Ruminant Digestive System Research Articles

Development and evaluation of an ensemble model to identify host-related metadata from fecal microbiota of zoo-housed mammals

Much research has been conducted to describe the factors that determine the fecal microbiome, with diet and host phylogeny as the main drivers. The influence of diet has been described at different levels. Firstly, there are major differences in the microbiomes of herbivorous and carnivorous species and secondly the morphology of the digestive system also determines the composition and diversity of the microbiota. In this study, we aim to describe the influence of the three factors – diet, digestive system and host - on the microbiota in order to develop a model that is able to characterize host-specific metadata from an unknown fecal sample. We therefore analyzed the 16s rRNA from 525 fecal samples of 14 zoo-housed species belonging to different phylogenetic groups including herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. We found significant differences in the bacterial taxa correlated with these groups. While herbivores show positive correlations with a large number of bacterial taxa, we found fewer taxa correlating with carnivores or omnivores. We also detected considerable differences in the microbiota of the ruminant, hindgut fermenting and simple digestive system. Based on these results, we developed a logistic ensemble model, that predicts the diet and based on these findings either the herbivorous digestive system or the carnivorous host-family from a given fecal microbiota composition. This model is able to effectively discriminate herbivores, omnivores and carnivores. It also excels at predicting the herbivore-specific digestive system with 98% accuracy, further reinforcing the strong link between microbiota and digestive system morphology. Carnivorous host-family identification achieves an overall accuracy of 79%, although this performance varies between families. We provide this trained model as a tool to enable users to generate host-specific information from their microbiome data. In future research, tools such as the one presented here could lead to a combined approach of microbiome and host-specific analyses which would be a great advantage in non-invasive wildlife monitoring.

Microencapsulation technology for delivery of enzymes in ruminant feed.

The ruminant digestive system is uniquely designed to make efficient use of high-fibre feed, including forages. Between 40 to 100% of the ruminant diet consists of forages which are high in fibre and up to 70% of this may remain undigested in the ruminant gut, with substantial impact on feed utilisation rate and productivity and the economic and environmental sustainability of livestock production systems. In ruminants, feed costs can make up to 70% of the overall cost of producing an animal product. Increasing feed utilisation efficiency, i.e., more production with less feed lowers feeding costs and improves livestock economic viability. Strategies for improving nutrient utilisation in animal feed has been investigated over the years. Incorporation of fibre digesting enzymes in the feed to facilitate the digestion of the residual fibre in hind gut is one of the proposed strategies. However, delivering such enzymes to the hind gut in active state is challenging due to the unfavourable biochemical environment (pH, microbial proteases) of ruminant's gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses the potential application of microencapsulation for protected and targeted delivery of enzymes into the hind gut of ruminants.

Variance component estimation and genome-wide association of predicted methane production in crossbred beef steers.

Enteric methane is a potent greenhouse gas and represents an escape of energy from the ruminant digestive system. Additive genetic variation in methane production suggests that genetic selection offers an opportunity to diminish enteric methane emissions. Logistic and monetary difficulties in directly measuring methane emissions can make genetic evaluation on an indicator trait such as predicted methane production a more appealing option, and inclusion of genotyping data can result in greater genetic progress. Three predicted methane production traits were calculated for 830 crossbred steers fed in seven groups. The methane prediction equations used included mathematical models from Ellis et al. (2007), Mills et al. (2003), and IPCC (2019). Pearson correlations between the traits were all greater than 0.99, indicating that each prediction equation behaved similarly. Further, the Spearman correlations between the estimated breeding values for each trait were also 0.99, which suggests any of the predicted methane models could be used without substantially changing the ranking of the selection candidates. The heritabilities of Ellis, Mills, and IPCC predicted methane production were 0.60, 0.62, and 0.59, respectively. A genome-wide association study identified one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that reached the threshold for significance for all of the traits on chromosome 7 related to oxidoreductase activity. Additionally, the SNP slightly below the significance threshold indicate genes related to collagen, intracellular microtubules, and DNA transcription may play a role in predicted methane production or its component traits.

