Access Rules Research Articles

A Framework for Intelligent Access and Compliance Assurance for High Capacity Transport

High Capacity vehicles (HCV) have dimensions outside general access rules. The High Capacity Transport (HCT) concept consists of roads, vehicles, operations, and regulations. The Intelligent Access (IA) framework gives access to roads only if compliance assurance schemes are used to ensure “the right vehicle is on the right road at the right time with the right axel loads and driven at the right speed”. This enables the use of all road sections and bridges to their full capacity, without damaging the infrastructure or increase accidents, improve productivity, and having less carbon emission.Despite proven benefit of HCT is the uptake, because of remaining barriers, very slow outside Australia. IA can eliminate most of these barriers. However, the paper explains the drivers and barriers for HCT and IA and strategies to overcome these barriers. All this is then summarized in a framework.

Data Access Rules, Copyright and Protection of Technological Protection Measures in the EU. A Wave of Propertisation of Information

Data Access Rules, Copyright and Protection of Technological Protection Measures in the EU. A Wave of Propertisation of Information

The Utilization and Limitation of Genetic Information in Insurance: Improvement Plan of China’s“Genetic Non-discrimination Act”

According to current Chinese law, insurance companies cannot use genetic information for medical, disease, disability, care and medical accident insurance. Nevertheless, this approach has not effectively solved the problem of “genetic discrimination” in China. Genetic information plays a vital role in insurance. The theory that genetic information can be used in insurance is based on risk classification and price equilibrium principle. Adverse selection can be avoided by dividing genetic information into different risk classes. This is an inevitable requirement of the insurer's right to know. For the consideration of social and public interests, commercial insurance should undertake a reasonable social relief function, but it is necessary to clarify the limitations of the social relief function of commercial insurance, and commercial insurance and social insurance cannot be equated. In terms of the characteristics of genetic information itself, there is no substantial difference between it and general medical information. Insurance covers uncertain risks, and with the progress of technology, the accuracy of genetic testing has also been improved. Therefore, theoretically speaking, it is not necessary to completely prohibit insurers from using genetic information in the insurance field. Therefore, in the future, China's legislation on genetic discrimination should be changed from completely prohibiting the use of genetic information by insurers to conditionally restricting the use of genetic information by insurers. First of all, the way to obtain genetic information by the insurer should be clarified, and the insurer should be prohibited from forcing the insured to carry out predictive genetic testing. The insurance applicant only must inform the specific genetic testing results. Secondly, it is necessary to set conditions for the insurer to use genetic information. The insurer can only use genetic information in personal insurance that meets a certain amount of money, and the use of genetic information must meet legal procedures and obtain the consent of the insured. In addition, it is also necessary to strengthen the regulation of the gene testing industry, formulate strict market access rules, and establish a gene consultant system to make up for the inferior position of the insured in the profession. Finally, improve the rescue of the insured, let professionals participate in the settlement of disputes, and increase the severity of punishment for the illegal use of genetic information by insurance companies.

The challenges of sharing data at the intersection of EU data protection and electricity market legislation: lessons from the Netherlands

This article examines the interplay between the General Data Protection Regulation and the rules for access to consumer data introduced by the Recast Electricity Directive (2019/944). It brings insights from practice regarding the complexities of applying these two legal frameworks simultaneously by analysing a case from the Dutch electricity market. The case is constructed around a court decision that led Dutch distribution system operators to stop sharing consumers’ ‘personal data with suppliers for the purposes of preparing ‘personalised offers’. The article extracts lessons that can help EU member states when laying down or revising existing legal frameworks for access to consumer data on two main fronts: substantial alignment between data protection legislation and electricity market legislation, and the importance of strengthening cooperation between data protection authorities and energy regulators.

Market access and transparency: the Genoa and Milan stock exchanges from Italian Unification to World War I

This article focuses on the conflicts over market access rules on the two primary Italian stock exchanges, Milan and Genoa. These conflicts disrupted the quality of information produced by the two markets. Official brokers aimed to defend their monopoly on brokerage and capture rents by limiting market access. Banks wanted wider access so as to avoid paying these rents, create an opaque market and maximize the benefit from their informational advantage. At the turn of the twentieth century, the Milan Exchange implemented a transparent market organization while the Genoa Exchange remained opaque, creating a complementarity between them which fostered the development of the securities market overall. When in 1907 a violent crisis erupted in the dominant Genoa Exchange, legislation was adopted to harmonize the organization of the Italian exchanges.

