Usage Rules Research Articles

Study on the Concept Map of Parental Media Literacy for Early Childhood Media Literacy

Objectives: Media literacy is recognized as an essential competency for adapting to a changing world, and early childhood media literacy is crucial for promoting a safe growth environment. Parental media literacy significantly influences children's media literacy and plays a significant role in providing ways to interact with digital media. This study aimed to understand the concept of media literacy as perceived by parents of young children.Methods: Twenty parents of young children brainstormed and wrote sentences according to the procedure described by Kane and Trochim (2007). Subsequently, 200 parents were asked to evaluate the importance of the selected sentences. The selected sentences were analyzed through multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis using SPSS 27.0.Results: Parents of young children perceived media literacy through concept mapping with two dimensions and six clusters. These six clusters were “online problem solving,” “media usage rules management,” “media content utilization education,” “media information filtering,” “media selection evaluation,” and “media device utilization support.” Among these, the media usage rule management cluster was recognized as the most important, whereas the media device utilization support cluster was recognized as the least important. Among the statements, the statement “For young children, needs to manage media content and time” was considered relatively important, and the statement, “Can look at it and follow it” was considered relatively insignificant.Conclusion: Based on these results, we discuss the importance of media literacy for parents of young children, the development of a media literacy scale for parents, and the preparation of a media literacy education plan for parents.

Frequency of side effects experienced in two different NIM-EMG tubes used in thyroid and parathyroid surgery; a prospective observational study

BackgroundIn this study, we observed the frequency of side effects encountered when the neural integrity monitor electromyogram endotracheal tube (NIM-EMG-ETT) was used in thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy surgeries.MethodsAfter obtaining hospital ethics committee approval, 239 cases affiliated with the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA II-IV) who used NIM EMG tubes in thyroid and parathyroid surgery were included in the prospective observational study. Tube and patient-related complications encountered with two different NIM EMG-ETT (silicone and polyvinyl chloride-PVC) were recorded.ResultsThe average age of the patients is 49.50 ± 13.44 years, the average BMI is 28.25 ± 4.91 kg/m2, the median surgery time is 115 (32–475) minutes, 75.7% are women, 97.5% are ASA II. Additional diseases other than thyroid and parathyroid problems were present in 77.3%. Thyroidectomy was performed in 73.2% of the patients. In our study, only 0.8% of patients with transient recurrent laryngeal nerve RLN paralysis were observed in thyroid and parathyroid surgeries performed using NIM-EMG tubes, 3 patient already had nerve involvement in the preoperative period. The most common complication was loss of stimulation response related to tubes and patient-related ventilation failure. There was no difference between the complications of silicone and PVC tubes except for irregular EMG response.ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in side effects other than irregular EMG response in the two different tubes we used in our study. It was observed that prolonging the surgical time increased the risk of irregular EMG response. It should not be forgotten that no matter which NIM-EMG tube is used, additional risks are encountered during the intubation and extubation process. In order to avoid negative consequences, it is necessary to follow the usage rules recommended by the manufacturer when using NIM-EMG tubes.

EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE WAYS USED BY PARENTS TO DEVELOP A RATIONAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN THEIR CHILDREN – RESEARCH RESULTS