The Effect of Sexes and Seasons on the Morphological Structures of the Ruminant Digestive System of Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaur)

Constant adaptation to environmental changes is required by ruminants to allow them to adapt to different ecological niches and feeding habits. In addition, the morphology and function of ruminant digestive systems reveal some adaptive evolutionary characteristics. Blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) display a variety of morpho-physiological adaptations that are typical of grazers. In this study, we collected 64 adult blue sheep samples (whole animal carcasses) from the Helan Mountains, China, during different seasons. The external morphological parameters, digestive system morphological indexes, and rumen surface enlargement factors were determined. Our results reveal that the rumen and reticulum weights were positively correlated with the body weight (p = 0.004), while the food channel aperture, intestinal length, and weight of the blue sheep digestive tract presented no significant differences between different seasons (p > 0.05) and sexes (p > 0.05). There were significant differences (p < 0.001) in the density, length, and width of mastoids, and the rumen surface enlargement factor was 2.85 ± 1.37, which is typical of roughage feeders. The nutritional and ecological characteristics of blue sheep represent obvious morphological and physiological adaptations to an herbivorous diet. Adopting a quick foraging strategy allows blue sheep to rapidly consume and excrete large amounts of feed, thus obtaining the required energy for their activities and facilitating better adaption to environmental changes.

Comparative Accuracy of In Vitro Rumen Fermentation and Enzymatic Methodologies for Determination of Undigested Neutral Detergent Fiber in Forages and Development of Predictive Equations Using NIRS

Undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) is becoming more widely recognized as an important fiber fraction in forage quality assessment because it explains a portion of NDF that is inaccessible to digestion in the ruminant digestive system and is, thus, important in modeling the digestion kinetics of the potentially degradable component of NDF. In experiment 1, uNDF was determined in several forage species in order to compare the accuracy of two reference methods: (1) a long-term in vitro ruminal fermentation (240 h) using an Ankom DaisyII incubator and (2) a multi-step enzymatic method without ruminal fluid. The objective of experiment 2 was to construct predictive equations for uNDF estimation using acid detergent lignin (ADL) and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in a pool (n = 264) of alfalfa hay, timothy hay, and tall fescue straw, using the most accurate reference method selected in experiment 1. Partial least squares regression analysis was used to calibrate the reference values against NIRS spectra. Several indicators were used to assess the performance of validation results, including standard error of cross-validation (SECrV), coefficient of determination of cross-validation (R2CrV), and ratio percentage deviation (RPD). The findings of experiment 1 suggested that, relative to the in vitro ruminal methodology, the enzymatic approach overestimated uNDF concentration of forages. Repeatability coefficient was also greater when uNDF was determined using the in vitro versus enzymatic procedure, potentially disqualifying the enzymatic method for the uNDF analysis in forages. In experiment 2, a poor relationship was established between ADL and uNDF (R2 &lt; 0.60), suggesting the inadequacy of ADL parameter to represent the uNDF pool size in these forages. The best predictive equation using NIRS was obtained for alfalfa hay (R2CrV = 0.92; SECrV = 1.16; RPD = 3.57), using the in vitro fermentation as a reference method. The predictive equations were moderately accurate for timothy hay (R2CrV = 0.80; SECrV = 1.31; RPD = 2.08) and tall fescue straw (R2CrV = 0.79; SECrV = 1.38; RPD = 2.18). Our findings suggested the inadequacy of the enzymatic procedure in accurately determining uNDF concentration of forages as compared with the in vitro rumen fermentation protocol. Although the NIRS equations developed using the alfalfa hay dataset were more accurate than that of timothy hay and tall fescue straw, the validation results verified applicability of the equations as a fast screening tool for qualitative prediction of uNDF in these forages, which is important in commercial settings.

The release process of Cd on microplastics in a ruminant digestion in-vitro method

Microplastics (MPs), polymer particles capable of accumulating heavy metals from ambient medias, have been widely found in agriculture and pasture soils. Through the consumption of MPs in soils, heavy metals adsorbed on MPs can be transported into ruminant digestive guts. To explore the behavior of Cd loaded MPs in ruminant digestive system, we initially established a ruminant digestive in-vitro method (RDM) that simulates the rumination cycle between mouth and rumen to evaluate the release rates of Cd on 4 most commonly used undegradable MPs (PE, PP, PVC, and PS) and a biodegradable MP (PLA). After 120 h of adsorption, the Cd adsorption capabilities by 5 MPs ranged from 0.23 μg/g to 2.45 μg/g. Through RDM, all tested Cd loaded MPs released high proportions of Cd with release rates from 21.5% to 41.8%, where PLA showed the highest Cd release rate. Cadmium was mainly released in rumen and abomasum phases, and the rumination cycle between mouth and rumen can affect the Cd release from MPs. The present study provides a new view on the environmental hazard of heavy metal and MP pollution that their co-exposure to ruminants should be taken into account.

