Running Mode Research Articles

Current Sheet Broadening due to Turbulence in Three-dimensional Collisionless Reconnection

The present study has investigated the statistical distribution of the current sheet width across the reconnection diffusion region by means of the 3D particle-in-cell simulations. The 3D reconnection layers are unstable to the flow shear instabilities, which results in electromagnetic (EM) turbulence generating effective magnetic dissipation around the x-line. The simulations are performed for several ion-to-electron mass ratios and computational domain sizes, which determine the fastest-growing mode in each simulation run. When the turbulence is weak, the current sheet width increases with the turbulence intensity, following a theoretical curve independent of the mass ratio and domain size. However, when the turbulence is stronger, the width saturates at a low level around 2 times the local electron inertia length, i.e., much smaller than the ion kinetic scales. It is found that the intense inductive electric field due to the EM turbulence is partly canceled out by the eddy viscous effect. As a result, the reconnection electric field is almost unchanged during the quasi-steady phase, regardless of the turbulence intensity. The result implies that the magnetohydrodynamic turbulence models are unlikely to be applicable to the reconnection diffusion region.

Research on Regulation Method of Variable-Air-Volume Air Conditioning System with “Personal Space”

In large public facilities, such as airport terminals or open-plan office spaces, the HVAC system typically consumes substantial amounts of energy. However, individuals often gather at specific areas while other zones are occupied by transient or occasional users. To minimize operational energy usage, this paper aims to reduce thermal comfort demands in non-targeted areas. This paper introduces a method for regulating the thermal environment around occupants exclusively in the variable-air-volume (VAV) air conditioning running mode. The investigation utilizes Airpak modeling and experimental verification techniques. Additionally, an analysis of temperature field and velocity field distributions within the room under the “personal space” operation mode is presented. The results suggest that adjusting the numbers of air vents, openings, airflow velocities, and air supply orientations can establish a comfortable thermal environment for inhabitants and reduce the overall ADPI value. The combined air supply mode leads to a 16.7% reduction in power usage compared to traditional full-space operation.

The influence of semi-actively controlled magnetorheological bogie yaw dampers on the guiding behaviour of a railway vehicle in an S-curve: Simulation and on-track test

Many publications have shown that semi-actively controlled dampers could significantly improve the behaviour of a road or rail vehicle. In the case of a railway vehicle, these dampers promise to solve the contradiction between the damping requirements of different running modes (fast running on a straight track vs negotiating a tight curve). It is known that semi-active control of a bogie yaw damper can improve the vehicle behaviour when running fast on a straight track, but it is not known whether such semi-active control worsens the vehicle behaviour when negotiating a tight curve. This paper investigates the application of magnetorheological bogie yaw dampers in the locomotive bogie to reduce guiding forces and wear in wheel-rail contact when the vehicle negotiates the S-curve. The paper describes the magnetorheological damper, its mathematical model and the strategies for its semi-active control, followed by the results of simulations on a complex multi-body locomotive model and on-track testing on a real vehicle. The simulations and on-track tests have shown that the use of semi-active control of the yaw dampers reduces the guiding force by about 10%. The reduction in these forces will lead to a reduction in wear in the wheel-rail contact.

Single-phase synchronous inverter control for fault management using emulation signal generators

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are promising solutions for future power systems with high penetration of renewables. The successful design of GFM inverters is crucial for achieving current limiting, enabling them to withstand disturbances such as voltage sags and phase jumps in grid voltages. However, when the parameters are not properly tuned, a cascaded voltage and current controller can compromise grid stabilization performance due to issues like controller windup, post-fault recovery failure, and harmonic instability. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a dual control scheme consisting of GFM and current control that work in parallel. The dual control scheme incorporates emulation signal generators integrated with the dual controllers. This integration allows for adjusting their internal states during standby mode to track to references, enabling a seamless transition between the running and standby modes. Numerical simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed controller exhibits promising performance under both normal and faulted conditions.

