Rules Of Compatibility Research Articles

Rules of acupoint selection in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with acupuncture-moxibustion based on complex network analysis.

To analyze the rules of acupoint selection and compatibility of acupuncture and moxibustion in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) based on complex network technology and provide the reliable evidences for acupoint selection in treatment of this disease with acupuncture and moxibustion. The clinical studies on acupuncture-moxibustion treatment of IBD were searched from the databases including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed and Embase. The studies were screened and the acupoint prescriptions were extracted to set up the database of acupuncture-moxibustion treatment for IBD. Using Microsoft Excel 2021 software, the use times of acupoint, the use frequency (%) of acupoint, meridian tropism and the use of special point were imported. With SPSS Modeler 18.0 software adopted, the association rules were analyzed on the acupoint prescriptions. The acupoint co-occurrence network diagram, k-core network diagram, and community analysis diagram were drawn by Gephi 0.9.5 software. A total of 156 studies were included, composed of 175 acupoint prescriptions, 75 acupoints, with 1 378 use times in total and around 8 acupoints in one prescription. Regarding the top use frequency, Tianshu (ST25), Zusanli (ST36), Guanyuan (CV4), Zhongwan (CV12) and Pishu (BL20) were listed. The top meridians involved were the foot-yangming stomach meridian, the foot-taiyang bladder meridian and the Conception Vessel. The front-mu point had been used with the highest frequency among the special points. ST36 and ST25 were a pair of points with the highest frequency in treatment. The k-core hierarchical analysis was adopted to optimize acupoint prescriptions, and 22 core acupoints were obtained, i.e. ST25, ST36, CV4, CV12, BL20, Dachangshu (BL25), Shangjuxu (ST37), Shenshu (BL23), Qihai (CV6), Sanyinjiao (SP6), Mingmen (GV4), Xingjian (LR2), Yinlingquan (SP9), Neiting (ST44), Taichong (LR3), Xiajuxu (ST39), Shuifen (CV9), Shenque (CV8), Ganshu (BL18), Weishu (BL21), Hegu (LI4) and Quchi(LI11), which were classified into three core acupoint groups by community analysis. Through complex network analysis, it is found that the local acupoints on the chest and abdomen are generally selected in treatment with acupuncture-moxibustion for IBD, the combination of the nearby and distal points is considered simulta-neously, and the acupoint prescription is modified according to syndrome/pattern differentiation；and among special points, the front-mu point is widely used in treatment. All of these rules provide the ideas for the acupoint selection of acupuncture-moxibustion in treatment of IBD.

Complex computation from developmental priors

Machine learning (ML) models have long overlooked innateness: how strong pressures for survival lead to the encoding of complex behaviors in the nascent wiring of a brain. Here, we derive a neurodevelopmental encoding of artificial neural networks that considers the weight matrix of a neural network to be emergent from well-studied rules of neuronal compatibility. Rather than updating the network’s weights directly, we improve task fitness by updating the neurons’ wiring rules, thereby mirroring evolutionary selection on brain development. We find that our model (1) provides sufficient representational power for high accuracy on ML benchmarks while also compressing parameter count, and (2) can act as a regularizer, selecting simple circuits that provide stable and adaptive performance on metalearning tasks. In summary, by introducing neurodevelopmental considerations into ML frameworks, we not only model the emergence of innate behaviors, but also define a discovery process for structures that promote complex computations.

A study of the patterns of prescriptions for heart diseases in The Four Tantras (rGyud bZhi) based on the Tibetan medicinal properties theory

Objective: To reveal the internal and effective rules of prescription compatibility for treating heart diseases in the four tantras. Method: To compare the four kinds of disease in the four tantras. Result: Formulas for the treatment of loong(rlung) disease were mainly formulated sweet, pungent flavors with hot and greasy effects; formulas for the treatment of tripa(mkris-pa) were mainly formulated sweet, pungent and bitter flavors with cold and blunt effects; formulas for the treatment of beygen(bad-kan) were mainly formulated sweet, pungent flavors with hot and dynamic effects; and formulas for the treatment of khrag khrugs nad () were mainly formulated sweet, bitter flavors with cold and blunt effects. Conclusion: It can be seen that the four tantras have a rigorous and regular theory of prescriptions and strong theoretical guidance, which we need to study and learn in depth, and apply in clinical practice in conjunction with the properties of the disease.

