Rules Of Game Research Articles

Kick proficiency and skill adaptability increase from an Australian football small-sided game intervention.

This investigation is the first to explore the effect of a 4 week small-sided game (SSG) and traditional training intervention on player kick proficiency and player adaptability in Australian football. Twenty-two amateur Australian football players (mean ± SD; age 22.3 ± 2.46; height 182.4 ± 5.25; weight 82.1 ± 6.10; years playing senior amateur football 3.86 ± 3.09) were randomly selected into either a traditional training group (n = 11) or a SSG group (n = 11). Traditional training involved activities where skills were generally executed in isolation and with minimal contact (e.g., kicking lane drill or possession football). The SSG training group participated in 5v6 competitive games on varied shaped areas (approximately 272 m2 per player) and changing constraints (e.g., game tempo, game rules). All players participated in the team training sessions; however, the SSG group participated in a 4 × 3min training protocol, with 60 seconds recovery, in the last 20-min of the session. The SSG group participated in these alternative sessions twice a week for 4 weeks. Results indicated only the SSG enhanced their kick proficiency (17%) and were found to be more adaptable. The intervention group executed more kicks over longer distances (i.e., 20-40 m), made quicker decisions (e.g., executing more kicks in < 1s), applied more pressure to the opposition when they were executing a skill and were more likely to "take the game on" by decreasing the amount of times a skill was executed from a stationary position. The results of this study can be used by coaches when designing and implementing training programs as different training strategies will elicit different player behavioral adaptations.

Beyond Just Rules: Server Rules for Shaping Positive Experiences in an Online Play Community for Youth

Rules, a quintessential property of any and every game, are one of the factors that influence player experiences. Online multiplayer games have two dimensions of rules that can be leveraged to improve player experiences - game rules that developers work with at the game design level and server rules that the player community creates and maintains. A few studies suggest that server rules can be leveraged to shape player experiences at the individual and community levels, but little work has investigated the role of server rules in play communities tailored for youth. The rise in online multiplayer gaming among youth motivates a need to understand how server rules shape the culture and climate of online communities. Using a mixed methods research approach, we analyzed server rules (1920) across 60 "in-the-wild" moderated Minecraft servers. We report on findings from a subset of 19 Minecraft servers explicitly tailored for young adolescents (475 rules). We offer a nuanced understanding of server rules in relation to youth developmental needs, particularly during early adolescence (ages 7-14 years) and discuss how server rules can be harnessed to shape positive player experiences in online gaming communities for all youth.

A Novel Horse Racing Algorithm Based MPPT Control for Standalone PV Power Systems

This paper proposes a novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method inspired by the horse racing game for standalone photovoltaic (PV) power systems, such that the highest PV power conversion efficiency is obtained. From the horse racing game rules, we develop the horse racing algorithm (HRA) with the qualifying stage and final ranking stage. The MPP can be searched even if there exist multiple local MPPs for the PV power system. Moreover, from the proposed horse racing algorithm, the calculation is reduced, so that the transient searching points are less than traditional methods, i.e., the transient oscillation is less during the MPPT control. Therefore, the HRA based MPPT method avoids local maximum power traps and achieves the MPP quickly even if considering partial shading influence and varying environment for PV panels. Evidence of the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed HRA method is exhibited by simulation results. These results are also compared with typical particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) methods and shown better convergence time as well as transient oscillation. Within the range from 0.34 to 0.58 s, the proposed method has effectively tracked the global maximum power point, which is from 0.42 to 0.48 s faster than the conventional PSO technique and from 0.36 to 0.74 s faster than the GWO method. Finally, the obtained findings proved the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed HRA technique through experimental results. The fast response in terms of good transient oscillation and global power tracking time of the proposed method are from 0.40 to 1.0 s, while the PSO and GWO methods are from 1.56 to 1.6 s and from 1.9 to 2.2 s, respectively.