Heat transport and load response characteristics of a molten salt solar tower power station engaged in peak regulation

Power system flexibility can be improved effectively, if the advantages of the peak shaving ability of molten salt solar tower power (STP) plant can be developed and utilized. In this paper, the heat transport and load response characteristics of the molten salt STP plant in the regulation process are studied, aiming at serving the development of the regulation method in the rapid peak regulation process. The steam generation system and turbine system models of a 50 MW STP station are established. Two load regulation methods and operation modes are used to investigate the inertia and delay effects of heat transfer and evaporation, as well as load response characteristics during the actual regulation operation, including steam generation system following (SF), turbine following (TF), constant pressure operation (CP), and sliding pressure operation (SP). The results show that when the plant load is reduced by 10% Pe at the rate of 3% Pe/min, the heat transfer of salt/water and the evaporation process of water in the whole regulation process have a 250 s delay compared with the load. The larger heat storage characteristics of the plant help to improve the load response speed. The load response speed of the plant is faster in SF mode. TF mode is beneficial to the safe operation of the plant. Considering the operational safety of thick-wall component, the recommended running mode is the collocation of SF and SP mode, TF and CP mode. The results show that the load change rate of 10% Pe/min is permittable under TF and CP modes. The conclusion of this paper lays a foundation for the formulation of a peak regulation strategy for molten salt STPs.

Optimization method for capacity configuration and power allocation of electrolyzer array in off-grid integrated energy system

Hydrogen production using renewable energy is in line with China's the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. The construction of off-grid hydrogen energy industrial park can effectively achieve local utilization of renewable energy and develop the green hydrogen industry. However, off-grid hydrogen energy industrial park has not the compensation and sustentation from large power grid, the stable operation and economic production of electrolyzer are affected by significant factors, such as power fluctuation and frequent start stop. Therefore, this paper proposed the optimization method for capacity configuration and power allocation of electrolyzer array in off-grid integrated energy system. Firstly, based on units of energy supply, energy conversion, and energy storage, a structural model of off-grid integrated energy system was established. Then, by analyzing the operational characteristics of single electrolyzer and electrolyzer array, flexible mode of multiple electrolyzers operating in combination was proposed. Furthermore, considering the hydrogen production cost, the mean of hydrogen production volatility and penalty cost, the capacity configuration and power allocation methods for electrolyzer array were proposed, and the optimization problem is solved with multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. Finally, the hydrogen energy industrial park in Zhangye is taken as example to verify the effectiveness of above research content. Compared to a single type of alkaline electrolyzer, the mean of hydrogen production volatility of multiple electrolyzers operating in combination has decreased by 43.2 %, the hydrogen production quantity has increased by 9.74 %. Compared to a single type of proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, the hydrogen production cost has been reduced by 14.16 %. Compared with the balanced running mode, the flexible operation mode can improve the cost-effective and quantity of hydrogen production.

Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Bimodal Foot Prosthesis for Walking and Running.

People often alternate between bouts of walking and running, for instance, when adults participate in recreational activities. Transitioning between activities can be challenging for prosthesis users because existing prosthetic feet are not well-suited for both tasks. Meanwhile, switching between prostheses for different tasks is often impractical. Collectively, these challenges can present barriers to physical activity participation for people with limb loss, which can negatively impact social or physical health. This work describes the development and evaluation of a passive bimodal prosthetic foot prototype with different configurations and stiffnesses for walking and running. Users rated the bimodal prosthesis higher for standing and walking compared to a running prosthesis (+2.3 for both tasks on a seven-point Likert scale). Users rated the bimodal prosthesis higher for running compared to a walking prosthesis (+1.7 and +0.5 for 2.0 and 2.5 m/s running, respectively). Changing from walking to running mode increased the device's stiffness by 23-84%, depending on the user's preference. Users could switch between bimodal prosthesis walking and running modes quickly (21.3 ± 12.0 s). Overall, the preliminary results were encouraging in terms of user satisfaction, stiffness change between modes, and mode-switching speed. These findings motivate future exploration of this bimodal prosthesis concept.

Accuracy of the Apple Watch Series 4 and Fitbit Versa for Assessing Energy Expenditure and Heart Rate of Wheelchair Users During Treadmill Wheelchair Propulsion: Cross-sectional Study.

