Rule Violations Research Articles

An optimisation model to locate level crossings in railway lines at mines to minimise the total weighted-walked distance

The location of level crossings for pedestrian circulation is a safety issue due to potential human losses and material damage. This problem has become a concern in urban and industrial environments due to the characteristics of rail systems and unsafe pedestrian behaviour. Research reveals that psychological and infrastructural factors influence pedestrians' decision-making when crossing railroad lines. One of these is the convenience that leads pedestrians to cross at the nearest point. However, investigations to date only study the impact of location on the risk and severity of crashes and pedestrian rule violations. The current research is quasi-experimental, i.e., no optimisation tool has been developed to determine which crossing points pedestrians should follow. Therefore, this research develops a mathematical model for locating level crossings at railways to minimise the total weighted-walked distance. A genetic algorithm was proposed for solving the model, especially for large-size problems. The algorithm parameters were calibrated using the design of experiments and ten instances based on the characteristics of the area under study. The obtained results provide (1) the location of the level crossings and (2) the route pedestrians should follow for each origin-destination pair based on the facilities adjacent to the rail lines. A sensitivity analysis was performed using the ten instances to determine how the location of the level crossings changes with modifications in the facilities' location. Results showed that the model provides alternative solutions according to the problem's size. This study delivers a methodology for practitioners and stakeholders of transportation systems.

Home care for COVID-19 positive cases: suitability of the residential setting and ability of cases to adhere to the required preventive measures

IntroductionWith the upsurge of COVID-19 cases, Lebanese hospitals were overburdened and hospital care was prioritized for COVID-19 patients with the highest probability of poor outcomes. This paper aimed to assess the suitability of residential settings for home isolation and to explore the patient’s ability to adhere to the required precautions measures.MethodsAll COVID-19 cases reported between February, 21 and the end of June 2020 and who had mild or moderate symptoms, were contacted via phone calls by a healthcare professional to fill out a standardized questionnaire developed to assess the suitability of the residential setting for home care. Inpatient cases were required, before their discharge from the hospitals, to sign consent related to their adherence to the mandatory precautionary measures. They were also asked to complete, on daily basis, the symptoms monitoring log form. A referral system to health facilities was established to manage cases with worsening health status. A collaborative framework to address violations of home isolation rules was also put in place.ResultsOf the 600 cases assessed, 44.7% of them were isolated in a living building apartment (67.2%) with one entrance (85.5%) including four to eight rooms (71%). Around one-quarter of patients have children (< 5 years) and 75% of them were living with elderly people. Most of the patients confirmed the availability of a well-ventilated single room (96.2%) and a separate bathroom (80.17%). As for infrastructure, more than 90% of patients confirmed the availability of drinking and tank water, heating facilities, electricity, and safe trash elimination. Similarly, more than 90% of them had access to personal hygiene items, disinfectants, and personal protective equipment. The bulk of homes care were rated as easily reachable. As for awareness and ability to self-serving, 94.5% of patients were knowledgeable about the required preventive measures, able to serve themselves and to adhere to the isolation requirements as well. Only 51.8% of them had access to psychological support.ConclusionProper assessment of the residential setting for home care of COVID-19 cases combined with close monitoring of the adherence of patients to the required precaution measures are highly needed for limiting the spread of infection within the household and the community.

Exploring neural oscillations in numerical inductive reasoning: unveiling effects of top-down and bottom-up conflict.

Previous research has delved into the brain's response to top-down and bottom-up conflicts in numerical inductive reasoning. However, the specific neural oscillatory patterns associated with these conflict types in numerical inductive reasoning processing have remained elusive. In this study, we employed a number series completion task in which participants had to determine whether a given target number adhered to concealed rules. Three conditions were established: an identity condition (e.g., 13, 13, 13), a perceptual mismatch condition (representing bottom-up conflict, e.g., 13 13 ), and a rule violation condition (representing top-down conflict, e.g., 13 13 14). Our EEG results revealed significant distinctions: rule violation induced more pronounced alpha desynchronization compared to both perceptual mismatch and identity conditions. Conversely, perceptual mismatch was associated with increased theta synchronization in contrast to rule violation and the identity condition. These findings suggest that alpha desynchronization may indicate the integration of rules during top-down conflict, while theta synchronization may function as a mechanism to inhibit bottom-up perceptual interference in numerical inductive reasoning.

