Active Rules Research Articles

Joint action of binary mixtures based on parameter k·ECx from concentration-response curves in long-term toxicity assay

A previous acute toxicity study of binary mixtures showed that the combined toxicity can be predicted with the parameter k∙ECx. To systematically investigate the ability of k∙ECx to predict the chronic combined toxicity of binary mixtures, the toxicity of six contaminants and five binary mixtures was determined by long-term microplate toxicity analysis (L-MTA) using Aliivibrio fischeri as the test organism. The independent action model (IA) and the relative model deviation ratio (rMDR) were employed to determine the relationship between the Δ(k∙ECx)% and rMDRx. The results showed that these two factors conformed to the exponential function in long-term toxicity. Owing to the time-dependence of toxicity, the mixture type of chronic toxicity changes to the relative type of acute toxicity. If the acute toxicity of binary mixtures changes their mode of joint action throughout the concentration range, the chronic toxicity will also change their mode of joint action, and vice versa. This study clarified the change rules of the joint action of binary mixtures in acute and chronic toxicity which can promote research on chronic toxicity of binary mixtures.

Cloud Mining Actionable Pattern Discovery In Big Data : A Survey

Everyday several tons of data are generated by Social Media and Education sectors. Mining this data can provide a lot of meaningful insights on how to improve user experience in social media and how to improve student learning experience. Action Rule Mining is a method that can extract such actionable patterns from large datasets. Action Rules provide actionable suggestions on how to change the state of an object from an existing state to a desired state for the benefit of the user. There are two major frameworks in the literature of Action Rule mining namely Rule-Based method where the extraction of Action Rules is dependent on the pre-processing step of classification rule discovery and Object-Based method where it extracts the Action Rules directly from the database without the use of classification rules. Hybrid Action rule mining approach combines both these frameworks and generates complete set of Action Rules. The hybrid approach shows significant improvement in terms computational performance over the Rule-Based and ObjectBased approach. This paper gives a brief survey of previous works on action rule mining algorithms, and discusses Action Rule Mining on BigData and in a distributed environment. The applications of actionable action rules in BigData include business opinion mining, educational opinion mining, medical data decision support systems, text emotion detection, and social media data recommendations.

When the theatre of terror emerged

ABSTRACT What began as the 1972 Munich Olympic Games quickly became a global media event, a live broadcast of a deadly terrorist attack that changed the future of modern terrorism. Broadcast to an audience of over 900 million, the event was a game changer that changed the relationships within the triangle terrorism-media-public. The ‘new’ terrorism, following the Munich massacre, has adapted the new rules of the game, the rules of media-oriented actions. Media-oriented terrorism is the use of pre-planned attacks that are wittingly designed to get media attention and coverage and consequently to reach the general public and decision makers. This article presents two powerful concepts in communication and terrorism paradigm that emerged from this tragic event: the notion of The Theatre of Terror and the notion of Coercive Media Events. Finally, it examines post-Munich trends and especially how terrorists’ migration to social media and online platforms has preserved and refined their lessons from the Munich attack.

Toward More Realistic Social Distancing Policies via Advanced Feedback Control

A continuously time-varying transmission rate is suggested by many control-theoretic investigations on non-pharmaceutical interventions for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic. However, such a continuously varying rate is impossible to implement in any human society. Here, we significantly extend a preliminary work (M. Fliess, C. Join, A. d’Onofrio, Feedback control of social distancing for COVID-19 via elementary formulae, MATHMOD, Vienna, 2022), based on the combination of flatness-based and model-free controls with respect to the classic parsimonious SIR model. Indeed, to take into account severe uncertainties and perturbations, we propose a feedback control where the transmission rate, i.e., the control variable, is piecewise constant. More precisely, the transmission rate remains constant during an appreciable time interval, which is not too large. Strict extended lockdowns may therefore be avoided. The poor knowledge of fundamental quantities such as the rate of infection hinders a precise calibration of the transmission rate. Thus, the results of our approach ought therefore not to be regarded as rules of action to follow accurately but as a guideline for a wise behaviour.