The Apple Watch (AW) Series 1 provides energy expenditure (EE) for wheelchair users but was found to be inaccurate with an error of approximately 30%, and the corresponding error for heart rate (HR) provided by the Fitbit Charge 2 was approximately 10% to 20%. Improved accuracy of estimated EE and HR is expected with newer editions of these smart watches (SWs). This study aims to assess the accuracy of the AW Series 4 (wheelchair-specific setting) and the Fitbit Versa (treadmill running mode) for estimating EE and HR during wheelchair propulsion at different intensities. Data from 20 manual wheelchair users (male: n=11, female: n=9; body mass: mean 75, SD 19 kg) and 20 people without a disability (male: n=11, female: n=9; body mass: mean 75, SD 11 kg) were included. Three 4-minute wheelchair propulsion stages at increasing speed were performed on 3 separate test days (0.5%, 2.5%, or 5% incline), while EE and HR were collected by criterion devices and the AW or Fitbit. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was used to indicate the absolute agreement between the criterion device and SWs for EE and HR. Additionally, linear mixed model analyses assessed the effect of exercise intensity, sex, and group on the SW error. Interclass correlation coefficients were used to assess relative agreement between criterion devices and SWs. The AW underestimated EE with MAPEs of 29.2% (SD 22%) in wheelchair users and 30% (SD 12%) in people without a disability. The Fitbit overestimated EE with MAPEs of 73.9% (SD 7%) in wheelchair users and 44.7% (SD 38%) in people without a disability. Both SWs underestimated HR. The device error for EE and HR increased with intensity for both SWs (all comparisons: P<.001), and the only significant difference between groups was found for HR in the AW (-5.27 beats/min for wheelchair users; P=.02). There was a significant effect of sex on the estimation error in EE, with worse accuracy for the AW (-0.69 kcal/min; P<.001) and better accuracy for the Fitbit (-2.08 kcal/min; P<.001) in female participants. For HR, sex differences were found only for the AW, with a smaller error in female participants (5.23 beats/min; P=.02). Interclass correlation coefficients showed poor to moderate relative agreement for both SWs apart from 2 stage-incline combinations (AW: 0.12-0.57 for EE and 0.11-0.86 for HR; Fitbit: 0.06-0.85 for EE and 0.03-0.29 for HR). Neither the AW nor Fitbit were sufficiently accurate for estimating EE or HR during wheelchair propulsion. The AW underestimated EE and the Fitbit overestimated EE, and both SWs underestimated HR. Caution is hence required when using SWs as a tool for training intensity regulation and energy balance or imbalance in wheelchair users.

Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle on Highways in Running Mode by Solar Energy

Abstract: The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is on the rise globally, driven by the need for sustainable transportation solutions to mitigate climate change and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. However, the infrastructure for charging EVs remains a significant challenge, hindering widespread adoption. In response, innovative approaches such as wireless charging technology, coupled with solar energy, have emerged to address these challenges. This paper presents an overview of wireless charging systems for electric vehicles, integrated with solar energy, aiming to provide a sustainable and convenient solution for EV owners. The integration of wireless charging and solar energy offers numerous benefits, including convenience, efficiency, and environmental sustainability. By eliminating the need for physical connections and harnessing the power of the sun, electric vehicles can be charged seamlessly and sustainably, reducing reliance on the grid and lowering carbon emissions. This paper discusses the principles behind wireless charging technology, the design considerations for integrating solar energy, and the potential impact on the future of sustainable transportation. Additionally, it addresses the challenges and opportunities associated with this innovative approach, highlighting the need for further research and development to realize its full potential. Overall, the convergence of wireless charging technology with solar energy represents a promising solution to the challenges facing the widespread adoption of electric vehicles, contributing to a cleaner and greener transportation ecosystem.

The Opportunities, Dilemmas, and Paths for the Development of Adult Higher Education in the New Era

This paper comprehensively analyzes the development opportunities and realistic dilemmas faced by adult higher education in China in the new era, and puts forward corresponding strategies as solutions. With the construction of a learning society, the development of digital technology, and the popularization of the concept of lifelong learning, adult higher education has unprecedented development opportunities. At the same time, these forms of education are facing a series of dilemmas due to challenges such as unsound guarantee mechanisms and traditional enrollment competition. Through the establishment of perfect legal and policy guarantees, transformation of school running mode, meeting the diversified needs of learners, and other multi-faceted measures, the development of adult higher education can be effectively promoted to meet the needs of individual and social development.