Are you in the mood to pass? A study on the interplay of psychological traits and traffic on young drivers’ overtaking behavior on two-lane, two-way highways

Overtaking maneuvers – the passing of a vehicle traveling in the same direction through use of an opposing lane – on two-lane, two-way highways have significant implications on safety and highway performance. This research examines the interplay between young drivers’ psychological traits and traffic variables to better understand overtaking behavior. A total of 111 licensed drivers between the ages of 18 and 28 (inclusive) successfully completed four unique traffic scenarios presented in random order. In all four scenarios, the lead vehicle was a truck for which the speed and passing gap size varied. A standardized self-report questionnaire captured demographic and psychological factors including impulsiveness, mindfulness, attitude towards driving and depression. Results revealed that, irrespective of the traffic scenario, the propensity to overtake a lead vehicle is associated with lower attitudes towards rule violations and speeding. In more difficult traffic scenarios, the effects of impulsiveness and mindfulness are more pronounced. Concerning moods, young drivers with higher depressive symptoms are more likely to overtake in the most dangerous scenarios. These findings can enhance driver education campaigns and targeted curricula for young drivers promoting safe driving to lessen the social and economic burdens of high-impact crashes.

Definition of fragmentation functions and the violation of sum rules

We point out a problem with the formulation and derivations of sum rules for quark fragmentation functions that impacts their validity in QCD, but which potentially points toward an improved understanding of final states in inclusive hard processes. Fragmentation functions give the distribution of final-state hadrons arising from a parton exiting a hard scattering, and the sum rules for momentum, electric charge, etc. express conservation of these quantities. The problem arises from a mismatch between the quark quantum numbers of the initial quark and the fact that all observed final-state hadrons are confined bound states with color zero. We point that, in a confining theory like QCD, the Wilson line in the operator definition of a fragmentation function entails that the final state in a fragmentation function includes a bound state in the external field generated by the Wilson line. We justify this with the aid of general features of string hadronization. The anomalous bound states are restricted to fractional momentum z=0. They tend to invalidate sum rules like the one for charge conservation when applied to the fragmentation functions inferred from experimental data but not the momentum sum rule. We propose to exploit our ideas in future studies as a way to relate the fragmentation functions extracted from inclusive cross sections to more detailed nonperturbative descriptions of final state hadronization. We also describe scenarios wherein the traditional sum rules might remain approximately valid with a reasonably high degree of accuracy. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Tarptautinio krovinių vežimo keliais sutarties konvencijos (CMR) 1, 2 ir 29 straipsnių aiškinimas teismų praktikoje

The CMR Convention applies to the carriage of goods by road. The first article of the Convention defines its scope. In order for the CMR Convention to apply to a contract for the carriage of goods by road, the carriage of goods must be carried in a vehicle for payment when the consignor and the consignee are in the territories of different State and when at least one of the parties to the contract is a member of this Convention. Even if shipments fall outside the scope of the CMR Convention, the parties may agree on the application of the Convention themselves, but this agreement must be clearly expressed. The second article of the CMR Convention adds that the Convention applies to all transport and in cases where a vehicle with cargo carries part of the road by sea, rail, inland waterway or air, but the cargo cannot be transshipped, which is very important when it is necessary to determine whether the Convention will apply to all or only part of the carriage. Article 29 of the CMR Convention indicates the conditions under which the carrier cannot use the provisions of the Convention regarding exemption from liability or limitation of liability. Intentional actions required for the application of Article 29 of the CMR Convention also include gross negligence and omission. The existence of objective and subjective criteria is necessary to establish awareness, which is required to prove actions caused by gross negligence, i.e., violation or non-observance of rules helping to ensure the safety of the cargo and deliberate actions or omissions, realizing that they may pose a threat to the cargo or increase the likelihood of its occurrence. However, it must be recognized that such actions or omissions of the carrier had a direct impact on the occurrence of damage to the cargo.

Injuries and Violence in Sports: “What Happens on the Court Stays on the Court?”

The article analyzes the problem of violence used during sports and the legal and medical assessment of such actions in society. For this purpose, the legal doctrine in the context of health impairment during sports is examined, the criminal law and other legal acts regulating sports relations are evaluated. Also analyzed is the extremely scarce case law, which assesses the damage caused to athletes during sports and the responsibility for it. Finally, medical criteria are also evaluated - the specifics of the injuries that usually occur during sports and competitions, their features and possible consequences, which, in most cases, lead to the end of an athlete‘s career. &#x0D; One cannot disagree that sport is an extremely useful activity for individuals whose participants often lack legal clarity regarding the legal responsibility for their actions. Meanwhile, health impairment caused by violation of sports rules is undesired result, especially if done on purpose. Taking this into account, the article fraises fundamental questions – is damage in sports tolerable from the state‘s point of view, and which is not only intolerable, but for which it is perhaps necessary to apply the strictest type of legal responsibility – criminal responsibility?