Analysis on rules of acupoint compatibility and application characteristics in acupuncture treatment of migraine based on complex network technique

To analyze the compatible rules of acupoints in the treatment of migraine with acupuncture and moxibustion based on complex network technique so as to provide a reference for composing best acupoint recipes. Clinical papers about acupuncture treatment of migraine published from January of 2010 to October of 2020 were searched from Chinese and English databases including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and Pubmed by using keywords of acupuncture, moxibustion and migraine. According to our inclusive and exclusive criteria, the collected papers were screened out to set up a database. The SPSS Modeler 18.0 software was used to analyze the association rules of acupoints, and the Gephi 0.9.2 software was used to conduct a complex network analysis about the compatibility rules of acupoints and their application characteristics of moxibustion and needling methods in the treatment of migraine. In the end, 572 articles meeting the conclusive criteria were selected, and a total of 1 091 acupoint prescriptions for the treatment of migraine were extracted, including 230 acupoints with a total appea-rance frequency of 7 902. Those acupoints most frequently used were mainly attributed to the Gallbladder Meridian, with Fengchi (GB20) being the highest in the cumulative frequency. The association rule analysis showed that the highest supporting degree acupoints was GB20-Taiyang(EX-HN5). The highest levels of confidence were EX-HN5-Touwei(ST8), GB20-Baihui(GV20), and GB20-ST8. The analysis of complex network topology showed that a total of 17 acupoints including GB20, EX-HN5, Shuaigu(GB8), Taichong(LR3), GV20, Ashi point, etc. were the core node acupoints for acupuncture treatment of migraine. In the treatment of migraine, the acupoints selected are mainly distributed in the head region. When the specific acupoints chosen, the five Shu acupoints, Yuan (source) acupoints and the confluent acupoints of eight meridians are frequently used. In terms of composing acupoint recipes, the acupoints in the local and distant part of the body are often used in combination. These outcomes may have a certain guiding significance for clinical treatment of migraine.

Compatibility as guiding principle for ergonomics work design and preventive occupational health and safety

Mutual adaptation and inter-changeability of system elements are very important prerequisites for machines, technical devices and products. Similar to that technical compatibility which can be achieved by standards and regulations, optimum design of human-oriented workplaces or a man-machine system cannot be attained without, e.g., a compatible arrangement of connected displays and controls. Over and above those stimulus/response relations, all technical elements and interfaces have to be designed in such a way that they do not exceed human capacity in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. Compatibility between the properties of the human organism on the one hand, and the adaptable technical components of a work system on the other hand, offers a great potential of preventive measures. Examples of ergonomically designed working tools show that compatibility is capable of reducing the prevalence of occupational diseases and repetitive strain injuries as well as leading to lower physiological cost in such a way that the same output results from a lower demand of human resources or even a higher performance will be attained. Compatibility also supports the quick perception and transmission of information in a man-machine system, and as a result of lower requirements for decoding during information processing, spare mental capacity may enhance occupational safety. In the field of software, compatibility also helps to avoid psychological frustration. All in all, the center core competency, which reflects the major significant function of the ergonomist in work design, consists in determining the compatibility of human capacity and planned or existing demands of work. In order to provide efficient working tools and working conditions as well as to be successful in occupational health and safety, ergonomics and industrial engineering in the future are expected to pay more attention to the rules of compatibility. Applied in an appropriate way, these rules may convince people that ergonomics can be a powerful means for reducing prevalence of occupational diseases and complaints, and has a positive effect on overall system performance. Besides presenting examples of work design according to the principle of compatibility, also methods will be shown which enable the assessment of the ergonomic quality of hand-held tools and computer input devices.