ABSTRACT: Aim: The purpose of this article is to present and evaluate the ways used by parents to form a rational attitude towards electronic media in their children. Not all actions of this type described in the literature or taken by parents turn out to be effective, applicable, and some are even harmful. The interested parties – children and adolescents have (and should have) an important voice in this matter. Their views on the subject will be taken into account in this study. Methods: In order to achieve the chosen goal, an analysis of the literature was carried out and a survey research was conducted using the questionnaire technique. The group of respondents consisted of young people between the ages of 14 and 25 living in the Opole region. Their statements helped to determine the answer to the question - What are the effective (and ineffective) ways used by parents in terms of forming a rational attitude to electronic media in their children? Results: It was found that not all parents take measures to shape appropriate media behaviour in their children, as indicated by one in five respondents. In light of the mentioned data, the following can be considered effective ways of such measures: proposing non-media, family activities; conversations and discussions based on logical arguments, without excessive moralizing; setting rules and enforcing them consistently. Setting a good example also has positive effects. In addition, young people generally appreciate wise parenting – love, trust, positive attitudes they experience from them, can be much more important than specific ways of influence. According to young people, punishments (bans, taking away children’s devices, etc.) are extremely ineffective, as they lead to rebellion, conflict and breakdown of parent-child ties. Conclusion: In the face of the great expansion of new technologies, parents are now obliged to shape the proper relationship of their children with electronic media. These efforts should lead to the minimization of risks, moreover, they are to make the media environment a potential positive educational factor. To increase effectiveness of such measures, the feelings of young people should be taken into account as they are extremely important for the development of rational ways of influence on the issue discussed here. Originality: The literature on the subject most often presents directives on parental interactions with young people in terms of shaping their appropriate media behaviour in a general way. This article presents the position of young people on this subject, which sheds more light on the effectiveness of the efforts. Keywords: adolescents, electronic media, rational media use, media usage rules, parental influence, parental involvement, opinion of the young.

Empowering Model‐Based Systems Engineering Through Metamodeling

AbstractA critical enabler for Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and Digital Engineering (DE) is the generation of coherent and consistent views of a system‐of‐interest based on information within a system model. In practice, system model development is facilitated through domain‐specific profiles, style guides, reference models, and low‐fidelity meta‐models to create coherent and consistent system information. Each of these approaches are useful but are insufficient for robust and automated verification of system models to an ideal. Furthermore, the expression of domain‐specific concepts and semantics relies on the proliferation of non‐standard, domain‐specific profiles as standard system modeling languages like the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) are general purpose. This paper proposes a novel approach to creating precise, machine‐interpretable metamodels implemented as a lightweight Unified Modeling Language (UML) profile. The profile includes numerous features that allow model architects to quickly specify context and domain‐specific modeling constructs without creating non‐standard stereotypes to apply domain‐specific meaning and usage rules. Three kinds of constraints can be inferred based on the relationships between meta‐model elements: type, multiplicity, and default value. Applications of well‐formed metamodels include a shared understanding of the intended model format and structure, as well as the one‐time programmatic generation of an encompassing suite of validation rules to evaluate a system model against the inferred constraints, thus ensuring consistency. Additional applications include programmatic generation of model analysis metrics, system models from metamodels, metamodels from reference models and element finding queries, and the ability to update a system model based upon the updated metamodel automatically. Use of the approach results in reduced time in system model development and analysis and ensures coherency and consistency of information thus increasing stakeholder use and confidence in the system model.

Determining Levels of Prescriptivism in American English Usage Guides

Purpose: Prescriptivism–a concept concerned with “correctness in language use” (Tieken-Boon van Ostade, 2019, p. 8)–serves an important purpose when editors and other language professionals apply the findings from empirical linguistic studies to practical communication tasks (Oaks, 2021). Usage guides catalog usage rules, but they treat these rules with varying levels of prescriptivism. Therefore, advice varies across usage guides. This study empirically investigates levels of prescriptivism observed in usage guides. Method: Using a scale from 1 (minimally prescriptive) to 4 (maximally prescriptive), two raters coded the level of prescriptivism observed in entries for eight well-known usage problems (e.g., who/whom and lay/lie) from 11 current usage guides relating to American English. Based on the codes assigned to these entries, an overall prescriptivism index was calculated for each usage problem and usage guide. Results: A range in levels of prescriptivism was observed. Overall, the treatment of usage problems skewed high on the prescriptivism scale with six of the eight being treated as maximally prescriptive by at least two usage guides and six having mean indexes at or above the scale’s midpoint of 2.50. Similarly, seven of the 11 usage guides gave maximally prescriptive advice for at least one usage problem and eight had mean indexes at or above 2.50. While these findings indicate a bias toward prescriptive advice, a noteworthy amount of prescription-breaking advice was also observed. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that usage guides vary considerably in their levels of prescriptivism; therefore, writers and editors must critically consider which advice to follow.