Using genome comparisons of wild-type and resistant mutants of Methanococcus maripaludis to help understand mechanisms of resistance to methane inhibitors.

Methane emissions from enteric fermentation in the ruminant digestive system generated by methanogenic archaea are a significant contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, methane produced as an end-product of enteric fermentation is an energy loss from digested feed. To control the methane emissions from ruminants, extensive research in the last decades has been focused on developing viable enteric methane mitigation practices, particularly, using methanogen-specific inhibitors. We report here the utilization of two known inhibitors of methanogenic archaea, neomycin and chloroform, together with a recently identified inhibitor, echinomycin, to produce resistant mutants of Methanococcus maripaludis S2 and S0001. Whole-genome sequencing at high coverage (> 100-fold) was performed subsequently to investigate the potential targets of these inhibitors at the genomic level. Upon analysis of the whole-genome sequencing data, we identified mutations in a number of genetic loci pointing to potential mechanisms of inhibitor action and their underlying mechanisms of resistance.

Processing Technologies of Lignocellulosic Biomass: Potentials and Constraints for Ruminant Feed Production

&lt;p&gt;Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) such as crop residues and agro-industrial wastes are renewable resources and available abundantly. It could play central role in sustainable feeding system of ruminant production. These materials are potential source of fiber to support optimum rumen function and energy supply. However, the LCB has important nutritional constraints that limit its utilization as feed for ruminants. This review is intended to discuss nutritional constraints of LCB as ruminant feed and the potentials and challenges of processes in upgrading the nutritional quality of LCB. The main polymer compounds in LCB are cellulose (30 to 60% ), hemicellulose (20 to 40 %) and lignin (15-25%) and its inter linkages make the energy contained in the LCB is less extractable by the ruminant digestive system. Physical, chemical and biological processing technologies have been well known as alternative means to upgrade the nutritive values of LCB. Recently, novel processing technologies of LCB such as ionic liquid, organosolv, sonication, and new screened rot white fungi (&lt;em&gt;Ceriporiopsis subvermispora&lt;/em&gt;) and some older technologies using alkaline and acids have been studied and developed particularly for the purpose of biofuel production in the bio refinery industry. Processing technologies have different properties in degrading the lignin, degrading and solubilizing the cellulose and hemicellulose that all relate to the nutritive quality of LCB. Advantages of processed LCB in ruminant animals were indicated by increase in diet digestibility, intake, rumen fermentation and gain. It is concluded that numerous processing technologies are available to upgrade the nutritional quality of LCB, but there are obstacles to use some of these techniques for wide application in ruminant production system.&lt;/p&gt;

Ruminal Fistulation and Cannulation: A Necessary Procedure for the Advancement of Biotechnological Research in Ruminants.

Rumen content is a complex mixture of feed, water, fermentation products, and living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, which vary over time and with different feeds. As it is impossible to reproduce this complex system in the laboratory, surgical fistulation and cannulation of the rumen is a powerful tool for the study (in vivo and in situ) of the physiology and biochemistry of the ruminant digestive system. Rumen fistulation in cattle, sheep, and goats has been performed extensively to advance our understanding of digestive physiology and development, nutrient degradability, and rumen microbial populations. The literature reports several fistulation and cannulation procedures in ruminants, which is not the focus of this paper. However, this method questions the ethical principles that alter the opinions of certain animal groups or those opposed to animal experimentation. In this article, we analyze the objectives of fistulation and cannulation of ruminants and the care needed to ensure that the welfare of the animal is maintained at all times. Due to the ethical issues raised by this technique, several in vitro digestion methods for simulating ruminal fermentation have been developed. The most relevant ones are described in this article. Independently of the procedure, we want to point out that research carried out with animals is obliged by legislation to follow strict ethical protocols, following the well-being and health status of the animal at all times.

Duodenases are a small subfamily of ruminant intestinal serine proteases that have undergone a remarkable diversification in cleavage specificity.