Research and Design of Hexagonal Gaming System

In recent years, Hexagonal chess has gradually appeared in various machine gaming competitions, and is popular among the public because of its simple and fair game rules. In this system, a computer game program is studied and designed with Hexagonal Chess as the object of study. In order to further improve the search speed of the algorithm, the UCT algorithm is used in this paper. This algorithm not only improves the search time of Monte Carlo tree algorithm, but also improves the performance of the algorithm in space.

On The Modification of Chaos Game Rules on A Square

Fractal is a collection of geometric patterns found in nature and can also be a mathematical model visualization in which the pattern is repeated on a different scale. The formation of a fractal object can be done with a rule called chaos games. Chaos games explain a dot that moves erratically. On this research there will be random and non-random modification of the chaos game rules on a square. The purpose of this research is to make modifications and get visual results from modifications of the rules random and non-random chaos game. Depictions of random and non-random chaos game are carried out using MATLAB programs. Visualization of the random chaos game rule modification is a new fractal object that has self-similarity. Whereas modifications of the non-random rules by giving a particular sequence in selection a square point result in convergent points at specific coordinates. This is demonstrated by showing the value of the limit from the distance between points that produced by non-random chaos game is zero.

High-Accuracy Driving Control of a Stone-Throwing Mobile Robot for Curling

In this study, a novel mobile robot that can throw precisely a stone in a curling match is introduced. This mobile robot plays alongside a human team. Several requirements for developing the mobile robot are defined so that it follows the game rules and operates on an ice field. A static force analysis considering the operating conditions of the mobile robot is conducted to derive the required motor torque and the optimal mechanical design. For a successful stone-throwing, the mobile robot must present a high driving performance on an ice surface with a target velocity and an angle provided by an autonomous strategy generator. To achieve the target velocity on an icy surface, a velocity control algorithm based on slip ratio control (SRC) is proposed. Moreover, to precisely achieve heading angle control, a heading angle controller including a steering angle disturbance observer (SA-DOB) is introduced. The mathematical model of the SA-DOB is derived by a dynamic analysis of the mobile robot. Several experimental results verify the proposed motion control algorithm and the feasibility of the mobile robot as a curling robot to compete with a human team. This study is motivated by the challenge of driving a mobile robot on an extremely slippery surface with high-accuracy motion for curling. To prevent slippage, a slip ratio controller is adopted based on the difference between the wheel and robot speeds. To maintain a desired heading angle of the mobile robot during driving, orientation control based on the yaw dynamics is developed. Moreover, the robot does not require any positioning information from external sources, such as sensors and cameras. In addition to playing an actual game, this curling robot can be utilized for training athletes. Furthermore, the developed algorithms for high-accuracy driving on ice in an indoor stadium can be applied to various mobile robots that drive on other slippery environments (such as sand and dust) and sealed spaces (such as underground warehouses) where external positioning signals cannot be received. The proposed robot is limited to straight driving, and the possibility of extending it to circular motion is still under development. Note to Practitioners—This study is motivated by the challenge of driving a mobile robot on an extremely slippery surface with high-accuracy motion for curling. To prevent slippage, a slip ratio controller is adopted based on the difference between the wheel and robot speeds. To maintain a desired heading angle of the mobile robot during driving, orientation control based on the yaw dynamics is developed. Moreover, the robot does not require any positioning information from external sources, such as sensors and cameras. In addition to playing an actual game, this curling robot can be utilized for training athletes. Furthermore, the developed algorithms for high-accuracy driving on ice in an indoor stadium can be applied to various mobile robots that drive on other slippery environments (such as sand and dust) and sealed spaces (such as underground warehouses) where external positioning signals cannot be received. The proposed robot is limited to straight driving, and the possibility of extending it to circular motion is still under development.