Conjugation through Si-O-Si bonds, silsesquioxane (SQ) half cage copolymers, extended examples via SiO0.5/SiO1.5 units: multiple emissive states in violation of Kasha's rule.

We previously reported that phenyl- and vinyl-silsesquioxanes (SQs), [RSiO1.5]8,10,12 (R = Ph or vinyl) functionalized with three or more conjugated moieties show red-shifted absorption- and emission features suggesting 3-D conjugation via a cage centered LUMOs. Corner missing [PhSiO1.5]7(OSiMe3)3 and edge opened, end capped [PhSiO1.5]8(OSiMe2)2 (double decker, DD) analogs also offer red shifted spectra again indicating 3-D conjugation and a cage centered LUMO. Copolymerization of DD [PhSiO1.5]8(OSiMevinyl)2 with multiple R-Ar-Br gives copolymers with emission red-shifts that change with degree of polymerization (DP), exhibit charge transfer to F4TNCQ and terpolymer averaged red-shifts suggesting through chain conjugation even with two (O-Si-O) end caps possibly via a cage centered LUMO. Surprisingly, ladder (LL) SQ, (vinylMeSiO2)[PhSiO1.5]4(O2SiMevinyl) copolymers offer emission red-shifts even greater for analogous copolymers requiring a different explanation. Here we assess the photophysical behavior of copolymers of a more extreme SQ form: the half cage [PhSiO1.5]4(OSiMe2Vinyl)4, Vy4HC SQs. We again see small red-shifted absorptions coupled with significant red-shifted emissions, even with just a half cage, thus further supporting the existence of pπ-dπ and/or σ*-π* conjugation through Si-O-Si bonds and contrary to most traditional views of Si-O-Si linked polymers. These same copolymers donate an electron to F4TCNQ generating the radical anion, F4TCNQ-. as further proof of conjugation. Column chromatographic separation of short from longer chain oligomers reveals a direct correlation between DP and emission λmax red-shifts as another indication of conjugation. Further, one- and two-photon absorption and emission spectroscopy reveals multiple excited fluorescence-emitting states in a violation of Kasha's rule wherein emission occurs only from the lowest excited state. Traditional modeling studies again find HOMO LUMO energy levels residing only on the aromatic co-monomers rather than through Si-O-Si bonds as recently found in related polymers.

УПРАВЛІННЯ СЕСТЕЙНОВИМ РОЗВИТКОМ У ВІЙСЬКОВІЙ ТА ПІСЛЯВОЄННІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ: СТРАТЕГІЧНІ РІШЕННЯ ДЛЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The study identifies global and national challenges to sustainable development. In particular, global problems include climate change, infectious disease epidemics, population ageing, and human rights violations, which require cross-border cooperation between countries to be effectively addressed. The economic security of a country is determined by the state of the national economy, which makes it possible to maintain resilience to internal and external threats, ensure high competitiveness in the global economic environment and is characterised by the ability of the national economy to grow in a sustainable and balanced manner. The macroeconomic security of a country is characterised by indicators that reflect the stability and resilience of its economy, in particular, the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, employment (unemployment), public debt, and foreign trade balance. One of the components of the country's economic security is production security, which ensures the most efficient use of the country's existing production capacities, their modernisation and expanded reproduction. The following areas are highlighted as important measures for managing business activity under martial law and post-war recovery: strategic planning, risk management, crisis management, financial stabilisation, communication and cooperation, innovation and adaptation. Violations of rules, laws and regulations in areas such as employment, product and service safety, and public health have a significant impact on economic security through increased economic costs in the form of financial sanctions for businesses; loss of consumer confidence; threats to public health through the provision of unsafe products or services of poor quality; reduced investment; loss of competitiveness; and other negative consequences.

Lying is sometimes ethical, but honesty is the best policy: The desire to avoid harmful lies leads to moral preferences for unconditional honesty.