Protection of children’s personal data in social networks in the context of the right to be forgotten

The article is devoted to a legal analysis of the protection of the confidentiality of children’s personal data on social networks in the context of the right to be forgotten and the General Data Protection Regulation. It is established that most social networks have their own usage rules, but their priority is to attract more users and company profit rather than the security of users’ personal data. Legal mechanisms for the implementation and protection of human rights in the digital environment are in the process of formation and improvement. It is proven that the application of the right to be forgotten has become one of the forms of personal data protection in social networks and on the Internet in general. Although initially the right to erasure emerged only at the level of the judicial practice of the Court of Justice of the EU, an effective mechanism has now been created to protect the individual’s right to delete outdated information about themselves, taking into account the balance between the right to privacy and the right to freedom of expression. Due to psychological immaturity and limited life experience, children and adolescents may casually disclose sensitive personal information, increasing the likelihood of abuse by both social networks and third parties. Therefore, minors receive special protection as vulnerable user categories according to the General Data Protection Regulation. It is argued that the incorporation of the right to be forgotten into EU legislation helps eliminate undesirable consequences of oversharing and restores minors’ ability to control their digital footprint. The terms of service of most social networks ensure additional protection of minors’ data and provide several options for deleting already disseminated information. Obstacles to the application of the right to be forgotten in social networks are identified, such as the lack of a developed mechanism for deleting photos or videos with minors published without the consent of the child or their parents by another user, the limited ability of users under 13 years old to request deletion without intermediaries, and the limited liability of social networks for the loss of information, data, and direct or indirect damages from such actions.

Perilaku Pembelian Pestisida Petani Padi di Kecamatan Kanor Kabupaten Bojonegoro

The use of pesticides to eradicate plant pest organisms (OPT) faced by rice farmers in Kanor District is an effective solution to reduce the threat of crop failure which has the potential for losses. However, the use of pesticides without control and non-compliance with usage rules carries a risk of damaging rice fields. The behavior of rice farmers in using pesticides is confirmed to have low compliance, including the habit of mixing two or more different brands, as well as using higher doses. The behavior of pesticide purchasing decisions made by farmers in this research will be tested through a marketing mix consisting of product quality, price, place and promotions carried out by pesticide producers. This research is a quantitative research, taking research samples from rice farmers in Kanor District, which is a productive rice producing center in Bojonegoro Regency. Research data analysis uses descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis using the smartPLS application. The research results found several findings, including the behavior of farmers in using pesticides, 73.1 percent mixing various brands, 20.4 percent using higher doses. The most common reason farmers choose a brand of pesticide is based on function/benefits (25.8%), following other farmers who already use a similar brand (s5.8 percent, price of pesticide (17.2%). SEM test results show quality results product, place, and promotion do not have a direct influence on purchasing decisions, only price has a direct influence on pesticide purchasing decisions. In testing the relationship with brand image, product quality and promotion have a significant positive influence, while price and place have a significant negative influence. Further findings found that brand image succeeded in mediating price, place, promotion with pesticide purchasing decisions, but brand image failed to mediate product quality with purchasing decisions. Furthermore, brand image had a significant positive influence on pesticide purchasing decisions.

′Symbols′ as Expression Tools of Islam and Their Usage Methods in Palace Architecture

Islamic architecture consists of religion, politics, philosophy, and aesthetics. The religious expression of symbols in Islamic architecture is also extremely important in architecture. These religious symbols, which are used in palace buildings and generally in administrative places in the Islamic world, are shaped depending on the function of the buildings. In this period, the palace complexes were considered to be the most important structures representing state politics and economy. In this study, the purposes and methods of use of religious symbols used in many palace complexes of Islamic architecture were investigated. While investigating the main source and usage rules of these symbols in palace architecture, the Quran, which is the foundation of Islam, was examined and the dependence of these symbols on numbers was tried to be revealed with examples.