The Dudeney–Stockmeyer Conjecture

Consider a variant of the famous Tower of Hanoi problem where moves of the discs are allowed along the edges of a connected simple graph D whose vertices represent the vertical pegs of the puzzle. The task is to transfer a tower of n ∈ N discs from one peg to another according to the well-known rules of the classical game corresponding to D ≅ K 3 . Apart from its recreational appeal, the problem brings about fascinating integer sequences engendered by the respective minimum number of moves, i.e. the distance in the canonical metric of the state graph H D n . We construct an algorithm which solves the task for all cases but the exceptional instance of the Linear Tower of Hanoi (i.e. where D is a path graph) in which the transfer is between the two end vertices of D . Optimality of this algorithm is claimed in our central conjecture which is supported by large-scale computational explorations.

IDENTIFIKASI ETNOMATEMATIKA PERMAINAN TEKA WATU (BATU LIMA) DI DESA RIHUT KABUPATEN MANGGARAI TIMUR

This study aims to describe the mathematical elements contained in the traditional puzzle game of the Rihut Village community. This study uses an ethnographic research type with a qualitative approach. The subjects of this study consisted of 2 informants, namely Community Leaders and Mathematics Teachers. In collecting data, interview and documentation techniques were used. Data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results of the study show that there are mathematical concepts, especially seen in the tools of the stone puzzle game, the rules of the stone puzzle game, and the stone puzzle player. The mathematical concepts found in the stone puzzle game are the concepts of circles, permutations and mathematical logic. (1). The shape of the stone used to play stone puzzles is a round shape resembling a circle. (2). Puzzle players, judging from the sequence of the puzzle games, players start by drawing lots by doing hompimpa. This is where there is the concept of permutations in the puzzle game to calculate the pattern of the puzzle game sequence. (3). Rules of the puzzle game, the concept contained in the rules of the puzzle game is the concept of mathematical logic seen in the right and wrong of a game. Based on the results of the study, the researchers concluded that there are mathematical concepts in the puzzle game, namely circles, permutations, and other mathematical concepts contained in the puzzle tiles such as addition, and subtraction.

Application of Cublak-Cublak Suweng Traditional Game in Thematic Learning of Early Childhood Education

Along with the increasing sophistication of learning systems and learning facilities today, where learning can be done anytime and anywhere. This has a positive value for the presence of technology in the world of education. But besides that, there is a negative impact in that many children are not familiar with traditional games, which can be a means of learning for them and can even have a good effect on social-emotional and cognitive development. However, today's children will find it difficult to find models of traditional games independently if they are not started by the teacher or other people familiar with these classic games. This study uses a qualitative research method with an analytical descriptive approach. As for how to apply the cublak-cublak suweng game, teams or groups are played between 4-5 children. In the division of tasks, one child becomes a game table by bending over, and four become game actors. Children use small stones as tools circled between players by singing cublak-cublak suweng songs. In this game, there is a system of losing and winning. Those who fail are assigned to the game table, while those who win continue the game. The educational value of this game is that each child tries to coordinate with the other, understand and obey the game's rules, and think carefully in guessing questions. There is togetherness between the group or team. This game is straightforward and doesn't take long.

Possibilities of Application of Foreign Experience in State Regulation of E-Commerce Market in Kazakhstan

Currently, the e-commerce market in Kazakhstan is developing rapidly, establishing game rules within market relations and self-regulation. However, the immaturity of the state regulation system of the e-commerce market does not allow it to contribute to its development fully. The work is devoted to studying the foreign experience of state regulation of the e-commerce market in terms of its applicability in Kazakhstan. There were methods of systematization, analysis and synthesis, criterion analysis, and comparative evaluation in research. In the article, the authors justified the need for state regulation of e-commerce in Kazakhstan, which is due to the presence of positive and negative effects of the presence of electronic methods of commerce in the economy. To develop recommendations on state regulation of the e-commerce sphere, the experience of such countries as the United States, China, and Singapore, which have achieved significant success in the promotion of e-commerce, is studied. In particular, the specifics of government policy regarding regulatory impact, tax regulation, and support for e-commerce businesses are examined in detail. The significance of the study results lies in the priority development of the e-commerce market in Kazakhstan, which is called the driver of economic growth of the country, according to the provisions of the «Roadmap for e-commerce development in Kazakhstan until 2025» implemented under the state program «Digital Kazakhstan». In addition, the study results can be used to prepare training materials in the undergraduate and graduate educational programs in the «E-commerce» discipline.