People believe that some lies are ethical, while also claiming that "honesty is the best policy." In this article, we introduce a theory to explain this apparent inconsistency. Even though people view prosocial lies as ethical, they believe it is more important-and more moral-to avoid harmful lies than to allow prosocial lies. Unconditional honesty (simply telling the truth, without finding out how honesty will affect others) is therefore seen as ethical because it prevents the most unethical actions (i.e., harmful lies) from occurring, even though it does not optimize every moral decision. We test this theory across five focal experiments and 10 supplemental studies. Consistent with our account, we find that communicators who tell the truth without finding out how honesty will affect others are viewed as more ethical, and are trusted more, than communicators who look for information about the social consequences of honesty before communicating. However, the moral preference for unconditional honesty attenuates when it is certain that looking for more information will not lead to harmful lies. Overall, this research provides a holistic understanding of how people think about honesty and suggests that moral rules are not valued because people believe all rule violations are wrong, but rather, because they believe some violations must be avoided entirely. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Cognitive Processes in Rule Violation

Cognitive Processes in Rule Violation

ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ЗАТОРА НА НЕКОТОРЫХ ПЕРЕСЕЧЕНИЯХ УЛИЧНО-ДОРОЖНОЙ СЕТИ

The average speed and density of road transport are used as indicators of the congestion situation, but do not allow tracking the evolution (stages of formatting, progressing, and vanishing) of traffic congestion. The authors proposed and justified a quantitative indicator of traffic congestion, which allows in an automated mode to identify the congestion situation on the urban road network using hardware and software video recording systems. The purpose of this study is due to the need to study the quantitative characteristics of the proposed indicator at characteristic intersections of urban roads, which will allow us to develop scientifically based recommendations for predicting congestion situations, substantiating, and making optimal decisions on measures to promptly eliminate traffic congestion. The object of study is the traffic flow at three types of intersections of the Perm city road network, equipped with a photo and video recording software and hardware complex. The subject of the study is the regularities of the evolution of the listed deterministic indicators of traffic flows, which can be used for operational forecasting of the formation, development, and elimination of traffic congestion. The theoretical and methodological approach is based on the methods of mathematical statistics used to process the results of observations of traffic flows at different types of intersections using a «sliding window», calculating the average daily value and standard deviation. The initial data were obtained with the help of hardware and software complexes for fixing violations of traffic rules installed on the street and road network of the Perm city. As a result of the study, the rational parameters of the «sliding window» were determined, ensuring the structuring of the traffic congestion indicator; the facts of the congestion situations formation were revealed; the features of the congestion evolution and the presence of problematic traffic directions for which it is advisable to change the traffic light regulation mode were determined. The theoretical and practical significance of the work consists in checking the operability of the proposed indicator and criterion of traffic congestion, which is of practical interest from the point of view of predicting anomalies in the movement of vehicles on the road network, adjusting the operating modes of traffic lights, etc. It is also possible to use the proposed traffic congestion indicator to assess the effectiveness of traffic light regulation on the Perm city road network. The direction of further research is to study the patterns of traffic congestion at intersections of the urban road network, of various types that are not included in this study.

Violation of customs rules as a basis for administrative liability

Violation of customs rules as a basis for administrative liability

Анализ несчастных случаев в электросетевых компаниях

The problem of accidents occurring during the operation of electric power facilities has remained relevant for a long time. The analysis of accidents makes it possible to develop measures to improve industrial safety at agricultural facilities and electrical networks that supply electricity to agricultural facilities and enterprises. For this purpose, the authors considered accidents that occurred in power grid companies of the Russian Federation in 2014‑2022. To conduct the research, they used data from Rosseti PJSC on accidents in power grid companies obtained with the Synergy Center software package. The program included data on the investigation of accidents in Form No. 1 in accordance with the order of the Russian Ministry of Labor dated April 20, 2022, No.223. The software package included 191 accidents, in which 200 people were injured for the period between 2014 and 2022. The analysis revealed 58% of fatal outcomes. The most common damaging factor, which caused 65 accidents (34%), is a breakdown of the dielectric air gap due to violation of the permissible distance to live parts by operational personnel of electric grid companies. The cause of 53 accidents (28%) was the violation of labor safety rules when working with electrical installations. The maximum number of accidents occurred from 8 am to 4 pm during the periods March-May and July-August. Of the 191 injured employees, 114 were (57%) operational personnel (electricians), 108 of them (54%) having work experience from 3 to 10 years. Conclusions are drawn about the need to introduce signaling devices and reverse transformation blocking, improve the qualifications of personnel and train them using virtual reality technology on digital twins of power grid facilities. The proposed organizational and technical measures will reduce the number of accidents in power grid companies in the Russian Federation

Artificial intelligence-aiding lab-on-a-chip workforce designed oral [3.1.0] bi and [4.2.0] tricyclic catalytic interceptors inhibiting multiple SARS-CoV-2 protomers assisted by double-shell deep learning.