The right of access to healthcare: an analysis of how legal and institutional frameworks constrain or facilitate access to healthcare for residents in border areas in the East African Community

BackgroundDespite many countries working hard to attain Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and the Health-related Sustainable Development Goals, access to healthcare services has remained a challenge for communities residing along national borders in the East Africa Community (EAC). Unlike the communities in the interior, those along national borders are more likely to face access barriers and exclusion due to low health investments and inter-state rules for non-citizens. This study explored the legal and institutional frameworks that facilitate or constrain access to healthcare services for communities residing along the national borders in EAC.MethodsThis study is part of a broader research implemented in East Africa (2018–2020), employing mixed methods. For this paper, we report data from a literature review, key informant interviews and sub-national dialogues with officials involved in planning and implementing health and migration services in EAC. The documents reviewed included regional and national treaties, conventions, policies and access rules, regulations and guidelines that affect border crossing and access to healthcare services. These were retrieved from official online and physical libraries and archives.ResultsOverall, the existing laws, policies and guidelines at all levels do not explicitly deal with cross border healthcare access especially for border residents, but address citizen rights and entitlements including health within national frameworks. There is no clarity on whether these rights can be enjoyed beyond one’s country of citizenship. The review found examples of investments in shared health infrastructure to benefit all EAC member countries – a signal of closer cooperation for specialized health care, this had not been accompanied by access rule for citizens outside the host country. The focus on specialized care is unlikely to contribute to the every-day health care needs of border resident communities in remote areas of EAC. Nevertheless, the establishment of the EAC entail opportunities for increased collaboration and integration beyond the trade and customs union to included health care and other social services. The study established active cooperation aimed at disease surveillance and epidemic control among sub-national officials responsible for health and migration services across borders. Health insurance cards, national identification cards and official travel documents were found to constrain access to health services across the borders in EAC.ConclusionIn the era of UHC, there is need to take advantage of the EAC integration to revise legal and policy frameworks to leverage existing investments and facilitate cross-border access to healthcare services for communities residing along EAC borders.

Drawing Interpretation Using Neural Networks and Accessibility Implementation in Mobile Application

This paper continues the research of the previous work, regarding PandaSays mobile application, having its main purpose to detect the affective state of the child from his drawings, using MobileNet neural network. Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, have difficulties in expressing their feelings and communicating with others. The purpose of PandaSays mobile application, is to help parents and tutors that have children diagnosed with autism, to communicate better with them and to understand their feelings. The main goal was to improve the model’s accuracy, trained with MobileNet neural network, which reached the value of 84.583%. For training the model, it was used Python programming language. The study focuses further on accessibility and its importance to children diagnosed with autism. Relevant screenshots of the mobile application are presented, in order to indicate that the application follows the accessibility guidelines and rules. Finally, there is presented the interaction with Marty robot and the efficiency of mobile application’s drawing prediction.

The Role of Cognitive Science and Big Data Technology in the Design of Business Information Management Systems

With the surge in the amount of data in the internal and external environment, the collection, analysis, processing, and storage of the increasing data sources and data volume, as well as the problems of big data management, are the current situation and dilemmas of data management faced by enterprises today. Cognitive science and big data technology can provide good auxiliary support for enterprise management decision-making. This study takes the business information management of cold chain logistics enterprises as an example, aiming at the characteristics of business intelligence data in real applications, based on cognitive science and big data technology, from low-cost and high-performance storage, security management, and big data analysis. This paper is mainly through the research of big data processing theory and key technologies. Based on analyzing the logistics industry’s data access rules and characteristics, this study proposes a hot data prediction model for multilayer hybrid storage systems. It is verified that the prediction model has good accuracy, robustness, and universality. For the application scenario of multitenant distributed data access, a data transparent security management model is proposed. Simulation experiments show that this method can realize data security management when the performance loss is controlled within an acceptable range. Based on the real-time computing technology of massive data, the label optimization scheme of collaborative filtering and reinforcement learning is used to realize the logistics distribution recommendation model and to solve the accuracy and real-time problems of logistics service distribution analysis.