SCARI: Separate and conquer algorithm for action rules and recommendations induction

This article describes an action rule induction Algorithmbased on a sequential covering. Two variants of the Algorithmare presented. The Algorithmallows the action rule induction from a source and a target decision class point of view. The application of rule quality measures enables the induction of action rules that meet various quality criteria. The article also presents a method for recommendation induction. A recommendation indicates the actions required to move an example representing a given source class to the appropriate target class. The recommendation method is based on a set of induced action rules. The experimental part of the article presents the results of the Algorithmoperation on sixteen data sets. As a result of the conducted research, the Ac-Rules package was made available.

From waste to resource management? Construction and demolition waste management through the lens of institutional work

The European Union has issued action plans to reduce the production of construction waste and increase the reuse and recycling of materials in the hope of triggering a rapid transition towards a Circular Economy (CE). The management of construction and demolition waste, however, struggles to apply these measures. Our purpose, therefore, is to analyse how different actors involved in the management of waste could contribute to transform existing practices so that they respond to the shifting demands of legislation and support CE. To understand how this transformation work is performed, we build on the concept of institutional work, which enables us to describe how actors, rather than accepting institutions as permanent and immovable, contribute to their development by creating, maintaining or disrupting the existing institution. Drawing on qualitative research methods, we collected empirical data through 31 semi-structured interviews, observations of meetings and site visits. Our results show that whereas the production of waste is somewhat reduced, and the sorting of fractions improved, the institutional work performed is not sufficient to translate sustainability into new economic values. Although the work performed legitimizes CE principles and enables new initiatives, it mostly fails to change normative associations and to define new rules of action that support CE.

Frequency control strategy for sending-end of hybrid cascaded UHVDC system with large-scale wind power access

For the frequency overrun problem caused by the high proportion of wind power in the sending grid of hybrid UHVDC transmission system, the coordinated frequency control strategy of wind power and hybrid UHVDC system in the sending system is proposed. Firstly, the additional frequency control strategy considering primary frequency control and inertia characteristics is introduced in the wind turbines and the line commuted converter (LCC) station respectively, and the virtual inertia control strategy is introduced in the modular multilevel converter (MMC) station. Secondly, the action rules and control strategy of wind power and hybrid UHVDC system coordination involved in the power grid are designed. At the same time, the mechanism of frequency control strategy is analyzed​ based on the frequency response model of wind power and UHVDC integrated system. Finally, the simulation results indicate that the proposed frequency control strategy can enhance the inertia and primary frequency capability of the AC system at the sending end, and effectively improve the frequency stability problem of the AC system under different operating conditions.

Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country Analysis of the World Values Survey.

Gender Norms and Gender Equality in Full-Time Employment and Health: A 97-Country Analysis of the World Values Survey.

Data Mining Approach in Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a general definition of kidney dysfunction that lasts more than 3 months. When chronic kidney disease is advanced, the kidneys are no longer able to cleanse the blood of toxins and harmful waste products and can no longer support the proper function of other organs. The disease can begin suddenly or develop latently over a long period of time without the presence of characteristic symptoms. The most common causes are other chronic diseases – diabetes and hypertension. Therefore, it is very important to diagnose the disease in early stages and opt for a suitable treatment - medication, diet and exercises to reduce its side effects. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and select those patient characteristics that may influence the prevalence of chronic kidney disease, as well as to extract classification rules and action rules that can be useful to medical professionals to efficiently and accurately diagnose patients with kidney chronic disease. The first step of the study was feature selection and evaluation of its effect on classification results. The study was repeated for four models – containing all available patient data, containing features identified by doctors as major factors in chronic kidney disease, and models containing features selected using Correlation Based Feature Selection and Chi-Square Test. Sequential Minimal Optimization and Multilayer Perceptron had the best performance for all four cases, with an average accuracy of 98.31% for SMO and 98.06% for Multilayer Perceptron, results that were confirmed by taking into consideration the F1-Score, for both algorithms was above 0.98. For all these models the classification rules are extracted. The final step was action rule extraction. The paper shows that appropriate data analysis allows for building models that can support doctors in diagnosing a disease and support their decisions on treatment. Action rules can be important guidelines for the doctors. They can reassure the doctor in his diagnosis or indicate new, previously unseen ways to cure the patient.