Some Considerations on the Issue of Economic and Social Sustainability

To be implemented and analyzed, according to the good rules of relationship with nature, sustainability must be equipped with a theoretical scheme able of helping to understand the dynamics of this relationship together with the opportunities offered to improve the development of the economic system. Essentially, it’s about acknowledging that, just like physics, also the economy is subject to some general and abstract laws. This is the case of the core inflation value, defined by Central Banks as a value close to 2%. So, if the economy moves along the track indicated by this value, we have confirmation that growth is regularly developing. This core inflation value is implicitly defined without a clear specification. We can therefore admit that it’s an ideal value like the great universal constants, which reports about an economic system that develops according to the rules of natural compatibility. According to this point of view, the core inflation close to 2% is essentially a utopia, because it can only be achieved if the global economic growth moves in full accordance with the nature around us. It follows that even if we can verify on field the realization of a base value close to 2%, actually we are not in the best conditions, especially if the global economy is suffering from deflation as today. The deflation, that is the tendency of prices to fall, is part of the complex messages sent by the nature and economic systems to signal that the economy is not doing well and has become unstable. Both inflation and deflation are messages that never contribute to the economic development course, but they are born and evolving in parallel with the appearance of the economic cycle in daily activity. In summary, a mechanism that has the responsibility, by imposing pauses on the system, to reduce the instability of the systems and to facilitate the return to the natural development condition. A correction system based on the economic conjuncture that obviously distinguishes the stability by the way that the economy grows and develops in a linear and constant inclination depending on differentials.

LANGUAGE MISTAKES IN TERMINOLOGICAL STANDARDS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF DSTU 3017: 2015 «INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION. BASIC TYPES. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS»)

The article focuses on language norms compliance in the texts of terminological standards (on the example of DSTU 3017: 2015 «Information and documentation. Basic types. Terms and definitions»). Cases of violation of the lexical and grammatical norms of the modern Ukrainian language in the formulation of definitions of terms are analyzed. It was found that, despite the presence of clear instructions established in the national standard on compliance with the rules of the Ukrainian word usage in the formulation of definitions, in many cases the design of national terminological standards – choice of words, their change, sentence construction – does not meet the norms of Ukrainian literary language, leads to a decrease in the general culture of the publication. In the text of DSTU 3017: 2015 «Information and documentation. Edition. The main types. Terms and definitions” shows a deviation from the norms associated with the use of words that are absent in the Ukrainian language, artificial, linguistic calque of Russian words. Certain non-normative tokens fixed in the standard do not correspond to the tendency of development of the modern Ukrainian language process – conscious distance, separation from the Russian language, strengthening of positions of specific Ukrainian variants. Violation of language norms in the standard are words used without taking into account the nuances of their meaning, the rules of compatibility with other lexical language units. The analyzed standard is not without such a stylistic defect as pleonasm – semantic redundancy, which contradicts the brevity and accuracy – important communicative features of scientific and official business speech. In the formulation of explanations of certain terms, a violation of logic was revealed – a combination of words that differ in generic and specific semantics was recorded. There are linguistic errors at the grammatical level: in the text of the standard it is not always correct to choose the endings of singular forms, not in all positions the use of impersonal verb forms ending on -no, -to is motivated. Cases of non-observance of the laws of melodiousness – rules of alternation of prepositions at / in are revealed.

Self-assembling Peptides in Current Nanomedicine: Versatile Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery.

The development of modern nanomedicine greatly depends on the involvement of novel materials as drug delivery system. In order to maximize the therapeutic effects of drugs and minimize their side effects, a number of natural or synthetic materials have been widely investigated for drug delivery. Among these materials, biomimetic self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have received more attention in recent years. Considering the rapidly growing number of SAPs designed for drug delivery, a summary of how SAPs-based drug delivery systems were designed, would be beneficial. We outlined research works on different SAPs that have been investigated as carriers for different drugs, focusing on the design of SAPs nanomaterials and how they were used for drug delivery in different strategies. Based on the principle rules of chemical complementarity and structural compatibility, SAPs such as ionic self-complementary peptide, peptide amphiphile and surfactant-like peptide could be designed. Determined by the features of peptide materials and the drugs to be delivered, different strategies such as hydrogel embedding, hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction, covalent conjugation or the combination of them could be employed to fabricate SAPs-drug complex, which could achieve slow release, targeted or environment-responsive delivery of drugs. Furthermore, some SAPs could also be combined with other types of materials for drug delivery, or even act as drug by themselves. Various types of SAPs have been designed and used for drug delivery following various strategies, suggesting that SAPs as a category of versatile nanomaterials have promising potential in the field of nanomedicine.