Optimization of the performance and operation of a photovoltaic-thermoelectric power supply system for bridge safety monitoring microsystems

In the long-term unattended condition, the continuous operation of bridge safety monitoring micro-system (BSMMS) in mountain areas has the issue of insufficient energy supply. Therefore, a photovoltaic-thermoelectric hybrid power generation system (PV-TEG) is proposed to power the temperature, wind speed, and tilt sensors of BSMMS. The power generation performance and characteristics of PV and TEG are experimentally investigated to find the operation mode to match the bridge monitoring. In addition, the intermittent operation mode of BSMMS is optimized to achieve longer running times. The experimental results show that the output voltage and power generation of the PV-TEG can meet the energy consumption demands of all sensors. TEG power generation is linear with bridge temperature, which can trigger TEG to support the temperature sensor operation. The energy storage battery supports the BSMMS to run for 8.99 days in the mode of running 5 min every 5-min intervals. Optimizing the operation time and interval of the BSMMS to run once in half an hour, it can run continuously for up to 17.97–22.46 days. This work provides a reference for the design of an unattended self-powered energy supply system for a multi-parameter integrated bridge safety monitoring system.

Smart timetable display for students’ subject allocation in classroom using IOT

This essay describes the development of School bells have played a major role in all of our childhoods. But even with the advent of technology, a lot of things have gone digital, and the school bell is still a manual, antiquated bell. The first break occurs after two periods, and the second break occurs after the next two periods. After the fifth period, school is out. You can select a topic and duration for each period from a list of options in the project.The six days of the week that the user can set the schedule for are Monday through Saturday. The user can also alter the duration of each period. Our college's bell is set to ring continuously for ten seconds at a time in each of its blocks. This is accomplished by using data transmitted via the Internet of Things to notify teachers and students about the concurrent conclusion of a particular session in each block. In addition, a voice module is utilized to read aloud the data shown on the LCD module while a buzzer beeps to indicate an alarm. Three main parts were used in this Arduino college bell circuit: an Arduino Uno board, an IC RTCDS1307, and 16x2 LCD modules.The Arduino is a reading device.To develops this system, an STM32 controller, a Bluetooth module, a school bell buzzer, a 16 x 32-inch LED display, buttons, basic electronics components, and a PCB board are used. The STM 32 controller communicates with the user via the display. Both running and settings modes are available. The user can set the system's current schedule with timings using the Android app.

θ23 Octant sensitivity in presence of light sterile and active ν and [formula omitted] oscillations using beamline experiments

We examine the octant sensitivity of the long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments in view of light sterile neutrino flavors with masses in the 1 eV range. Considering the active-sterile mixing, we explore the possible preferred running modes either neutrino or anti-neutrino for a long-baseline experiment to avoid the octant degeneracy and will show the θ23 sensitivity for different values of active and sterile neutrino phase angles. We simulated different Long baseline experiments for the different possible combinations of mixing angles and phases and will show whether an experiment can probe the right octant in presence of sterile neutrino by choosing the suitable beam either in neutrino or antineutrino running mode.

A Sub-1μW 16-Bit Fully Dynamic Zoom ADC Compatible With Free-Running and Incremental Modes Using Residue Feedforward and Extended Counting Techniques

This paper proposes a fully dynamic zoom ADC, which uses the residue feedforward technique to reduce the “fuzz” caused by the coarse SAR ADC’s quantization noise leakage in free running mode, and uses the extended counting technique to obtain the quantization error in incremental mode. The zoom ADC achieves high resolution in both modes. An improved cascoded floating-inverter-amplifier based integrator is used for low power and fully dynamic conversion. Fabricated in a standard 180nm CMOS process, the zoom ADC occupies an active area of 0.204mm, and consumes less than 1μW while achieving 102.1dB and 97.6dB SNDR in 95Hz bandwidth (BW) in free-running and incremental modes, respectively, corresponding to 182.2dB and 177.5dB FoMSNDR.

Study of threshold energy [formula omitted] in EXAFS

This work demonstrates that the threshold energy E0 can be obtained from a simple tentative rule and the bond length R can be obtained correctly by running the FIT program while fixing E0. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra for Cu, W, and Au metal foils are tested and for the anharmonic system, the experimental Cu spectra measured at temperatures of 50, 150, 295, 400, 500, 600 and 700K. From the tests, it is confirmed that a more precise bond length R comparable to the crystallographic data can be obtained for both cases. Moreover, it is deduced that the new running mode of the conventional EXAFS FIT program yields satisfactory results for the anharmonic system.