How do end-users program the Internet of Things?

ABSTRACT Nowadays, end users can exploit end-user development (EUD) platforms to personalise their Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems, typically through trigger–action rules. Unfortunately, within such platforms, users are forced to adopt a unique, vendor-centric abstraction: to define triggers and actions, they must specifically refer to every single device or online service needed to execute the intended behaviours. As a consequence, little social and practical benefits of EUD in this domain have emerged so far. In this paper, we build on the idea that other abstractions besides the vendor-centric one are possible, and that the growth of end-user personalisation in the IoT may depend on their identification. Specifically, we report on the results of a 1-week-long diary study during which 24 participants were free to collect trigger–action rules arising during their daily activities. First, we demonstrate that users would adopt different abstractions by personalising devices, information and people-related behaviours, where the individual is at the centre of the interaction. Then, we show that the adopted abstraction may depend on different factors, ranging from the user profile, e.g. their programming experience, to the context in which the personalisation is introduced. While users are inclined to personalise physical objects in the home, for example, they often go ‘beyond devices’ in the city, where they are more interested in the underlying information. Finally, we discuss the retrieved results by identifying new design opportunities to improve the relationship between users and the IoT.

Effects of phenols with different structure characteristics on properties of potato starch: Action rule and molecular mechanism

Four phenols (protocatechuic acid, ellagic acid, naringin and tannic acid), could affect the particle size and microstructures of potato starch, while the action sequence was as: tannic acid > naringin > ellagic acid > protocatechuic acid. Meanwhile, all phenols could decrease the thermal stability of potato starch, and changed its crystallinity. In addition, hydrogen bonds were determined as the main molecular force between phenols and potato starch. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation indicated that phenols could significantly affect the spatial configuration of starch molecules by changing the formation of hydrogen bonds, and phenols with more hydroxyl groups and higher molecular weight exhibited the stronger binding effects than simple phenols. All present results suggested that the hydroxyl groups amount and molecular weight of phenols could affect their effects on starch molecules, so as to significantly affected the properties of potato starch, which showed the potential application in chemical and food industries.

To sell or not to sell? Pricing strategies of newly-graduated artists

The paper investigates the pricing strategies of newly-graduated artists and identifies innovative strategies more suited to achieving sustainable practice. Our work is novel in investigating the drivers of discrepancies between artists’ willingness-to-accept (WTA) and potential customers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP). Using mixed-methods, we explore the viewpoints of the ‘public’, by survey, and of ‘newly-graduated artists’ and ‘intermediaries’, by interviews, and interrogate price lists and sales records. Newly-graduated artists find pricing challenging, leading to ‘underpricing’ or ‘over-pricing’. Few artists make sales, reflecting discrepancies between WTA and WTP. Our work has theoretical and practical implications. Pricing reflects the ‘endowment effect’ (Thaler, 1980) and Bourdieu’s ‘avant-garde’ circuit. Our results imply a need for educational institutions and other intermediaries to offer more advice to newly-graduated artists who might benefit from adopting forms of personalized or participative pricing such as ‘Pay What You Want’ and, given the emergence of digital markets, contemporary techniques such as ‘action rules’.

Operational Rule Extraction and Construction Based on Task Scenario Analysis

Changes in the information age have induced the necessity for a more efficient and effective self-decision-making requirement. A method of extracting and constructing naval operations decision-making rules based on scenario analysis is proposed. The template specifications of Event Condition Action (ECA) rules are defined, and a consistency detection method of ECA rules based on SWRL is proposed. The logical relationships and state transitions of the naval operational process is analyzed in detail, and the association of objects, events, and behaviors is realized. Finally, the operation of the proposed methods is illustrated through an example process, showing the method can effectively solve the problems of self-decision-making rule extraction and construction among naval battlefield decision environment, and avoid relying on artificial intelligence, which may have brought some uncertain factors.