NLRB Poised to Change Email Access Rules

One of the more controversial decisions from the Obama Board was the decision in Purple Communications, 361 NLRB 1050 (2014), where the NLRB broadened the right of employees to use their employer's email systems for union‐related purposes, including union organizing. Employers breathed a collective sigh of relief when the Trump Board reversed course in Caesar's Entertainment, 368 NLRB No. 143 (2019), where the Board returned to the standard enunciated in Register Guards, 351 NLRB 1110 (2017), that set forth that employees do not have a right to use their employer's computer equipment for union purposes.

A Dynamic and Automated Access Control Management System for Social Networks

In recent years, online social networks (OSNs) have become an essential part of our social life. In OSNs, users can post resources to predefined groups of users, for example, family, friends, close friends. However, due to these predefined groups of users, few irrelevant users may get access to these published resources. Moreover, the users cannot configure privacy settings due to the lack of technical knowledge and the rigidity of the access control management system. To tackle these issues, we propose a text-based dynamic and fine-grain access control system for OSNs. Our proposed model uses a dynamic clustering algorithm to create user clusters based on the mutual interests of the users. After clustering, the proposed system creates automatic access rules based on the relationship between the users’ clusters and their resources. The proposed system will ensure fine-grained access control and automatic assignment of policies to the text-based resources. We have implemented our system to gauge the applicability, and the results are discussed in the experiments section.

In the Service of People: Ethics of access and the European Union historical archives

In 1996, the International Council on Archives adopted a Code of Ethics for Archivists. Article 6 of the Code calls for the widest possible access to archives and impartial services to all users as guiding prerogatives for archives. Coupled with the ICA’s Principles of Access to Archives, the role of archivists in providing access to archives has been well defined internationally. This paper analyses the international ethical frame for access outlined by the International Council on Archives and confronts its prerogatives with the access rules and practice at the Historical Archives of the European Union (HAEU). The HAEU operates in a transnational context with multilingual holdings and a broad geographic user scope, coupled with the need for digital access to finding aids and archival material.

The Cross-Border Health Services Market in EU

Access to cross-border healthcare in the European Union (EU) is promoted by Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011. The aim is to promote patient mobility and the possibility of access to new treatment opportunities and an EU-wide health service. The focus of this paper is the analysis of the Directive, its scope and its consequences in Portugal. The concept of cross-border healthcare provision means the possibility for an EU citizen to have access to healthcare in another Member State, bordering the state of his nationality. The directive imposes rules for patients' access to cross-border healthcare. The idea is to ensure freedom of choice and access to high-quality cross-border healthcare in the EU, and to do so by ensuring patient mobility. As stated by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the main objective is to promote cooperation on healthcare between member states, while respecting all national competences on the organization and delivery of healthcare. In this paper we analyze the assumptions of access to cross-border healthcare, from transparent information to the removal of administrative obstacles and treatment costs in host countries. We also analyze the terms of the transposition of the Directive into Portuguese law, and in particular the introduction of the mechanism of subordination to prior authorization.

개방형BIM기반 BF인증 평가 룰 연동 모듈 개발

With the development of BIM technology, one of the smart construction technologies, the government and public institutions are applying the goal of increasing productivity and maximizing work efficiency in the form of supporting existing work in construction related fields. In particular, the need for BIM appeared for an inefficient human resource-oriented administrative processing system that works based on 2D drawings, and research on it is ongoing. In this study, in order to build an openBIM-based BF certification evaluation system, a module that performs essential functions for system implementation was created by utilizing the evaluation items of Barrier Free certification among the currently implemented design certification system. Through a module that can utilize objects used in evaluation items and related data, the results were derived through data access methods and rules. Through this, it is expected that the module will be used in the development of similar design certification system to broaden the scope of application of the openBIM-based evaluation system and increase the possibility of using the module according to the diversity of evaluation items.

An Evaluation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement: Market Access and Trading Rules

AbstractThe Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement was signed on November 15, 2020. This marks the formal conclusion of the world's largest free trade agreement in terms of population and economic scale. The RCEP agreement covers new liberalization commitments in goods, services, investment, and movement of natural persons, and addresses some emerging behind‐the‐border trade issues, to forge more transparent, open, and inclusive trade rules. Its aim is to build a comprehensive, modern, inclusive, and high‐quality free trade agreement. This paper summarizes the framework and highlights of the RCEP agreement, measures the extent of tariff reduction from various perspectives, makes a quantitative assessment of the level of service trade liberalization of the member states adopting positive list commitments, and makes an in‐depth analysis of trade rules and provisions in the RCEP agreement. Furthermore, this paper also makes a comprehensive comparison of main provisions among the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans‐Pacific Partnership, RCEP, and US‐Mexico‐Canada Agreement. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for China to promote the implementation of the RCEP agreement.