Torque control strategy of electric racing car based on acceleration intention recognition.

A torque control strategy based on acceleration intention recognition is proposed to address the issue of insufficient power performance in linear torque control strategies for electric racing cars, aiming to better reflect the acceleration intention of racing drivers. First, the support vector machine optimized by the sparrow search algorithm is used to recognize the acceleration intention, and the running mode of the racing car is divided into two types: Starting mode and driving mode. In driving mode, based on the recognition results of acceleration intention, fuzzy control is used for torque compensation. Based on the results of simulation and hardware in the loop testing, we can conclude that the support vector machine model optimized using the sparrow search algorithm can efficiently identify the acceleration intention of racing drivers. Furthermore, the torque control strategy can compensate for positive and negative torque based on the results of intention recognition, significantly improving the power performance of the racing car.

Reinventing the wheel for a manual wheelchair

Purpose Standard manual wheelchairs (MWCs) are inefficient and pushrim propulsion may cause progressive damage and pain to the user’s arms. We describe a wheel for a MWC with a novel propulsion mechanism. Methods The wheel has two modes of operation called “Standard” mode and “Run” mode. In Run mode, the wheelchair is propelled forward by pushing a compliant handle forward and then pulling it back, both strokes contributing to forward propulsion. We report the propulsive force and preliminary testing on a rough outdoor circuit by three able-bodied participants. Results In Run mode, the peak applied force is reduced to 30% and the maximum force gradient is reduced to 10% of that for standard pushrim propulsion, for the same work output. The travel time for the 1.06 km outdoor circuit is about 60% of that for a brisk walk and about 40% of that for pushrim propulsion. At a propulsion speed of 1 m/s, the cardiovascular effort in Run mode is 56% of that for pushrim propulsion. Automatic hill-hold in Run mode improves safety when ascending slopes. The mechanism has three gears so that it can be used by people with widely varying strength and fitness. Folding the handle away converts the operation to Standard mode with the conventional pushrim propulsion, supplemented by three gears. Conclusions Despite the increased weight, width and friction, the bimodal geared wheels facilitate wheelchair travel on challenging paths. This may bring significant improvement to the quality of life of MWC users.

Implementation of Asynchronous Distributed Gauss-Newton Optimization Algorithms for Uncertainty Quantification by Conditioning to Production Data

Summary Previous implementation of the distributed Gauss-Newton (DGN) optimization algorithm ran multiple optimization threads in parallel, employing a synchronous running mode (S-DGN). As a result, it waits for all simulations submitted in each iteration to complete, which may significantly degrade performance because a few simulations may run much longer than others, especially for time-consuming real-field cases. To overcome this limitation and thus improve the DGN optimizer’s execution, we propose two asynchronous DGN (A-DGN) optimization algorithms in this paper. The two A-DGN optimization algorithms are (1) the local-search algorithm (A-DGN-LS) to locate multiple maximum a-posteriori (MAP) estimates and (2) the integrated global-search algorithm with the randomized maximum likelihood (RML) method (A-DGN + RML) to generate hundreds of RML samples in parallel for uncertainty quantification. We propose using batch together with a checking time interval to control the optimization process. The A-DGN optimizers check the status of all running simulations after every checking time frame. The iteration index of each optimization thread is updated dynamically according to its simulation status. Thus, different optimization threads may have different iteration indices in the same batch. A new simulation case is proposed immediately once the simulation of an optimization thread is completed, without waiting for the completion of other simulations. We modified the training data set updating algorithm using each thread’s dynamically updated iteration index to implement the asynchronous running mode. We apply the modified QR decomposition method to estimate the sensitivity matrix at the best solution of each optimization thread by linear interpolation of all or a subset of the training data to avoid the issue of solving a linear system with a singular matrix because of insufficient training data points in early batches. A new simulation case (or search point) is generated by solving the Gauss-Newton (GN) trust-region subproblem (GNTRS) using the estimated sensitivity matrix. We developed a more efficient and robust GNTRS solver using eigenvalue decomposition (EVD). The proposed A-DGN optimization methods are tested and validated on a 2D analytical toy problem and a synthetic history-matching problem and then applied to a real-field deepwater reservoir model. Numerical tests confirm that the proposed A-DGN optimization methods can converge to solutions with matching quality comparable to those obtained by the S-DGN optimizers, saving on the time required for the optimizer to converge by a factor ranging from 1.3 to 2 when compared to the S-DGN optimizer depending on the problem. The new A-DGN optimization algorithms improve efficiency and robustness in solving history-matching or inversion problems, especially for uncertainty quantification of subsurface model parameters and production forecasts of real-field reservoirs by conditioning production data.