THE ROLE OF COPYRIGHT IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL MEDIA

This article examines important aspects of the interaction between copyright and social networks in contemporary information society. The article emphasizes key elements of agreements between users and platforms, defining rules for content usage. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is highlighted as an effective mechanism for protecting copyright in the online environment. Court decisions on copyright infringement in social networks serve as examples for understanding the complexities of balancing between freedom of information exchange and intellectual property protection. In conclusion, the importance of effective collaboration between authors and social platforms is emphasized to ensure fairness, diversity, and quality of content in the online space.

Frequency of electronic device use among school-aged children

As a result of rapid technological development, electronic devices have become an inseparable part of everyday life. Numerous studies show a significant increase in the frequency and duration of electronic device use among children and youth, pointing to potential negative consequences of excessive use. The aim of this study is to examine the frequency of electronic device use among early school-age children and to determine differences in usage based on place of residence and parental behaviors. The study involved 87 parents (68 mothers and 19 fathers) of first-grade primary school children. The research was conducted in Brčko District. Data collection on the frequency of electronic device use in children was done through a parent questionnaire consisting of 11 items, designed specifically for the purposes of the study. The research results indicate that 66.7% of first-grade elementary school children use electronic devices daily, with 94.3% of respondents using electronic devices for up to 3 hours per day. The most used devices among children are mobile phones and tablets (54%), followed by TV (46%), and even 42.5% of respondents own their own electronic device for use. Children who do not have established usage rules by parents tend to use electronic devices significantly more frequently and for longer durations, as do children from urban areas compared to those from rural/suburban areas. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the frequency and duration of device usage based on parental employment status. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that excessive use of electronic devices is present among early school-age children, and such results imply the need for parental education and prevention of long-term consequences on children's development.

Improving students’ punctuation: classroom experimentation and results in texts by primary and secondary school students in Quebec

The texts of primary and secondary school students show a high proportion of written errors related to punctuation (Boivin and Pinsonneault, 2018, among others). Yet punctuation instruction often offers students only limited opportunities to improve their control of sign usage in a writing context (Riverin and Dufour, 2018). This article presents a quasi-experimental study involving 16 French classes from cycle 3 of primary school and cycle 1 of secondary school in Quebec (age 10 to 13). Students in the experimental groups carried out a sequence of 20 activities implementing three innovative didactic devices, designed during a first phase of the research, in collaboration with the participating teachers. The aim was to improve punctuation and syntax in writing. We will present results drawn from the analysis of short texts written at pre-test and post-test (two texts at each time: one descriptive and one narrative) in the experimental and control groups, in relation to success variables in segmentation into graphic sentences (capital letter & full stop), and in punctuation within graphic sentences and syntactic sentences (clauses, i.e. subject + predicate (+ sentence adverbial(s)), for some comma usage rules.

Exploring separation patterns and mechanisms of proanthocyanidins in grape seeds and pomace with diverse molecular weights, compositions, and structures

The function of proanthocyanidins (PAs) relies on their structure and requires high-purity PAs. Though Sephadex LH-20 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is expected to separate PAs based on structure, its usage rules and mechanisms remain unclear. This study delves into the PAs separation patterns on Sephadex LH-20, first confirming the purification mechanisms of PAs with various mean degrees of polymerization (DP) using the adsorption kinetic model. The study found that an increase in the molecular weight or mean DP of PAs results in decreased polarity, reduced hydrogen bonding actions, and intensified hydrophobic effect, causing delayed extraction of PAs on Sephadex LH-20, with galloylated PA as an exception, which was extracted first despite its high DP. Additionally, the principles for separating specific composition, such as monomers, dimers, etc., were evaluated. The study sheds light on enhancing the purification efficiency of PAs, thus advancing the precise separation technology of diverse proanthocyanidins.