Revisiting Rule Consequentialism

Under mounting pressure from the international communities and organizations to curb carbon emission causing disturbing climate change, and the growing pressure of domestic environmentalists and the common man in India, the government is hard-pressed to enact laws on carbon emission. However, the moot problem is whether to consider a pro-active rule of action seriously to curb carbon emission while keeping the collective scenario in view or to consider a case-by-case scenario in view. A number of people argue that a collective approach is much better, and for that matter, pro-active general rules of actions are desirable for their outcomes or consequences are good or worthwhile. This is what we now call rule consequentialism, which is much different from the case-by-case act consequentialism. In this case, the rightness of political action is determined by following some rules (or policies) which are amenable to worthwhile consequences. Similarly, we may conceive of a number of general rules of action such as “curb corruption”, “curb apartheid”, “curb exploitation of woman” and so on. In this paper, I would like to revisit rule consequentialism as a normative theory of rightness of action that is not immoderately overdemanding on moral agents. However, I would justify why rule consequentialism is not only overdemanding of moral agents but immoderate as well. Hence, it is an untenable normative theory of rightness of action.

Recommendation system for improving churn rate based on action rules and sentiment mining

It is well recognised that customers are one of the most valuable assets to a company. Therefore, it is of significant value for companies to reduce the customer outflow. In this paper, we focus on identifying the customers with high chance of attrition and provide valid and trustworthy recommendations to improve their customer churn rate. To this end, we designed and implemented a recommender system that can provide actionable recommendations to improve customer churn rate. We used both transaction and survey data from heavy equipment repair and service sector from 2011 to 2017. This data was collected by a consulting company based in Charlotte, North Carolina. In the survey data, customers give their thoughts, feelings, expectations and complaints by freeform text. We applied aspect-based sentiment analysis on the review text data to gain insightful knowledge on customers' attitudes toward the service. Action rule mining and meta-action triggering mechanism are used to recognise the actionable strategies to help with reducing customer churn.

Recommendation System for Improving Churn Rate based on Action Rules and Sentiment Mining

Recommendation System for Improving Churn Rate based on Action Rules and Sentiment Mining

Domain-Driven Actionable Knowledge Discovery for Traffic Accidents Using Rules Induction

Due to the limitation of the methodologies of traditional data mining to satisfy business expectations, the shift from mining data-centered hidden patterns to domain-driven actionable knowledge discovery has become a significant direction of KDD research [22]. Traditional data mining algorithms and tools face major obstacles and challenges to solve real-life business problems and issues as they fail to provide actions that can be taken by people in business based on generated rules [22]. A small set of rules are generated by standard classification algorithms to form a classifier, but these classification algorithms use domain independent biases and heuristics [2]. This research aimed to propose a new approach to find actionable rules from sets of discovered rules. It focused on how a combination of traditional classification data mining and domain-driven data mining approach could be applied in solving real-life problems related to the field of traffic accidents in UAE. Real-life data were collected and pre-processed using the user’s existing knowledge and needs. Classification using Rules Induction was applied on the domain-driven dataset. The discovered rules from this technique were then summarized, combined, and analyzed. The final set of actionable rules from Classification technique for each class was then generated using a proposed interestingness method. To support such a process, the domain driven in-depth pattern discovery (DDID-PK) framework was followed [9]. Based on experimental results, the extracted domain-driven rules were more interesting and actionable than those produced by the traditional classification technique of data mining. In addition, the integration of data-centered classification technique of data mining to domain-driven approach of data mining and actionable knowledge discovery could help the Dubai police authority to reduce traffic accident severity by formulating new policies and traffic rules based on the domain-driven knowledge extracted from some hidden patterns from real data.

