Code Rules Research Articles

Efforts to Combat the Crime of Selling Abortion Products Through Social Media

Some people are currently misusing rapid technological advance to sell abortion drugs. This mode of selling abortion drugs is a type of crime that is difficult to prosecute because of the limitations of the rules in the Criminal Code. The problems in writing this paper are first, how are the police efforts in tackling the crime of selling abortion drugs through social media, second what are the inhibiting factors for the police in overcoming the sale of abortion products through social media. The method used in this research is using a normative juridical approach and an empirical juridical approach. Types of data consist of primary data and secondary data. The results of research and discussion were obtained by the police's efforts in dealing with criminal acts. The sale of abortion drugs through social media is the first through penal and non-penal efforts. The inhibiting factors for police efforts in overcoming the crime of selling abortion drugs through online media are, first, the lack of infrastructure facilities owned by the police IT; secondly, the human resources of the police in using the available facilities are not fully optimited also, there is no legal awareness of the community regarding the indifferent attitude of the community. It self last but not the problem of selling abortion drugs through social media should also be taken into account.

DevReplay: Linter that generates regular expressions for repeating code changes

Coding rules automatically exclude language-specific anti-patterns in the source code. However, developers still need to validate project-specific anti-patterns manually. We present a novel static analysis tool DevReplay that generates coding rules as regular expressions from real-time source code editing. The generated regular expressions automatically repeat the same changes to the source code. Hence, users can share their own coding rules with inter-project members to keep source code consistency. As a field study, we submitted patches to the most popular open-source projects implemented by different languages, and project reviewers accepted 80% (8 of 10) of our patches.

The State Deputizing Citizens to Discipline Digital News Media: The Case of the IT Rules 2021 in India

This article examines a recent regulation in India called the “Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules 2021.” The Rules allow for filing of “grievances” – defined quite broadly – against digital news outlets, who are required to resolve them within a specific time frame or face legal action. This article analyzes the government’s press conference transcripts, PR materials, statements to the UN and in courts to articulate the purported rationale for the Rules: curbing fake news and ensuring that the press is accountable to the public. However, analysis of the meta-journalistic discourse shows how the Rules institutionalize online vigilantism in the name of “accountability.” These findings are contextualized by discussing the Indian media system and the related regulatory regime; and the rise of Hindu nationalism and online vigilantism. More broadly, this article illustrates how online harassment of journalists can involve a combination of grassroots mobilization and state-backed efforts; it underlines the urgency of studying how the “fake news” crisis is being instrumentalized to curb press freedom in the Global South; and it illustrates how press freedom assumes different meanings across a news media landscape segmented by language and geography, as in the case of India.

Problems of the Application of Recourse Against a Person Who Has Caused Damage by Illegal Acts in Criminal Proceedings: The Case of Lithuania

Abstract The need to compensate for material and moral damage caused to a person is a constitutional principle, which is implemented in Article 6.272 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, establishing the non-contractual liability of the State for damage caused by pre-trial investigation officers, a prosecutor, a judge, or a court (hereinafter referred to as the “Officials”). Furthermore, Article 6.272(4) of the Civil Code provides that if the damage is caused by the intentional actions of the Officials, the State shall acquire the right of recourse in accordance with the procedure laid down by law. In Lithuania, the number of cases of compensation for damage caused by unlawful acts of the Officials is increasing, while the recourse procedure has not yet been applied even though 20 years have passed since the above-mentioned rule of the Civil Code came into force. The authors of the article search for the answer why the recourse procedure is not applied in practice by analysing the legal regulation of the regression and the content of intentional fault using theoretical, comparative, linguistic, historical, jurisprudence analysis, and related legal methods.

Photovoltaic Energy Conversion System Integrated Into Unbalanced Distribution Electrical Networks Through Hardware in the Loop

In this article, a real-time, hardware in the loop (HIL) and experimental photovoltaic energy conversion system (PVECS) integrated into unbalanced distribution electrical networks is presented. Commonly, the three-phase voltages are not balanced, because the input–output of single-phase loads in low and medium voltage networks. In this context, the photovoltaic (PV) systems integration under the dq0-Frame control operation scheme, tend to generate current deformations. In contrast, a new control technique for PVECS interconnection is validated in a HIL scheme, even in the presence of unbalanced voltage. This new technique is considered simple and easy to implement, since it consists of a single PI control loop, guaranteeing reliable operation under unbalances voltage events. Thus, preserving favorable characteristics, such as: 1) always balanced currents; 2) low harmonic distortion; 3) unit power factor; and 4) Compliance with the rules of the network code. The PVECS effectiveness is assessed by complete mathematical model, the simulation results are evaluated using MATLAB-Simulink (MATLAB r2018, Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA), and the experimental results are validated with a small-scale prototype operating in a HIL environment and the real-time simulator Opal-RT Technologies (Montreal, QC, Canada); integrating a power capacity of 15 kW in distribution networks.