Linguo-didactic aspect of formation of the professionally-oriented lexical competence of students of the specialty “Jurisprudence”

The article notes that the generated lexical competence involves the mastery of the students with the values of a lexical unit, its spelling and pronunciation, knowledge of the grammatical forms of a word, synonyms and antonyms and by mastering the rules of compatibility with other lexical units. Exercises are an integral part of the formation and improvement of the professionally-oriented lexical competence. They are used at the stages of forming and developing lexical skills. The foreign language professionally oriented vocabulary teaching is based on general didactic principles (availability; scientific content; consciousness; activity; systematic character; consistency and durability of mastering of knowledge, abilities and skills; use of visual methods) and methodological principles (stimulating and motivating a positive attitude to learning a foreign language for specific purposes; considering the individual characteristics of students; professional orientation of teaching foreign language vocabulary; taking into account the degree of professional training of students and the conformity of the content of foreign lexical material to needs of their future professional activities); the principle of systemic learning of a professionally-oriented lexical material on the basis of complex non-communicative and conditionally communicative exercises with an interrelated improvement of skills and abilities of reading, speaking and writing professional orientation, as the formation of the professionally oriented lexical competence should be arranged through the set of exercises, in which the basic principles and training content are implemented. The formation of the professionally-oriented lexical competence has an impact on the improvement and development of the professionally oriented foreign language communicative competence as a whole. The ability to read and understand professionally-oriented literature and carry out professional communication depends on the level of lexical competence formation. In general, in the context of contemporary education the attention should be focused primarily on the new standards, the idea of which should be based on the competence approach, which includes the formation of general competences and needs of the labor market. To stop the outflow of future or practicing lawyers is possible only due to the quality of higher education, which is constantly growing, and is aimed at the expectations of the labour market, as well as it is pursuing a preemptive tactic. Today it is necessary to conduct the mandatory formation of general competences, readiness for the challenges that may appear in the near future

Selection of Acupoints Combination Based on Pseudo Mutual Information Maximization

Acupuncture has been used as an alternative and complementary therapy, however the selection of acupoints combination for a specific disease (or symptoms) highly depends on the experience of acupuncturists. The current study aimed to develop a reliable and quantifiable method for selection of acupoints combinations, which may improve treatment efficiency and reproducibility among acupuncturists. In the current study, a number of acupuncture prescriptions for treatment of acute or chronic gastritis had been collected and organized from public databases and literatures. Three types of associations, acupoints-symptoms associations (ASA), acupoints-acupoints associations (AAA), and symptoms-symptoms associations (SSA) were defined to delineate their connections. The network constructed by AAA was used to study the synergistic effects among acupoints combination whereas SSA network was used to examine coexistence of symptoms. On the other hand, ASA characterized the empirical association between acupoints and symptoms in the prescription database which may be considered as the mathematical representation of acupoints selection for a particular prescription. Then a novel method namely mutual information screening (MIS) was proposed for screening acupoints combinations based on pseudo mutual information maximization. The selected acupoints combinations of MIS method were verified to be in accordance with the rules of acupoints compatibility based on the theory of acupuncture. Validation of MIS through conditional entropy and significance test of the clinical records suggested the method to be reliable and robust. Furthermore, a ten-fold cross validation were carried out to evaluate the performance of MIS compared with artificial neural network (ANN)-based method. The F1-score of MIS was found to be 0.67, higher than that of the ANN-based method (0.58). The current results provided a reliable and practical tool for symptom-specific acupoints selection, which may help to develop a scientific basis for clinical acupuncture therapy.

THE STRUCTURAL AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MODERN AMERICAN FEATURE FILMS’ SMALL SYNTAX IN TRANSLATION

The article is an in-depth research of the dubbed American feature films small syntax on the basis of the structural and comparative analysis of the original film texts and their Ukrainian translations. The paper considers the functioning of small syntax units with regard to their communicative intention, communicative reason and communicative validity. The author has proposed and described the structural classification of the English-speaking films small syntax models and their translation equivalents according to the morphological expression of the main word and the structure. The structural and comparative analysis of the small syntax of five American feature films and their Ukrainian equivalents has shown that the majority of word-combinations are simple, i.e. two-words (combination of two notional words or two notional words with the auxiliary part of speech) that is explained by film genres. The analysis presents also five types of formation of complex word-combinations and considers the productivity levels of film small syntax models. The article compares the main methods and techniques of the small syntax translation in the dubbed versions of American feature films and their frequency characteristics as well as introduces the reasons, varieties and conditions of the transformations usage. The results of the analysis have shown that audiovisual nature of the film text, differences in the rules of lexical-semantic and syntactic compatibility, various ways of expression traditional concepts, subjects and actions, the need for text synchronisation determined by the dubbed translation, defined the peculiarities of translation of the number of small syntax units.