PHENOMENOLOGY OF POLITICAL ACTION

The article focuses on a phenomenological study of political action. The analysis includes three directions: the concept of action, paradigms that determine political actions, and the purpose of action. In the analysis of action, I first use the distinction between the concepts of “act” and “operate.” “To act” means a conscious, deliberate, rational action. In contrast, “operate” means to behave unconsciously, mechanically or automatically, passively or instinctively. The political implications of the distinction between an “acting” and “operating” person can be formulated in the terms “freedom of action” and “coercion to operate,” and the latter can be used as a criterion for determining the type of social system, as well as for evaluating the correlated psychological state of society. As the next step, I analyse the action as a process and a result. I argue that in the social sphere, action appears as the sum of these moments, and the social sphere is a derivate of action. The last aspect of the analysis of action is responsibility. I claim that responsibility can be interpreted as the awareness and recognition by the individual of her role in history. The second part of the work is the study of paradigms and rules of political action in so-called open and closed societies. I claim that political action within the framework of an open society is limited only by legislation. In a closed society, political action is practically impossible: citizens do not act, but “operate” since there are no conditions for actions. After that, I analyse the role of social myths as a factor affecting people’s political activities. In the last part, I analyse the ultimate goal of political action. Traditionally, political philosophy assumes that the goals of politics are exhausted by the problems of relationship between the state and the individual. However, based on the theory of Hannah Arendt, it is possible to formulate the task of political action as the achievement of humanism in a human being, taken not in her relation to the state but in relation to herself. I argue that the minimal political action that can be qualified as humanism consists of the ability and courage to use one’s own mind.

Transnational Rule of Law, coercion, and human action

In “What Makes a Transnational Rule of Law? Understanding the Logos and Values of Human Action in Transnational Law”, Veronica Rodriguez-Blanco explores the possibility—and opportunity—of the existence of a Rule of Law (from now on, RoL) on a transnational level. The aim of this paper is to briefly discuss some points related to various facets of Rodriguez-Blanco’s proposal: the correct question about the RoL and her particular view of human action (section 2); the type of explanation about rules, standards, regulations and principles (section 3); the definitions of RoL, coercion, and freedom (section 4); the parties of the relevant relationship and the notion of transnational law (section 5); and the structure of relevant relationships in national and transnational contexts (section 6). I will try, on the one hand, to show how these points could appear quite problematic and thus seem to undermine the integrity of Rodriguez-Blanco’s proposal, and on the other hand, to offer some suggestions as to how these problems could be solved to strengthen her proposal. With these comments, I will also try to indicate what I think are the most important points that should be considered in any sound discourse or proposal on these subjects. I will then conclude with some final remarks (section 7).

Дослідження підстав розробки ефективної стратегії розвитку на інноваційній основі

The article examines two opposing views of the understanding of development strategy, gives examples of strategies of the first and second type. It provides a proper idea about the purpose of the external and internal development of the industrial enterprise, the consequences of the development of the enterprise's technical and technological standards systems. First of all, it means the generation of new ideas for the economic development of an industrial enterprise, which allow to fully or partially develop an industrial enterprise internally and externally. It was determined that the main goal of the development of the personnel management system is to create conditions for voluntary intensification of work and mobilization of the employee's potential for the benefit of the industrial enterprise. The role of the concept of strategic management in the creation of strategic and long-term goals set by the enterprise is highlighted. It has been proven that the concept of strategic management is important in that it helps to enrich the principles of development of an industrial enterprise. The definition of the company's development strategy is given and its elements (goals, policy, plans) are highlighted, and the relationship between them is investigated. First of all, the strategy refers to the system of goals, which includes a strategic and long-term goal, the goal of external development of the enterprise, the goal of internal development of the enterprise. Another element of strategy is policy or a set of specific rules of organizational actions aimed at achieving set goals. The third element of the strategy is plans, that is, a system of concrete actions for the implementation of the adopted policy, designed to solve the task of resource allocation. Yes, resources can be directed, first of all, to solving the most important and urgent problems for the enterprise, or allocated in proportion to needs, or given to all divisions equally, if they are close in size and engaged in similar activities. The first of the mentioned approaches is more appropriate at critical moments of the company's activity, when there is a need to concentrate forces on decisive areas of activity. The second and third are during the period of calm development. The strategic task of the company's activity has been defined and ways to solve it have been developed. The solution to this task is desirable and reflects an opportunity that has arisen in the external environment, which should be taken advantage of.