Ruminants have a very complex digestive system adapted for the digestion of cellulose rich food. Gene duplications have been central in the process of adapting their digestive system for this complex food source. One of the new loci involved in food digestion is the lysozyme c locus where cows have ten active such genes compared to a single gene in humans and where four of the bovine copies are expressed in the abomasum, the real stomach. The second locus that has become part of the ruminant digestive system is the chymase locus. The chymase locus encodes several of the major hematopoietic granule proteases. In ruminants, genes within the chymase locus have duplicated and some of them are expressed in the duodenum and are therefore called duodenases. To obtain information on their specificities and functions we produced six recombinant proteolytically active duodenases (three from cows, two from sheep and one from pigs). Two of the sheep duodenases were found to be highly specific tryptases and one of the bovine duodenases was a highly specific asp-ase. The remaining two bovine duodenases were dual enzymes with potent tryptase and chymase activities. In contrast, the pig enzyme was a chymase with no tryptase or asp-ase activity. These results point to a remarkable flexibility in both the primary and extended specificities within a single chromosomal locus that most likely has originated from one or a few genes by several rounds of local gene duplications. Interestingly, using the consensus cleavage site for the bovine asp-ase to screen the entire bovine proteome, it revealed Mucin-5B as one of the potential targets. Using the same strategy for one of the sheep tryptases, this enzyme was found to have potential cleavage sites in two chemokine receptors, CCR3 and 7, suggesting a role for this enzyme to suppress intestinal inflammation.

Selected factors affecting the ruminant gastrointestinal microbiome and its basal composition

The microbiome of the ruminant digestive system is one of the most complex examples of the interaction between microorganisms and the host. The microbiome of the digestive system of ruminants is necessary to obtain energy from plant food, which would not be possible without its participation. The microbiome of the digestive system consists of bacteria, archaea, protozoa and fungi. Bacteria are the most numerous group, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes being the main clusters. The composition of the microbiome, both quantitatively and qualitatively, depends on factors such as diet, age, health, and the environment. Additionally, it may be influenced by genetic or biological factors (e.g. gender). Microorganisms living in the digestive system of ruminants significantly affect their health or production indicators, which in turn is associated not only with the proper absorption of nutrients from food, but also with the function of the microbiome as a specific immune system.

Feeds and Feeding of Dromedary Camels: A Review

Camels are remarkable animals that have evolved with a ruminant like digestive system to enable them to survive on low quality feeds. Being browsers, camels are able to select high quality diets, which they can efficiently digest. Camels are pseudo-ruminants, with a simple chambered fore-stomach, and are unlike the four chambered stomach found in cattle and sheep. Nevertheless, camels can digest high fibre feeds via fermentation pathways similar to those in true ruminants. The camel can survive on all sorts of vegetation including shrubs, weeds, grasses, tree leaves etc. and maintains their body condition. But camel usually prefers to browse (feeding tree leaves and twigs) rather than to graze particularly when green grasses are available. The crude protein content of grasses ranges from 5.9 to 10.2% except blue panic (Panicum antidotale) which had 15.6% CP contents. The dromedary camels spend 6-12 hours grazing daily under natural range conditions and plant matter intake varies from 5 to 55 kg/d depending on the season and feed availability. The camels have lower energy requirements than ruminants, and have evolved an efficient mechanism for nutrient recycling. Vitamins are included in feed supplement of livestock and poultry but in most of camel farming systems, only vitamins present in the natural diet are available for the animals. The mineral deficiencies which are widely present in domestic species notably may occur in camel both for major or minor elements. In general, the camels under rangelands feeding systems are not fed sufficiently to meet their nutrient requirements for pregnancy, lactation and growth, therefore dromedary camels should be supplemented with concentrate mixture during physiological conditions.

Improvement of Science Learning Outcomes Ruminant Animal Destruction System Materials Through Google Meet Media for Students Of Class V SD Negeri 2 Kedunggede

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The purpose of this &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;research&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; was to improve the science learning outcomes of Ruminant Digestive System material through Google Meet media for fifth grade students of SD Negeri 2 Kedunggede. The research conducted was a Classroom Action Research (CAR) in three cycles, with each cycle consisting of one meeting. The stages of each cycle are planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. Each meeting is evaluated at the end of the lesson to find out the progress of students. In the first cycle, students who completed after conducting an evaluation at the end of the lesson were 61.5%. In the second cycle, students who completed after evaluating at the end of the lesson were 76.9%. In cycle III students who completed after conducting an evaluation at the end of the lesson were 80.8%. These results indicate that the use of Google Meet media can improve student learning outcomes, especially the science muple of the Ruminant Digestive System material for Grade V students at SDN 2 Kedunggede&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

Effects of A Concentrate Rich in Agro-Industrial By-Products on Productivity Results, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality Traits of Finishing Heifers.