21st Century Cures Act: ethical recommendations for new patient-facing products.

Recent legislation ensuring patient access to their electronic health records represents a promising national commitment to patient empowerment. Access and interoperability rules seek to empower individuals as well as increase opportunities for data sharing by hospitals, apps, and other parties for research and innovation. However, there are trade-offs between data accessibility and oversight. Some third-party apps may not be covered by federal regulations, and receiving records directly from individuals may render some services in possession of health data. To promote consumer trust, these services should follow ethical standards regardless of regulatory status. This Perspective proposes 3 actionable principles, grounded in medical ethics, for services making use of health data: services should (1) provide informed, dynamic, regular consent, including control over data sharing, (2) promote inclusivity and equity, and (3) intentionally focus on consumer trust and the perception of value in the service provided.

Presentation. Who Benefits from childcare expansion? Equal opportunities, social investment and social innovation in early years education and care

The aim of this special issue is to investigate inequality in access to Early Childhood Education and Care services (ECEC) by looking at the extent to which access rules, cost of service and type of provision constitute a barrier for certain socio-economic groups. The monograph engages with discussions on the role of policies addressing the needs of children and the future of welfare states from a Social Investment paradigm. All 8 contributions to this Special Issue were initially presented at the panel on Childcare and Equal Opportunities that we organised in the 8th Congress of the Spanish Social Policy Network (ESPAnet-Spain). The articles present empirical evidence from two research projects: Investing in children: Politics, Policies and Outcomes, financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science (CSO2017-88906-R) coordinated by Margarita León; and Models of early years education and care and labour market participation: a study of social innovation in the city of Barcelona financed by RecerCaixa and coordinated by Raquel Gallego and Sheila González.

P-585 The (decision) tree of fertility: an innovative decision-making algorithm in assisted reproduction technique

Abstract Study question To develop a decisional algorithm able to predict pregnancy and live birth rates after controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), helping to decide whether to perform oocytes pick-up. Summary answer A systematic approach allows to identify ovarian follicles, female age and sperm motility as predictors of ART outcome, reducing the socio-economic burden of ART failure What is known already The physician needs to estimate a priori the female response after the COS phase, leaving an extreme variability in the proposed therapeutic regimens. Indeed, the most cost-effective ART management in terms of pregnancy and live birth rates is still far to be achieve and the clinical application of predictive models is still scanty, considering their limited predictive ability. A predictive model able to estimate the chances of success in the time point after ovarian stimulation and before the pick-up could guide the decision to prosecute or not the ongoing ART path Study design, size, duration A single centre, retrospective analysis of data was carried out, considering all couples attending the Fertility Centre of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Reggio Emilia (Italy). All consecutive ART cycles performed from 1998 to December 2020 were retrospectively extracted and couples fulfilling inclusion criteria were included in the final dataset with final included 12,275 ART cycles. The strong ART outcomes were considered, i.e. biochemical and clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. Participants/materials, setting, methods Couple with both partners older than 18 years and attending fresh ART cycles are available are included in the study. The ART procedure was evaluated collecting several variables, considering male parameters, COS approach and variables of COS response. The fertilization rate was calculated as the ratio between the number of fertilized oocytes and the number of either injected (ICSI method) or inseminated (IVF cycles) oocytes. Main results and the role of chance The final database included 12,275 ART cycles, consisting of 7,826 ICSI (63.8%) and 4,449 IVF (36.2%) procedures. The 87.5% of the entire cohort (10,375 couples) were treated for primary couple infertility. Linear regression analyses highlighted a relationship between number of ovarian follicles >17 mm detected at ultrasound before pick-up (OF17), embryos number and fertilization rate, and biochemical and clinical pregnancy rates (p < 0.001), but not live birth rate. Decisional Tree (DT) were created for biochemical pregnancy (statistical power–SP:80.8%), clinical pregnancy (SP:85.4%) and live birth (SP:87.2%). Thresholds for OF17 entered in all DT, while sperm motility entered the biochemical pregnancy’s model, and female age entered the clinical pregnancy and live birth DT. In case of OF17<3, the chance of conceiving was <6% for all DT. Logistic regression analyses confirmed the relationship between strong ART outcomes and those variables detected before pick-up. Interestingly, these connections appeared only when pregnancy rates were considered, suggesting that the classical statistical approach is not able to overcome the higher number of biases influencing live birth rates. In the biochemical pregnancy decision tree, alongside to OF17, sperm motility entered the model introducing the threshold of 34%. Limitations, reasons for caution In the study were included only those cycles in which all ART variables were available. During the long interval of data collection, ART technologies evolved, as well as the regulatory rules for ART access. This data heterogeneity over the years could mitigate the reliability of results. Wider implications of the findings The identification of three decision trees helping the clinician to decide whether or not to perform oocytes pick-up, continuing the ongoing ART path. In mathematical models, three predictors of ART success at a very early stage emerged, such as ovarian follicles higher than 17 mm, sperm motility and female age. Trial registration number not applicable