The Phonetic Alphabet of the Chechen Language as a Basis of a Speech-Synthesis System

This paper describes the principles for developing the AZBAT phonetic alphabet, which was created by analogy with the DARPAbet phonetic alphabet of the English language and is oriented to creating the speech corpus and system for synthesis of Chechen speech. The experience of developers of other phonetic alphabets and databases was used; account was also taken of the features of pronunciation and graphics, rules of compatibility, and variability of phonemes, which had been described in the works of well-known Chechen philologists. The classification of vowels and consonant phonemes is given, according to which each phoneme has the attributes that are necessary to implement the program code. The designed system for synthesis of Chechen speech is assigned a basic set of acoustic phonetic elements that consists of diphones and allophones. This set will be complied with to build an acoustic phonetic database that is the basis of a system for automatic synthesis of Chechen speech.

What Java developers know about compatibility, and why this matters

Real-world programs are neither monolithic nor static--they are constructed using platform and third party libraries, and both programs and libraries continuously evolve in response to change pressure. In case of the Java language, rules defined in the Java Language and Java Virtual Machine Specifications define when library evolution is safe. These rules distinguish between three types of compatibility--binary, source and behavioural. We claim that some of these rules are counter intuitive and not well-understood by many developers. We present the results of a survey where we quizzed developers about their understanding of the various types of compatibility. 414 developers responded to our survey. We find that while most programmers are familiar with the rules of source compatibility, they generally lack knowledge about the rules of binary and behavioural compatibility. This can be problematic when organisations switch from integration builds to technologies that require dynamic linking, such as OSGi. We have assessed the gravity of the problem by studying how often linkage-related problems are referenced in issue tracking systems, and find that they are common.

Molecular keys of the tropism of integration of the cholera toxin phage

Cholera toxin is encoded in the genome of CTXvarphi, a lysogenic filamentous phage of Vibrio cholerae. CTXvarphi variants contribute to the genetic diversity of cholera epidemic strains. It has been shown that the El Tor variant of CTXvarphi hijacks XerC and XerD, two host-encoded tyrosine recombinases that normally function to resolve chromosome dimers, to integrate at dif1, the dimer resolution site of the larger of the two V. cholerae chromosomes. However, the exact mechanism of integration of CTXvarphi and the rules governing its integration remained puzzling, with phage variants integrated at either or both dimer resolution sites of the two V. cholerae chromosomes. We designed a genetic system to determine experimentally the tropism of integration of CTXvarphi and thus define rules of compatibility between phage variants and dimer resolution sites. We then showed in vitro how these rules are explained by the direct integration of the single-stranded phage genome into the double-stranded bacterial genome. Finally, we showed how the evolution of phage attachment and chromosome dimer resolution sites contributes to the generation of genetic diversity among cholera epidemic strains.

System biology and its application in compound recipe of traditional Chinese medicine study

Abstract The authors of this paper discussed different thoughts and methods of system biology and its applications in TCM formula study. The research and development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula has attracted increasing attention in the TCM industry for many years. But the basis and mechanism of TCM has not been explained clearly yet, due to its multicomponent and multitarget nature. System biology could provide novel insights into the TCM research. Therefore, some difficulties in TCM formula study including physical basis of TCM therapeutic effects, rules of compatibility, pharmacology, and action mechanism will be well illustrated in an effective manner. The problem of black box in TCM study will be fully understood with the help of system biology.

