerning the environmental management of the Lake Biwa basin was obtained.

SIMULATIONS OF POLLUTANT RUNOFF FROM LAKE BIWA BASIN

The objectives of this study are to simulate pollutant runoff load into Lake Biwa using Macro Model and examine the runoff characteristics of pollutants. As a result of the simulations, runoff pollutant load in every river which flowed into Lake Biwa was calculated. And the runoff characteristics of pollutants during dry weather days and storm events from Lake Biwa basin were examined in consideration of the characteristics of the basin. In the results, some available knowledge concerned with the environmental management in Lake Biwa basin was obtained.