Simple SummaryIn geographic areas where it is not possible to finish beef cattle on pastures or preserved forages, diets are mainly based on cereals. This intensive feeding system competes for feed with other species and does not take advantage of the capacity of ruminants to digest fibrous feeds. Moreover, cereal-rich diets for ruminants cannot be considered sustainable under current policy guidelines and make no significant contribution to the circular bioeconomy. We assayed an alternative intensive finishing diet for beef heifers where agro-industrial by-products, some of them highly fibrous ones, comprised 73.5% of the concentrate. We found that there were no differences in growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits between treatments, which might be considered positive from the point of view of sustainability of beef production. We also found that instrumental measures of meat related to important sensory attributes for consumer acceptance can be improved by increasing ageing time from 7 to 21 or 28 days.Finishing diets in intensive beef production systems are mainly based on cereals, which does not take advantage of the capacity of the ruminant digestive system to digest fibrous feeds, cannot be considered sustainable and does not contribute to the circular bioeconomy. Our aim was to investigate the effects of an alternative concentrate rich in agro-industrial by-products for finishing crossbred Limousine heifers. Four pens with 12 heifers and four pens with 13 heifers were randomly allocated to one of two treatments: control (CON), a commercial concentrate with a 43.3% cereal composition, and alternative (ALT), a concentrate with a composition of 26% cereals and up to 73.5% agro-industrial by-products. Growth performance data were collected along the 91 days of the experimental period. Carcass characteristics were collected after slaughter and 24 h later. Vacuum-packaged samples from longissimus muscle were aged for 7, 21 or 28 days to study meat quality traits. Feed intake was higher and feed conversion rate was lower in the ALT treatment, but no differences were found in average daily gain and feeding costs. Treatment had no effects on any of the measured carcass traits (grading, hot and cold carcass weight, dressing out, chilling losses, subcutaneous fat depth, pH, temperature and lean and fat colour) nor on the meat quality traits (drip loss, cooking loss, shear force, oxidative stability, chromatic indices and pigment contents). Ageing time decreased drip loss and shear force, increased lightness and did not affect redness or surface colour stability. In conclusion, feeding crossbred Limousine heifers a finishing diet rich in agro-industrial by-products did not have any negative effects on performance, carcass and meat quality traits, which might be considered positive from the point of view of sustainability of beef production. Under the conditions assayed, ageing for 21 and 28 days improved tenderness of meat, without detrimental effects on oxidative stability or traits related to visual acceptability.

The microbiome of the digestive system of ruminants - a review.

This review aims to explain the influence and characterization of the microbiome in the ruminant digestive system by presenting the knowledge collected so far. The knowledge presented in this work is focused on the main factors affecting the microbiome and the main dependencies that have been found in it so far. The microbiome in the rumen is the first to come into contact with the biomass of the forage and its main purpose is to decompose into smaller particles or compounds. With the gradual increase in knowledge about the microbiome, there is a chance to manipulate it so that the animal continues to live in a symbiotic relationship with it, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the environment as well as increasing feed efficiency. Therefore, understanding the influence of the ruminant microbiome is the main step to achieve such results. However, learning the relationship between microorganisms is only at an early stage, because research focuses mainly on taxonomy. Future research should focus on interactions in the ecosystem which is the microbiome, on explaining individual functions and on influence of environmental factors.

Microbial diversity in the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of yak on a rapid fattening regime in an agro-pastoral transition zone.

The ruminant digestive system harbors a complex gut microbiome, which is poorly understood in the case of the four stomach compartments of yak. High-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR were used to analyse microbial communities in the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of six domesticated yak. The diversity of prokaryotes was higher in reticulum and omasum than in rumen and abomasum. Bacteroidetes predominated in the four stomach compartments, with abundance gradually decreasing in the trend rumen > reticulum > omasum > abomasum. Microorganism composition was different among the four compartments, all of which contained high levels of bacteria, methanogens, protozoa and anaerobic fungi. Some prokaryotic genera were associated with volatile fatty acids and pH. This study provides the first insights into the microorganism composition of four stomach compartments in yak, and may provide a foundation for future studies in this area.