Advising Autonomous Cars about the Rules of the Road

This paper describes (R)ules (o)f (T)he (R)oad (A)dvisor, an agent that provides recommended and possible actions to be generated from a set of human-level rules. We describe the architecture and design of RoTRA, both formally and with an example. Specifically, we use RoTRA to formalise and implement the UK "Rules of the Road", and describe how this can be incorporated into autonomous cars such that they can reason internally about obeying the rules of the road. In addition, the possible actions generated are annotated to indicate whether the rules state that the action must be taken or that they only recommend that the action should be taken, as per the UK Highway Code (Rules of The Road). The benefits of utilising this system include being able to adapt to different regulations in different jurisdictions; allowing clear traceability from rules to behaviour, and providing an external automated accountability mechanism that can check whether the rules were obeyed in some given situation. A simulation of an autonomous car shows, via a concrete example, how trust can be built by putting the autonomous vehicle through a number of scenarios which test the car's ability to obey the rules of the road. Autonomous cars that incorporate this system are able to ensure that they are obeying the rules of the road and external (legal or regulatory) bodies can verify that this is the case, without the vehicle or its manufacturer having to expose their source code or make their working transparent, thus allowing greater trust between car companies, jurisdictions, and the general public.

A Structural Design Approach Tailored for the Rapid Preliminary Design of Microreactor Components

High-temperature microreactors can play a role in developing reliable, portable energy sources for off-grid remote locations, microgrid concepts, and industrial process heat. Portability and passive safety criteria tend to skew microreactor structural component designs toward complex geometries, high thermal stresses, and design bases with large numbers of startup/shutdown cycles. Current design rules, as typified by Section III of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, are less than optimal for these conditions, particularly for preliminary component designs where developers need to rapidly consider a large number of potential component configurations. This paper presents a design method targeted toward rapid, efficient evaluation of preliminary component designs using modern finite element analysis. The new method retains key connections with the ASME Code rules and design data while streamlining the design approach. This paper presents the design method, several verification examples illustrating the similarities and differences between the new method and the current ASME rules, and the application of the new approach to the evaluation of a test article mimicking key features of a heat pipe–cooled microreactor.

Features of the legal regulation of the loan agreement under the civil law of the states, which included the lands of Western Ukraine in the period from 1918 to 1945

The author examines the legal regulation of the loan agreement under the civil law of the states in which the lands of Western Ukraine were in the period from 1918 to 1945 (Czechoslovak Republic, Republic of Poland, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Romania). Describing the provisions of civil law governing the loan agreement, which operated in the period from 2018 to 1939 in the lands of Transcarpathia, which were part of the Czechoslovak Republic until 1939, the author examines the rules of the General Civil Code of Austria (1811). country in the absence of its own civil code. In turn, examining the provisions of civil law governing the loan agreement, which operated from 2018 to 1939 in the lands of Eastern Galicia and Western Volhynia, the author argues that in the fi rst years since the restoration of Polish independence in the lands of Eastern The General Civil Code of Austria (1811) continued to apply in Galicia and Western Volhynia. However, in 1933, Poland adopted the Mandatory Law of the Republic of Poland, which further regulated the loan relations for the incorporation of the lands of Eastern Galicia and Western Volhynia into the USSR. Characterizing the provisions of civil law in force in the period from 1939 to 1945 in Transcarpathia, which were part of the Kingdom of Hungary, it should be noted the following. Since, historically, the General Civil Code of Austria (1811) did not apply in Hungary, with the restoration of Hungarian state independence in 1918, the basis of its civil law was case law and customary law, supplemented by some written laws. Attempts to codify civil law in the interwar period were unsuccessful, as the draft of the Central Committee of the Kingdom of Hungary (1928) did not enter into force. However, in the absence of direct systematic legislative regulation of civil law relations in judicial practice, the provisions of the Draft Central Committee were used to regulate loan relations in the lands of Transcarpathia, which were part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1945. The author also argues that in the territory of Northern Bukovina in the period from 1918 to 1940, loan relations were regulated by the Central Committee of the Kingdom of Romania (1864). The aim of the article. Based on the analysis of civil law of the states in which the lands of Western Ukraine were in the period from 1918 to 1945 (Czechoslovak Republic, Republic of Poland, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Romania) comprehensively investigate the legal regulation of the loan agreement in Western Ukraine in the period from 1918 to 1945. Results. The norms of the Obligatory Law of the Republic of Poland (1933) were more designed for the needs of developed civil turnover, because unlike the Central Committee of the Kingdom of Hungary (1928) and the Central Committee of the Kingdom of Romania (1864) the law was developed / adopted (1929), was more designed for the existence of loan relations in the context of infl ation, and in its content and level of legal technique was closest to modern civil law of the EU. Key words: loan, contract, loan agreement, money, consumer goods, substitutes, liabilities, property, interest.