Resisting IP Overexpansion: The Case of Trade Secret Protection of Non-Personal Data

This article analyses how intellectual property rights (IPRs) affect access to non-personal data (NPD). In so doing, it homes in on a quasi-IPR, trade secrecy, and shows how applying it to NPD can lead to the overexpansion of IP protection. The risks of overprotection relate to the perpetuity of trade secret protection and the predominant interventions to correct market failure that scholars advance in order to restrict IPRs and quasi-IPRs. The paper then goes one step further to survey regulatory and interpretive solutions that could help to mitigate the risks of overprotection and make room for creating data access rules. Specifically, it explores two principles deriving from “physical” property theory that can be rejigged for the purpose: the numerus clausus of IPRs and the social function of intellectual property. Conceptualised in a novel fashion, these could steer legislatures and courts towards a restrictive understanding of IP forms and contain the propertisation of new intangibles, such as NPD aggregations.

Hash Access in Blockchain Radio Access Networks: Characterization and Optimization

Blockchain radio access network (B-RAN) is a decentralized, trustworthy wireless networking paradigm spurred by distributed ledger technologies (DLTs). In B-RAN, even though blockchain builds trust in upper layers, the absence of trust between client devices still causes the problem with open access, or the so-called Rogue’s Dilemma, and degrades the network performance. Therefore, Hash Access was proposed for B-RAN to address the trust issue between clients and enforce client devices to obey the grant-free access rule. However, the characteristics and performance of Hash Access in B-RAN remain unclear. In this work, we dive deep into the Rogue’s Dilemma from a game-theoretic model to emphasize the necessity of Hash Access. We establish an analytical model to comprehensively evaluate the performance of B-RAN using Hash Access regarding transmission success probability, access delay, and network throughput. Based on the analytical model, we further optimize the Hash Access protocol for network throughput and provide useful practical guidelines. Simulation results are presented to validate our proposed model and insights.

Design Guidelines and a Prototype Implementation for Cyber-Resiliency in IT/OT Scenarios Based on Blockchain and Edge Computing

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its spread in industrial environments has changed production lines by dramatically fostering the dynamicity of data sharing and the connectivity of machines. However, such increased flexibility (also pushed by the adoption of edge devices) must not negatively affect the security and safety of industrial environments. The proposed solution adopts the blockchain to securely store in distributed ledgers topology information and access rules, maximizing the cyber resiliency of industrial networks. Topology information and access rules are stored and queried in a completely distributed manner, ensuring data availability even in case a centralized controller is temporarily down or the network partitioned. Moreover, blockchain consensus algorithms foster a participative validation of topology information, to ensure the identity of interacting machines/nodes, to securely distribute topology information and commands in a privacy-preserving manner, and to trace any past modification in a nonrepudiable manner. Finally, the adoption of configurable edge gateways allows to take prompt countermeasures in case potential threats are identified, by activating access rules stored in ledgers in a secure and distributed manner. In addition to solution design guidelines and architectural considerations, the article also presents performance results achieved with our CyberChain working prototype, with the goal of not only demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed solution but also its suitability in industrial environments.