Provocative Games to Encourage Critical Reflection

The SECRIOUS project takes a game-based approach to improving knowledge and attitudes in cybersecurity practices. Our methodology includes interdisciplinary Serious Game co-design with coders and aims to produce critical reflection on participants’ own coding practice. To encourage this we created a series of Small Provoking Games (SPGs) about the project’s three overarching topics (Code Security; API Security; Security Lifecycle) and five co-produced themes (Coder Practices; Code Motivation; Morality; Resources; Communication). Games and play are well-suited for creating both reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. Provoking a lasting change in attitudes towards secure coding practice requires dialogic or inquiry-based reflection leading to transformative reflection We define a ‘provoking game’ as one that uses the techniques of reflective game design to produce cognitive and affective challenge – a eudaimonic appreciation of the player experience. This emphasises a player’s sense of purpose and aims to create exo-transformation (change in attitudes and/or practice outside the game.) SPG design foregrounded Khaled’s principles of reflective game design and was led by serious game experts, a cybersecurity expert, and a playwright, and included input from the entire SECRIOUS team to define each game’s specific focus. Two SPGs were produced: Protection (which challenges the assumption of ‘absolute’ cybersecurity protection) and Collaboration (which highlights communication in cybersecurity developer teams.) A third game is in development. SPGs feature highly exploratory gameplay, expected failure, and focus on metaphor (of both game objects and player actions) to create doubt, contradicting existing mental models and encouraging the players to question the game rules and underlying concepts. The games were used within game-jams to provoke critical discussion, a creative mindset, and group reflection. This paper analyses the design process of these two SPGs and reflects on our contribution to reflective game design.

Evolution of cooperation in an n-player game with opting out

How cooperation could have evolved has been one of the central topics in evolutionary biology. When cooperators are likely to interact with other cooperators, and defectors are likely to interact with other defectors, positive assortment is created, facilitating the evolution of cooperation. Cooperation is observed not only in dyadic interactions but also, sometimes, in sizable groups. Previous studies have found that the opting out rule in which the group is disbanded if and only if the group is heterogeneous, especially facilitates the evolution of cooperation compared to the other opting out rules in multi-player games when the number of rounds is sufficiently large. However, the dynamics between the cooperators and defectors under such an opting out rule have been investigated only in the case where group size is relatively small (e.g., four). In addition, the effect of group size on the evolution of cooperation has not been explored, and considering that humans interact within larger groups, investigation in such large groups is essential. Here, through further algebraic analyses, it is newly revealed that there can be four internal equilibria when the group size is larger than four. In addition, while the effect of group size on cooperation is negative in the case of common goods, it is not straightforward (i.e., can be positive) in the case of public goods.

Playing 7 vs. 6 with an empty goal: Is it really an option for coaches? A comparative analysis between Portugal and the other teams during the Men's European Handball Championship 2020.