Why AI is a Threat to the Rule of Law

This paper will argue that recent developments in AI technology and its role in digital capitalism threaten the rule of law. AI (or the companies who control it) promotes and monetizes free speech, political competition, and other aspects of democracy, while our societies have been shifting towards a “rule of code,” i.e., a system in which source code is able to put meaningful restraints not only on any individuals and institutions within a society, but also on law and the State. Based on Lawrence Lessig’s “Code is Law,” this paper will draw a more elaborated picture of “regulating AI” according to which AI is not only something that is to be regulated but also something that actively regulates individual and institutional behavior. From this background, it will be argued that, given the interdependence of governments and big tech corporations, free and open societies need to regain control over source code and the critical digital infrastructure to avoid being regulated by private companies that develop, control, and promote AI.

Reasons for Rule Consequentialists

AbstractThis paper explores what a Rule Consequentialist of Brad Hooker's sort can and should say about normative reasons for action. I claim that they can provide a theory of reasons, but that doing so requires distinguishing different roles of rules in the ideal code. Some rules in the ideal code specify reasons, while others perform different functions. The paper also discusses a choice that Rule Consequentialists face about how exactly to specify reasons. It ends by comparing the theory of reasons offered by Rule Consequentialism with the theory offered by Act Consequentialism, noting that Rule Consequentialism seems better able to explain moral constraints.

The New Validity Rules in Chinese Civil Code and Chinese State-owned Enterprises’ Freedom in Contracting: One Step Too Far

Abstract Upon the enactment of Chinese Civil Code, the previous rules that allowed for enlarged state power to annul contracts such as General Principles of Civil Law article 58 §3 and Contract Law article 52 §1-§2 were dropped. Chinese law has gone one step further in promoting freedom of contract. The validity rules now have been streamlined and the previous contradictory and inconsistent treatment between civil juristic acts and contracts, state and private parties eliminated. However, the new legislative technique will unavoidably facilitate asset stripping, the very reason that the paternalistic rules were in place. Through a historical, doctrinal and logical lens, we will show why there can be no effective model of a neutral set of validity rules that could deal with state-owned enterprises in a less than free and competitive market. The only way to make it work is to have SOEs exit most of the competitive industries and focus on areas that serve the policy goals. Also, paternalistic rules concerning the validity of a contract in trading state-assets should be enacted either in the Civil Code or through special legislations and applicable to government, state-owned enterprises and private parties alike.

KRYSTAL: Knowledge graph-based framework for tactical attack discovery in audit data

Attack graph-based methods are a promising approach towards discovering attacks and various techniques have been proposed recently. A key limitation, however, is that approaches developed so far are monolithic in their architecture and heterogeneous in their internal models. The inflexible custom data models of existing prototypes and the implementation of rules in code rather than declarative languages on the one hand make it difficult to combine, extend, and reuse techniques, and on the other hand hinder reuse of security knowledge – including detection rules and threat intelligence. KRYSTAL tackles these challenges by providing a knowledge graph-based, modular framework for threat detection, attack graph and scenario reconstruction, and analysis based on RDF as a standard model for knowledge representation. This approach provides query options that facilitate contextualization over internal and external background knowledge, as well as the integration of multiple detection techniques, including tag propagation, attack signatures, and graph queries. We implemented our framework in an openly available prototype and demonstrate its applicability on multiple scenarios of the DARPA Transparent Computing dataset. Our evaluation shows that the combination of different threat detection techniques within our framework improved detection capabilities. Furthermore, we find that RDF provenance graphs are scalable and can efficiently support a variety of threat detection techniques.