Academician Petr Slepsov – the ideological inspirer, organizer and creator of the Great Exlanatory Dictionary of the Yakut Language

Petr Alekseevich Sleptsov, Chief Researcher of the Department of Yakut Linguistics, Institute for Humanities Research and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North (IGIiPMNS), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a well-known turkologist, the first member of the academy from Yakut linguists, Doctor of Philology, Professor, turned 95 on July 12, 2023. On this occasion, the Institute for Humanities Research and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North SB RAS, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Administration of the municipal district “Verkhnekolymsky ulus (rayon)” are hosting a Russian conference “Languages of the indigenous peoples of Russia in interdisciplinary discourse” on December 14, 2023. Petr Sleptsov developed theoretical and applied directions of the modern Yakut linguistics, including lexicology, lexicography, sociolinguistics, linguo-folkloristics, ethnolinguistics, and history of language. He is a leading Yakut lexicographer, deeply delving into the historical and cultural role of linguistic evidence and written language. Under his leadership, editorship and co-authorship the Yakut-Russian Dictionary (1972) was created, which was the first normative dictionary of medium volume in the Yakut language. After the release of this dictionary, Petr Alekseevich managed to concentrate the main forces of his students – linguists on the creation of a very complex and time-consuming work – a multi-volume Great Academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Yakut Language. Petr Alekseevich begun this tremendous project in 1972, it was successfully completed in 2018 after 46 years in 15 volumes of 769 printed sheets, covering 80 thousand words and phraseological units. During this time, he was the permanent editor-in-chief of all volumes of the dictionary. This dictionary represents a new type of explanatory dictionaries of Turkic languages. First of all, the Dictionary is not only descriptive, i. e. fixing certain rules for usage of words, but also a national dictionary of the descriptive registering type. It means that, taking into account the diversity of the existing vocabulary, the authors sought to cover and present the lexical richness of the language of the Yakut people as fully as possible. This refers to defining a dictionary type as “registering”. Another feature is that the dictionary is bilingual. The goal of the dictionary was to ensure the introduction of the richest material to a wide scholarly audience through the Russian language. With this project, Petr Alekseevich attracted several generations of linguists from his students and like-minded people to a very complex, but always fascinating, interesting and promising field of scientific activity – lexicography. Thanks to this project there exists a team of lexicographers, the Sleptsov school of Yakut lexicographers under the leadership of Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the field of science and technology, Honored Scientist of the Yakut ASSR and the Russian Federation Peter Alekseevich Sleptsov.

Analysis of Codon Usage Bias of Six Genes of Replicase/Coat Protein of Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Background: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) stands as a highly studied virus and consequently, its features and composition are extensively understood. It has been found to induce diverse infections in numerous plant species, with tobacco leaves being notably affected, showing mottled browning. Presently, the sole available method to control its spread is by removing infected plants. Understanding codon use bias is crucial as it could play a pivotal role in molecular interventions aimed at halting the virus’s replication and multiplication, thereby helping to contain its propagation. Methods: Currently, the research focuses on assessing codon bias within six genes related to the replicase/coat protein of TMV, namely TMVgp1, TMVgp2, TMVgp3, TMVgp4, TMVgp5 and TMVgp6. To conduct this analysis, various methods such as relative dinucleotide abundance, relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), neutrality plot and parity rule 2 (PR2) plot were employed. Result: All of the identified genes had a modest codon bias, according to the study on codon usage, as well as the function of mutation pressure in gene TMVgp3 and natural selection in genes TMVgp1, TMVgp2, TMVgp4, TMVgp5 and TMVgp6. The Research into codon use bias showed that the TMV virus’s chosen genes are subjected to naturally occurring selection as well as mutational pressure.

Ethnopharmacology Study of Traditional Herbs as Anti-dandruff and Anti-baldness in Amarasi District, Kupang Regency