The dynamic of changes in the rules in team games materialize from research and debate between experts and coaches before being implemented by the International Federations. In Handball, the last changes occurred in 2016, and one of them was to substitute the goalkeeper with an additional field player allowing teams to play “empty goal” while using the additional field player.This study aimed to analyze and characterize the use of the 7 vs. 6 strategical-tactical option for the attack in the 2020 Men’s European Championship. We also analyzed whether the game time and partial score influenced the use of 7 vs. 6 and its efficiency. Observational methodology and a mixed ad hoc instrument combining field format and category systems validated by experts were used. Data were taken from 28 matches involving teams in the first 12 positions in the 2020 Men’s European Championship. The total number of offensive sequences in an organized attack method in 7 vs. 6 with an empty goal (n = 123) were analyzed. Sequential analysis techniques with lags, prospective and retrospective, and polar coordinate analysis were used. The results showed that (a) these solutions had poor efficiency, except for the Portuguese National Team; (b) teams using the 7 vs. 6 tactic option had no negative consequences or increased risk with the opponent response; (c) partial score influenced the decision to use 7 vs. 6 strategic option, and (d) game time was associated with 7 vs. 6 play options and detected patterns.

Chemistry education board game based on cognitive mechanism: multi-dimensional evaluation of learners’ knowledge acquisition, flow and playing experience of board game materials

ABSTRACT Background Educational board games have been receiving attention from educators in recent years. Designing the rules of board games based on cognitive theory, and further analysing educational board games from more dimensions are important issues that warrant further study. Purpose The research designed a board game called Chemistry Story to promote students’ learning of the concept of element combination in chemical substances. The design of the cognitive mechanism of the board game was based on three cognitive design principles, namely schema connection theory, attention, and cognitive scaffolding. Sample The participants were 48 eighth-grade students in Taiwan. Their average age was 13.8. Design and methods A one-group pretest-posttest design was adopted. The research explored students’ learning achievement, flow, and acceptance after using this board game for learning. Moreover, this research analysed the differences in students’ flow while playing with game components made of different materials (paper, wood, and plastic), and explored the relationship with learning achievement, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use. Results The results showed that students’ concept of element combination in chemical substances improved through playing this board game. In addition, students had considerable engagement and acceptance of the board game’s learning activities with the game components made of different materials. The results of the correlation analysis showed that students with low academic achievement were more likely to feel that Chemistry Story was helpful to their studies. It was also found that the wooden material components brought abetter sense of engagement and game acceptance. Conclusion When designing educational board game products, we should not only consider the target knowledge of the board game and the design of the game mechanism, but also consider the students' feelings about the materials used to make the components, and choose materials that can bring students a better learning experience, so as to enhance the positive influence on their learning.

High-order robust control and Stackelberg game-based optimization for uncertain fuzzy PMSM system with inequality constraints

There exist the uncertainties and the inequality constraints in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) system. In order to meet the safety control requirements in industrial applications, the state transformation is used to meet the inequality constraints for limiting the outputs within desired bounds. Then, fuzzy set theory, which is different from fuzzy logic, is used to describe uncertainty, and the fuzzy PMSM dynamical model is established. Based on that, a robust control with high-order term is proposed to compensate for the time-varying uncertainty. Furthermore, for improving the system performance and decreasing the control cost, the Stackelberg game is introduced into the optimization scheme design, in which the leader plays a more important role than follower. These characteristic corresponds to the influence of the two tunable control parameters on the system. Thus, the optimal parameters are obtained by the rules of Stackelberg game. Finally, experimental results show the effectiveness of the above theories.

Cricket Video Highlight Generation Methods: A Review

The key events extraction from a video for the bestrepresentation of its contents is known as video summarization.In this study, the game of cricket is specifically consideredfor extracting important events such as boundaries, sixes andwickets. The cricket video highlight generation frameworksrequire extensive key event identification. These key events canbe identified by extracting the audio, visual and textual featuresfrom any cricket video.The prediction accuracy of the cricketvideo summarization mainly depends on the game rules, player’sform, their skill, and different natural conditions. This paperprovides a complete survey of latest research in cricket videosummarization methods. It includes the quantitative evaluationof the outcomes of the existing frameworks. This extensive reviewhighly recommended developing deep learning-assisted videosummarization approaches for cricket video due to their morerepresentative feature extraction and classification capabilitythan the conventional edge, texture features, and classifiers. Thescope of this analysis also includes future visions and researchopportunities in cricket highlight generation.