Nutrient digestibility in lambs supplemented with different dietary manganese sources

The objective of this experiment was to compare the effect of different dietary manganese source on distribution of Mn, Zn and Cu in the ruminant digestive system and the nutrient coefficients of apparent total tract digestibility (CTTAD) of lambs supplemented with the current maximum total content of manganese allowed in the EU (150 mg Mn/kg). The CTTAD for Mn, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), acid (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were estimated using both the method of total faecal collection and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an indigestible marker. In total, 18 female lambs of the Improved Valachian breed (21.1 ± 2.1 kg initial body weight) at the age of 7 months were randomly allocated into three dietary treatments and were fed for 16 weeks an unsupplemented diet (Control, 34.7 mg Mn/kg of DM) or the identical diet supplemented with manganese up to a total content 150 mg Mn/kg either from manganese sulphate (MnSO4) or manganese chelate of glycine hydrate (MnGly). Regardless of the source, feed supplementation with manganese increased Mn concentrations in the liver (P<0.001) and duodenal mucosa (P<0.01) compared to the control. Increased Mn concentration in the jejunum was only measured in lambs supplemented with sulphate. The greatest blood Mn levels were recorded in lambs fed the diet supplemented with the chelated Mn source (P<0.05) compared with animals receiving the control diet. Similarly, the bacterial fraction of the rumen content contained the highest Mn content in lambs given MnGly, while Mn concentration in the total rumen content and the protozoal fraction of rumen content was higher in both supplemented treatments, regardless of the Mn source. All supplemented lambs showed increased Zn levels and decreased Cu in the protozoal fraction in comparison with the control animals. The digestibility measurements showed greater CTTAD for CP and OM (P<0.01) in all supplemented lambs compared to the control, although the CTTAD for DM, NDF and ADF (P<0.05) was significantly increased in lambs fed the MnGly diet. The CTTAD for Mn was not influenced by the source of dietary Mn. The presented results showed no differences between dietary Mn sources either in mineral distribution in the ruminant digestive tract or the apparent total tract digestibility; however, it seems that intake of the manganese chelate of glycine hydrate in feed may increase fibre digestibility and Mn utilisation by rumen bacteria in lambs.

INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL QUORUM SENSING BY THE RUMINAL FLUID OF CATTLE

Rumen fluid contains factors that inactivate autoinducers, monitor microflora development and prevent the mobilization of virulence properties, and thus, the formation of resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of rumen fluid to suppress the intercellular communication of bacteria by inactivating the N-acyl-homoserine lactones. We used strains of luminescent Escherichia coli JLD271 which were transformed with plasmids containing quorum sensing genes and luminescence genes. Bacteria were cultivated in LB agar medium containing 10 ug/ml doxycycline then in LB medium until the early exponential growth phase. The autoinducers used were N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), N-(3-oxo)-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (oxo-С6-HSL) and N-dodecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C12-HSL). The ruminal fluid of young calves was collected via a fistula. Equal volumes of ruminal fluid and autoinducers were incubated then added to the cultures of luminescent bacterial strains. Dilution of the ruminal fluid up to 12.5% did not affect the luminescence of the bacterial biosensors. Incubation of ruminal fluid with N-acyl-homoserine lactones decreased their activity, marked by unexpressed specificity. The most effective inhibition of the N-(3-oxo)-hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone was observed at 10-7 M, and above this concentration the efficiency of quorum sensing inhibition decreased. Ruminal fluid was able to inactivate Nacyl-homoserine lactones, and the efficiency of inhibition was not related to the length of the alkyl tail in the signal molecule. This suggests the ability of the ruminant digestive system to control bacteria by the inactivation of N-acyl-homoserine lactones, which regulate the quorum sensing system.

349 Dimorphic chronological development of ruminant digestive system supports development of equivalent muscle fatty acid profiles in continuously suckled and weaned Katahdin lambs

349 Dimorphic chronological development of ruminant digestive system supports development of equivalent muscle fatty acid profiles in continuously suckled and weaned Katahdin lambs

Ruminant Digestive System Based Framework for Enhancing the Reliability and Availability of Cloud

In the last decade, the substantial increase in adoption of cloud computing has transformed the IT industry. From a user's viewpoint, the practically boundless scalability, the avoidance of up-front investments, and usage based payment schemes make cloud computing a very attractive option. Presently, almost all companies and individuals are utilizing the cloud for any of their purpose. Healthcare sector also understands the major advantages of cloud services and try to utilize the cloud computing. The cloud has some challenges or issues in cloud which affects the performance of the Healthcare applications in cloud. The Reliability of cloud services and Availability of cloud resources are considered as important challenges. We have already proposed three scheduling algorithms to improve the reliability and availability of cloud resources. In this paper we propose a new hybrid scheduling algorithm fit into our RDS framework to furthermore improve the performance.