Backgrounds: Hot weather in Indonesia can cause problems with hair and scalp health, including dandruff (seborrheic) and cause hair roots to become weak, making it easier for hair loss or alopecia to occur. The Amarasi people still do hair and scalp treatments with traditional plants. Objectives: This study aims to determine the ethnopharmacology of herbs as anti-dandruff and anti-baldness in Amarasi sub-district, Kupang district, including plant names, plant properties, plant parts, processing methods, usage methods and usage rules. Methods: This research is a qualitative descriptive study with an exploratory observational design. The data was obtained in the form of a survey by interviewing respondents with the help of a questionnaire. The sample in this study was a traditional healer (Hatra) who understood the use and use of anti-dandruff and anti-baldness drugs. Sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling techniq namely Hatra who were over 20 years old and had experience as a hatred for more than 3 years and above. The sample in this study was 17 traditional healers (Hatra). Results: result research shows that there are 18 plants consisting of 8 single plants and 16 herbs that are used and efficacious as anti-dandruff and anti-baldness. The plant parts used are leaves, fruit, seeds, sap/mucus, tube and oots. the method of processing plants for hair and scalp care by burning, splitting, fryinsqueezing and g, mashing, then, how to use it is washed, smearing, washedmassagingsaged. Rules for using plants 1-2 times a week. Conclusion: The Amarasi community has traditional plants and herbs that can be used as a treatment for scalp problems, including anti-dandruff, preventing hair loss and nourishing hair (anti-baldness). These plants based on research literacy studies conducted by previous researchers proved to have potential in the treatment of anti-dandruff and antibody.

A genetic algorithm-based approach for flexible job shop rescheduling problem with machine failure interference

Rescheduling is the guarantee to maintain the reliable operation of production system process. In production system, the original scheduling scheme cannot be carried out when machine breaks down. It is necessary to transfer the production tasks in the failure cycle and replan the production path to ensure that the production tasks are completed on time and maintain the stability of production system. To address this issue, in this paper, we studied the event-driven rescheduling policy in dynamic environment, and established the usage rules of right-shift rescheduling and complete rescheduling based on the type of interference events. And then, we proposed the rescheduling decision method based on genetic algorithm for solving flexible job shop scheduling problem with machine fault inter-ference. In addition, we extended the "mk" series of instances by introducing the machine fault interference information. The solution data show that the complete rescheduling method can respond effectively to the rescheduling of flexible job shop scheduling problem with machine failure interference.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION FOR SELECTED OECD COUNTRIES

Purpose- Financial inclusion is defined as a process that ensures the ease of access, availability, and usage of the formal financial system for all members of an economy by emphasizing the use of accessibility and availability of financial services. A financial sector is measured and compared on four main features; debt is the size of financial institutions, access is the access and use of financial services by the users, efficiency is the efficiency in the provision of financial services, and stability is the stability in the provision of financial services. Financial inclusion, in short, is adults' access to and use of financial services. This study aims to measure the financial inclusion level for selected OECD countries from 2010-2021. Also, this study aims to estimate the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth and income inequality for selected countries. Methodology- The data used in this study cover a range of variables related to financial inclusion from various institutions, including the IMF-Financial Access Survey (IMF-FAS), the World Bank - World Development Indicators (WB-WDI), the World Bank - Global Financial Development Database (WB-GFDD) and the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID). These variables provide insights into the dimensions and determinants of financial inclusion and their impact on economic and social outcomes for selected OECD countries. In the study, we run panel data regressions for each group separately, using GDP per capita as the dependent variable to determine the impact of the Financial Inclusion Index on economic growth. We also construct two different models for each group of countries with and without the added control variables into the models. Findings- The analysis reveals that the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth is negative for all groups of countries. The impact is significant for Group 1 and Group 2. The magnitude of coefficients changes when we add control variables to the model. However, it does not change the significance level of the coefficients. The magnitude of the coefficients increases as countries’ per capita income increases. At the same time, the effect of financial inclusion on the GINI index is significant only in the model for Group 3 with control variables. The sign of the impact is negative. It implies that the GINI index decreases as the financial inclusion index increases. So, the effect of financial inclusion on income inequality is positive for countries in Group 3. Conclusion- The empirical results did not support the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth (GDP per capita). These results may be explained by advocating the financial sector's quick and fundamental digital transformation. Hence, the rules for availability, accessibility, and usage of financial products and system are completely changed in the past ten years. On the other hand, the relationship between financial inclusion and income inequality, measured by GINI Index, is consistent with the literature only for Group 3 countries (developing countries). The increase in the gap between rich-developed and developing countries may explain these results. An increase in financial inclusion still supports adjustments in income inequality in developing countries, but its effect is disappeared in developed countries in the last 12 years. Keywords: Financial inclusion, economic growth, OECD countries, financial indicators, income inequity. JEL Codes: G20, G21, G23