Aktivitas dan Prestasi Belajar melalui Penerapan Metode Permainan di Kelas V SD N 09 Batang Anai Kabupaten Padang Pariaman

The objectives of this Classroom Action Research (CAR) are to improve students' mathematics learning activities, and 2) to improve the mathematics learning achievement of students. The research was carried out in two (2) cycles each consisting of two (2) meetings through the following stages of planning, observation, and reflection. The results obtained from CAR through the game method model showed an increase in the results of student activities, especially in activities to prepare places, materials, and tools by 54,71 %, activities to express ideas by 65,12 %, and for activities to read game rules and books experienced by 73,02 %. Based on the student's mathematics learning achievement data, the average grade in cycle 1 was 65,12, increasing to 71,91 in cycle 2. The percentage of students who achieved the standard of completeness also increased in cycle 2 by 87,18 % (good category), increasing to 100 % (special category) in cycle 2.

Allocation rules for multi-choice games with a permission tree structure

We consider multi-choice cooperative games with a permission tree structure. Multi-choice games are a generalization of cooperative transferable utility games in which each player has several activity levels. In addition, a permission tree structure models a situation in which a player needs permission from another player to cooperate. In this framework, the influence of a permission structure on the possibility of cooperation may have several interpretations depending on the context. In this paper, we investigate several of these interpretations and introduce for each of them a new allocation rule that we axiomatically characterize.

What are the changes in basketball shooting pattern and accuracy in National Basketball Association in the past decade?

The main research question addressed in this study is if and how the shooting pattern and field-goal accuracy have changed in the NBA league in the past decade. This study analyzes NBA game data from the 2011–2012 regular season to the 2020–2021 season. Field goal attempts are grouped into five categories by the shooting distance. The Mann-Kendall trend test was employed to examine if changes are statistically significant (p < 0.05) over the years. Sixteen equal segments in one basketball game, each with 3 min, were analyzed to examine the shooting pattern in different game segments. Results reveal an increasing trend in the percentage of 3-pointer shooting, which has nearly doubled from 22 to 39%. Meanwhile, the percentage of field goals within the range of 16–24 ft has decreased from 20 to 10%. Field-goal accuracy has shown an increasing trend for all shooting distances except for the 3-pointer shooting. The second and fourth 3-min within each quarter have the highest number of field goals. The first quarter has a higher shooting accuracy than the rest three quarters. In addition, results reveal that the last 3-min in each quarter has the lowest shooting accuracy. Reasons for the patterns of field goals in different segments are discussed from the perspective of game rule changes, the fatigue effects, and coaches’ game strategies. The reasons for changes in activity level and performance in different quarters are also discussed. This study offers new insights into the changes in basketball shooting patterns and accuracy in NBA games in the past decade. Practical meanings of this study for basketball players, coaches, and sports psychologists, as well as the strength and limitations of this study, are discussed.

The Synergy of Double Neural Networks for Bridge Bidding

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made many breakthroughs in the perfect information game. Nevertheless, Bridge, a multiplayer imperfect information game, is still quite challenging. Bridge consists of two parts: bidding and playing. Bidding accounts for about 75% of the game and playing for about 25%. Expert-level teams are generally indistinguishable at the playing level, so bidding is the more decisive factor in winning or losing. The two teams can communicate using different systems during the bidding phase. However, existing bridge bidding models focus on at most one bidding system, which does not conform to the real game rules. This paper proposes a deep reinforcement learning model that supports multiple bidding systems, which can compete with players using different bidding systems and exchange hand information normally. The model mainly comprises two deep neural networks: a bid selection network and a state evaluation network. The bid selection network can predict the probabilities of all bids, and the state evaluation network can directly evaluate the optional bids and make decisions based on the evaluation results. Experiments show that the bidding model is not limited by a single bidding system and has superior bidding performance.