Running, jumping, hunting, and scavenging: Functional analysis of vertebral mobility and backbone properties in carnivorans.

Carnivorans are well-known for their exceptional backbone mobility, which enables them to excel in fast running and long jumping, leading to them being among the most successful predators amongst terrestrial mammals. This study presents the first large-scale analysis of mobility throughout the presacral region of the vertebral column in carnivorans. The study covers representatives of 6 families, 24 genera and 34 species. We utilized a previously developed osteometry-based method to calculate available range of motion, quantifying all three directions of intervertebral mobility: sagittal bending (SB), lateral bending (LB), and axial rotation (AR). We observed a strong phylogenetic signal in the structural basis of the vertebral column (vertebral and joint formulae, length proportions of the backbone modules) and an insignificant phylogenetic signal in most characteristics of intervertebral mobility. This indicates that within the existing structure (stabilization of which occurred rather early in different phylogenetic lineages), intervertebral mobility in carnivorans is quite flexible. Our findings reveal that hyenas and canids, which use their jaws to seize prey, are characterized by a noticeably elongated cervical region and significantly higher SB and LB mobility of the cervical joints compared to other carnivorans. In representatives of other carnivoran families, the cervical region is very short, but the flexibility of the neck (both SB and LB) is significantly higher than that of short-necked odd-toed and even-toed ungulates. The lumbar region of the backbone in carnivorans is dorsomobile in the sagittal plane, being on average ~23° more mobile than in artiodactyls and ~38° more mobile than in perissodactyls. However, despite the general dorsomobility, only some representatives of Canidae, Felidae, and Viverridae are superior in lumbar flexibility to the most dorsomobile ungulates. The most dorsomobile artiodactyls are equal or even superior to carnivorans in their ability to engage in dorsal extension during galloping. In contrast, carnivorans are far superior to ungulates in their ability to engage ventral flexion. The cumulative SB in the lumbar region in carnivorans largely depends on the mode of running and hunting. Thus, adaptation to prolonged and enduring pursuit of prey in hyenas is accompanied by markedly reduced SB flexibility in the lumbar region. A more dorsostable run is also a characteristic of the Ursidae, and the peculiar maned wolf. Representatives of Felidae and Canidae have significantly more available SB mobility in the lumbar region. However, they fully engage it only occasionally at key moments of the hunt associated with the direct capture of the prey or when running in a straight line at maximum speed.

Gender difference regarding thermal comfort in Japanese residential building during free running mode

When experiencing a similar indoor environment, people's thermal comfort and sensation may differ, making it more difficult to create an appropriate thermal environment for each person who living in the same building or residence. In both shared and single-occupant constructed environments, personal or individual comfort models have been proven to more precisely forecast particular thermal comfort requirements than aggregated models, raising occupant tolerance and related energy advantages. Dealing with these issues can result in more balanced datasets and the expansion of personalized model applications into new environments. Therefore, from November 2015 to November 2017, a field measurement was carried out in a Japanese condominium. 53 selected houses with measured indoor air temperature and 21,502 thermal sensation votes (TSV) from thermal comfort survey for each participant during free running mode (FR) were gathered. The results showed that 98% of male and 96% of female voted within comfort band. The thermal comfort zone starts from 18 to 26 °C as 90% of the occupant voted 3, 4 and 5 for TSV (comfort zone). The mean comfort temperature for males was found to be significantly higher than females during summer at which males has 1.2 °C (June), 2.1 °C (July) and 2.2 °C (August) higher comfort temperatures. Clothing insulation for each gender proved to be an important role on how they choose their TSV and thus impacted the comfort temperature. The results can help the researchers in providing information when designing passive building system while contributing to improve the occupant behavior and thermal comfort.