Correction of whitespace and word segmentation in noisy Pashto text using CRF

Word segmentation is the process of splitting up the text into words. In English and most European languages, word boundaries are identified by whitespace, while in Pashto, there is no explicit word delimiter. Pashto uses whitespace for word separation but not consistently, and it cannot be considered a reliable word-boundary identifier. This inconsistency makes the Pashto word segmentation unique and challenging. Moreover, Pashto is a low-resource, non-standardized language with no established rules for the correct usage of whitespace that leads to two typical spelling errors, space-omission, and space-insertion. These errors significantly affect the performance of the word segmenter. This study aims to develop a state-of-the-art word segmenter for Pashto, with a proofing tool to identify and correct the position of space in a noisy text. The CRF algorithm is incorporated to train two machine learning models for these tasks. For models' training, we have developed a text corpus of nearly 3.5 million words, annotated for the correct positions of spaces and explicit word boundary information using a lexicon-based technique, and then manually checked for errors. The experimental results of the model are very satisfactory, where the F1-scores are 99.2% and 96.7% for the proofing model and word segmenter, respectively.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF “HASHIYA ‘ALA AL-KASHSHAF” IN TAFSIR STUDIES

IIn the introduction, it is stated that Sakkaki's work “Miftah al-Ulum” played an important role in the development of tafsir studies, that most of the commentaries of “al-Kashshaf” began to be written after the in-depth study of this work, and this can be seen in the hashiyas written by Taftazani and Jurjani on “al-Kashshaf”. At the same time, it is substantiated that Zamakhshari's level was high in Jurjani's eyes, and the scholar revealed Zamakhshari's style of interpretation in his essay to “al-Kashshaf”. Jurjani explained the difficult to understand passages of Zamakhshari's tafsir and clarified the author's purpose, the rules of language and rhetoric used by him. In “Hashiya ala al-Kashshaf”, Jurjani attaches great importance to language rules, vocabulary and directions of i’rab. He explains words according to usage and grammar rules. He even gives evidence for this from Arabic poetry. He also discusses issues related to Aqidah and the concept of Islam. He comments on the details of recitations and the science of Tajweed and criticizes the author of “al-Kashshaf” in some places. Jurjani explained some of the sentences used by the author of "al-Kashshaf" through his other works. For example, Zamakhshari's works such as “al-Faiq”, “al-Mufassal”, “Asas al-balagha” were used as sources. In the conclusion, it is noted that “Hashiyah ‘ala al-Kashshaf” is one of the important sources that reflects the tradition of vocabulary and language rules typical of other exegetical works written in Mawarannahr, and has been studied among Sunni tafsirs for centuries.

The primacy of morphology in English braille spelling: an analysis of bridging contractions

This study examines the use of braille contractions in a corpus of spelling tests from braille-reading children in grades 1-4, with particular attention to braille contractions that create mismatches with morphological structure. Braille is a tactile writing system that enables people who are blind or visually impaired to read and write. In English and many other languages, reading and writing braille is not simply a matter of transliterating between print letters and their braille equivalents; Unified English Braille (the official braille system used in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and several other English-speaking countries) contains 180 contractions—one or more braille cells that represent whole words or strings of letters. In some words, the prescriptive rules for correct braille usage cause contractions to bridge morphological boundaries and to obscure the spellings of stems and affixes. We demonstrate that, when the prescriptive rules for correct braille usage flout morphological structure, young braille spellers generally follow the morphology rather than the orthographic rules. This work establishes that morphology matters for young braille learners. We discuss the potential impact of our findings on braille research, development, and pedagogy, and we suggest ways in which our findings contribute to understanding the nature of orthographic morphemes and the place of braille in the reading sciences.