Asymmetric Position of Consumer and Burden of Proof in Hungarian Civil Procedure

Summary Author of this contribution analyses the rules of the Hungarian Code of Civil Procedure and relevant case law in aim to find out if there is a special rule on taking evidence in consumer disputes. He concludes that there is no such special rule but some general rules of Code of Civil Procedure and provisions of Civil Code containing special rules on the burden of proof in some consumer cases help consumers to assert their rights in court proceedings..

Public appeals and objections as forms of information collaboration activities under the Criminal Сode of Ukraine

The article outlines the forms of collaboration activities in a broad sense (military, economic, cultural (spiritual), domestic or administrative and other varieties), considers their criminal law aspect in the narrow sense in accordance with Art. Art. 110-2, 111, 111-1, 111-2, 436-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. An explanation provided about of the emergence of special and extra special rules in the Criminal Code of Ukraine, recommendations on compliance with the principles of legal certainty and the rule of law. The informational nature of public objections and public appeals as part of a criminal offense under Part 1 of Art. 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is investigated. It is determined that their subject is information about certain factual circumstances. Proposals for improving the norms of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine are provided.

Perioperative Myomectomy Outcomes Based on the Current Coding Rules: Comparing Leiomyoma Burden and Surgical Approach.

To assess postoperative outcomes based on surgical approach for myomectomies with increasing leiomyoma burden. We conducted a retrospective analysis using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2014 to 2019 of benign myomectomy procedures. These cases were categorized into "smaller" and "larger" procedures based on leiomyoma burden. Smaller myomectomies included leiomyomas weighing less than 250 g or with one-four leiomyomas (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] codes 58545 and 58140); larger myomectomies included leiomyomas weighing 250 g or more or with five or more leiomyomas (CPT codes 58546 and 58146). Postoperative complications estimated using the Clavien-Dindo classification system were compared based on surgical approach. Of 8,363 total myomectomy procedures, 3,117 (37.3%) were performed using minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and 5,246 (62.7%) were performed using laparotomy. Among MIS cases, 2,080 (66.7%) were categorized as smaller myomectomies and 1,037 (33.3%) cases as larger myomectomies. Among laparotomy cases, 2,587 (49.3%) were smaller myomectomies, and 2,659 (50.7%) were larger myomectomies. Regardless of myomectomy size, MIS was associated with a lower perioperative blood transfusion rate than laparotomy (1.63% vs 8.93%, respectively, P<.01). Laparotomy was associated with an increased rate of minor complications (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.86 (95% CI 2.24-3.67) for smaller leiomyoma burden (11.91% vs 4.28%) and for larger leiomyoma burden (21.59% vs 6.75%, aOR 3.43, 95% CI 2.64-4.47) cases. Laparotomy demonstrated an increased cumulative major complication rate (3.31% vs 1.25%) (aOR 2.45, 95% CI 1.35-4.45) for larger myomectomies. A minimally invasive surgical approach for both smaller and larger myomectomies was associated with fewer minor complications compared with laparotomy. Minimally invasive surgery for larger myomectomies was associated with fewer cumulative major complications compared with laparotomy.

Strategies for checking misinformation: An approach from the Global South

The manipulation of information to suit one’s vested interests is a growing hazard. It has elements of disinformation, misinformation and fake news, and lacks authenticity. Such manipulation and distortion of facts can have serious consequences for a community, especially in a diverse nation like India. It calls for strict measures and awareness to check this spread. Technology further catalyses such dissemination. Institutions, libraries, governments and the media are all deliberating effective means to distinguish fake news from authentic news. This article details some such initiatives. It discusses the Government of India’s Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, to curb such deceitful dissemination, elements of which can be replicable in other geographies. It spotlights the issue and underscores the need for media and information literacy for all to be more discerning during the reception, consumption and assimilation of information before responding to it. Further, the fact-checking initiatives and Information Technology Rules as taken and framed in India may be replicated in other countries.