A Statistical Approach to Sensorimotor Strategies: Conjugate Cross-Correlations

A simple method, based on cross-correlation functions (CCFs) between two time series of kinematic or physiological measurements, is proposed for the analysis of multisegmental movements. Special emphasis is placed on measuring accelerations. When the movements of two body segments are coordinated but consistently time lagged, their CCF displays a peak at the corresponding time abscissa. The reproducible positions of the peaks reflect biomechanical or physiological constraints. Several significantly large peaks can be observed in a CCF. It is possible to identify coordinated movements involving more than two segments by applying simple rules of compatibility between the time lags and between the signs of the correlation peaks. With the method proposed, it is possible to determine the signs of relative variation and the time lags of the successive statistically correlated segmental movements. This is particularly useful in the case of both continuous and periodic sensorimotor control, where classical poststimulus methods cannot be applied. Unlike the classical poststimulus methods, this method does not require a time origin, and it is not necessary to monitor the muscles or even to specify exactly which ones are involved. The method is also applicable to experiments involving a time origin (e.g., and applied perturbation), although in this case it is less accurate than the averaging technique. Individual postural strategies can be identified, which suggests some interesting potential applications of the method to clinical studies.

Rule-breaking and meaning-making in Edward Lear

Nonsense seems to break many rules of semantico-syntactic compatibility and somehow managed to construct discourse. This paper discusses the work of Edward Lear, the 19th century English writer and painter in a attempt to identify some of the linguistic and psycholinguistic principles underlying the nonsense text. It claims that nonsense relies on a "fuzzy" image—not meaning, but the suggestion of meaning or a feeling of sense, which results basically from the manipulation of the phonemic and lexemic possibilities of the English language and the exploitation of patterns of redundancy, sustained by a rigid syntactic and metric structure. It also suggests a relation to strategies of child language acquisition which would on the one hand explain the popularity of nonsense and on the other hand support the hypothesis that the origin of the genre is to be sought in the nursery-rhyme tradition of English literature.

Current experience with renal transplantation across the ABO barrier

Solid organ transplantation has traditionally been governed by the rules of blood group compatibility. Thus, it has been demonstrated that crossing the ABO blood group barrier generally results in hyperacute rejection. However, the A2 subtype of the blood group A is a weaker antigen. Under certain circumstances, organs from donors with blood group A2 can be transplanted across the ABO blood group barrier into recipients of O or B blood type. Since 1986, 33 patients including 24 blood group O and 9 blood group B patients received A2 (30) or A2B (3) donor kidneys. Both cadaver donor (31) and living-related grafts (2) have been undertaken. The mean follow-up since transplantation for the 21 patients with functioning grafts is 36 months, with a 67.2% current graft survival. Immunosuppression for these transplants consisted of azathioprine, prednisone, and cyclosporine, often in combination with prophylactic OKT3 or antilymphocyte globulin as protocol dictated. Special immunosuppressive protocols such as splenectomy or plasmapheresis were not used. The serum of the potential recipient was analyzed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) forms of antibody against A1 and A2 red blood cells. There is a strong correlation between a low (less than or equal to 1:8) anti-A1 IgG titer and both early and long-term graft function. Recipients with an IgG titer greater than 1:8 in the pretransplant serum had a much higher incidence of early graft failure. We no longer recommend transplantation of A2 kidneys into O or B recipients with a pretransplant titer of greater than 1:8 but found that recipients with low titers have graft function rates essentially equal to those of ABO-compatible patients. Patients with blood group B have, over time, lower anti-A IgG titers than do blood group O patients. In addition, the graft survival among blood group B patients is 89% compared with 58% among group O recipients. This may be due to the generally low titers found in blood group B recipients. Since instituting a policy in 1988 of not transplanting the kidney when the anti-A IgG titer is greater than 1:8, the survival in O patients is 88%. We recommend the screening of all organ donors with blood group A for the A2 subgroup and believe that transplantation can be safely and successfully performed in certain patients with blood group O or B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Analyse conformationnelle a l'aide de la notation des angles de torsion X: Interprétation de la régiosélectivité d'ouverture des époxydes de composés bicycliques incorporant des cycles petits et moyens

Using the dynamic method of conformational analysis through the implementation of the torsion angle notation and applying the rules of distortion compatibility at the junction of fused rings, permits the interpretation or prediction of the regioselective opening of epoxides and analogous three-membered heterocycles of the halonium type fused to small and medium rings.