Features of Proceedings in Cases of Administrative Offenses in the context of Implementation of the Principle of Equality in Bringing to Administrative Responsibility

The paper explains the essence of the principle of equality and defines its concept. On the basis of the provisions of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation, the content of the principle is examined and expressed in the requirements of substantive and procedural nature. The author highlights three groups of regulatory exceptions, indicating that the implementation of the principle of equality in proceedings on administrative offenses is not absolute. Firstly, the rules that apply to a number of entities that have full immunity from administrative coercion and administrative responsibility. The second group consists of rules providing for special procedures that complement the ordinary rules of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses. The third group includes exceptions from the general rules of application of the substantive rules of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation regulating the application of administrative penalties and administrative responsibility. Inconsistencies between the legislation on administrative offenses and provisions of federal laws, subordinate regulatory legal acts that establish special conditions of production in relation to certain categories of subjects allowed the author to make recommendations for improving the current legislation.

Not Your Granddaddy's Billing and Coding Rules: Changes in 2022 and Beyond (P03)

Not Your Granddaddy's Billing and Coding Rules: Changes in 2022 and Beyond (P03)

Research on the Millionaires’ Problem under the Malicious Model Based on the Elliptic Curve Cryptography

With the rapid development of blockchain, big data, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence, the security of multisource data collaborative computing has become increasingly prominent. Secure multiparty computing has become the core technology of privacy collaborative computing. Millionaires’ problem is the cornerstone of secure multiparty computation. Firstly, this paper proposes a 0-1 coding rule, which is used to solve the millionaires’ problem under the semihonest model. Aiming at the possible malicious behaviors of the protocol under the semihonest model, the millionaires’ problem protocol under the malicious model based on the elliptic curve cryptography is designed by using cryptographic tools such as the zero-knowledge proof and the cut-choose method. This protocol not only can effectively solve the millionaires’ problem but also can safely and effectively prevent malicious behaviors. Meanwhile, the security ordering designed by the protocol can be effectively applied to a quality evaluation in the blockchain.

The principle of VAT neutrality: content and relationship with tax legislation

The subject. The principle of VAT neutrality is actual for Russia as VAT is one of the taxes levied in Russia. The principle of VAT neutrality has been upheld by the Russian Supreme Court. Therefore, the subject of the research is the definition of this principle as well as the problems of its relationship with the Russian tax law.Purpose of the study. The article considers the principle of value added tax neutrality as an independent principle of tax law, analyzes its content and regulatory role as independent means of legal regulation. Dealing with foreign doctrine regarding to the referred principle, the article shows the problems of its implementation in Russia and includes suggestions re its harmonization with the Russian tax legislation.Methodology. The author uses the formally legal interpretation of the legal provisions, comparative analysis of Russian and European literature as regards the nature and neutrality principle of VAT as well as the systemic analysis.The main results. The author has formulated the definition of the principle of VAT neutrality and determined the elements of the referred principle. Each element of the principle has been described. The author divided the content of the referred principle on property, legal, economic and competitive elements. However, all these elements should be considered systemically as VAT is supposed to be neutral for businesses in terms of each sphere of their business activity. The author concluded that VAT is the tax on consumption and the burden of this tax should be transferred on final consumers. Taxable persons are only public agents to collect VAT after taxable transactions with final consumers. Therefore, there should be no obstacles as regards the right to deduct input VAT as well as any rules distinguishing the tax burden for similar taxable transactions. Also, due to the deduction mechanism the burden of VAT in the same price of goods (services, work) should be equal and does not depend on the quantity of transactions to be previous to the sale to any final consumer. As regards the Russian tax legislation, the author identified the rules infringing the principle of VAT neutrality. Thus, the author has concluded that the Russian tax rules establishing strict documentary requirements to the right to deduct input VAT and limiting this right for foreign businesses contradict the principle of VAT neutrality. Also, the rules of the Russian Tax Code which stipulate the exemptions for the transactions between taxable persons and the different tax rates for the similar transactions as well as exclude the persons of the special tax schemes from VAT regime are not in line with referred principle.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the author has formulated the suggestions regarding to the amendments to the tax legislation in order to correct the revealed mismatches between the provisions of the chapter 21 of the Russian Tax Code and the principle of VAT neutrality. It is proposed to reduce the requirements to the right to deduct as well as exclude the current limitation of this right for foreign businesses, the different tax rates for the similar transactions and the exemptions for the transactions between taxable persons. In addition, the author has suggested to entitle the persons of the special tax schemes to refuse their excluding from VAT regime.