While each massive pandemic has claimed the lives of millions of vulnerable populations over the centuries, one limitation exists: that the Edisonian approach (human-directed with trial errors) relies on repurposing pharmaceuticals, designing drugs, and herbal remedies with the violation of Lipinski's rule of five druglikeness. It may lead to adverse health effects with long-term health multimorbidity. Nevertheless, declining birth rates and aging populations will likely cause a shift in society due to a shortage of a scientific workforce to defend against the next pandemic incursion. The challenge of combating the ongoing post-COVID-19 pandemic has been exacerbated by the lack of gold standard drugs to deactivate multiple SARS-CoV-2 protein targets. Meanwhile, there are three FDA-approved antivirals, Remdesivir, Molnupiravir, and Paxlovid, with moderate clinical efficacy and drug resistance. There is a pressing need for additional antivirals and prepared omics technology to combat the current and future devastating coronavirus pandemics. While there is a limitation of existing contemporary inhibitors to deactivate viral RNA replication with minimal rotational bonds, one strategy is to create Lipinski inhibitors with less than 10 rotational bonds and precise halogen bond placement to destabilize multiple viral protomers. This work describes the efforts to design gold-standard oral inhibitors of bi- and tri-cyclic catalytic interceptors with electrophilic heads using double-shell deep learning. Here, KS1 with and KS2 compounds designed by lab-on-a-chip technology attain 5-fold novel filtered-Lipinski, GHOSE, VEBER, EGAN, and MUEGGE druglikeness. The graph neural network (GNN) relies on module-initiation, expansion, relabeling atom index, and termination (METORITE) iterations, while the deep neural network (DNN) engages pinning, extraction, convolution, pooling, and flattening (PROOF) operations. The cyclic compound's specific halogen atom location enhances the nitrile catalytic head, which deactivates several viral protein targets. Initiating this lab-on-a-chip that is not susceptible to the aging process for creating clinical compounds can leverage a new path to many valuable drugs with speedy oral drug discovery, especially to defend the loss of vulnerable population and prevent multimorbidity that is susceptible to hidden viral persistence in the continuing aging times.

Статистичний аналіз дорожньо-транспортних пригод у Тернопільській області та заходи щодо зниження аварійності

The aim of this study is to analyze the dynamics, causes, and consequences of road traffic accidents (RTAs) in the Ternopil region over the past five years. This analysis seeks to identify the primary types of RTAs, determine the most frequent causes, and propose effective measures to reduce the number of accidents and their severity. By understanding these factors, we aim to enhance road safety and minimize the socio-economic impacts associated with RTAs in this region. In this study, a comprehensive statistical analysis of RTAs in the Ternopil region was conducted. This analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of accidents, which reached 2547 cases in 2023, an 11% rise compared to 2022. The primary types of accidents identified include collisions (50%), hitting obstacles (19%), hitting stationary vehicles (16%), and pedestrian accidents (8%). The study found that the highest mortality rates occur in pedestrian accidents (34%) and vehicle collisions (33%). Key causes of RTAs were identified as violations of maneuvering rules (40%), speeding (23%), failure to maintain a safe distance (10%), driving under the influence of alcohol (7%), and violations at intersections (5%). Based on these findings, several recommendations were made to enhance road safety. These include the implementation of artificial road bumps, installation of traffic lights with adjustable timers, additional road signs, high-visibility and illuminated pedestrian crossings, and the use of surveillance cameras to monitor compliance with traffic rules and identify violators. Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of developing and implementing methodologies for predicting accident rates using statistical methods and conflict zone analysis, as well as calculating accident-related economic and environmental losses to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed measures. This study underscores the urgent need for improved road safety measures in the Ternopil region. Implementing the recommended strategies and methodologies will significantly reduce the number of RTAs, enhance overall road safety, decrease the risks of injuries and fatalities, and lower the economic costs associated with road traffic accidents. These findings provide a clear roadmap for policymakers and road safety authorities to take actionable steps towards a safer road environment.

Improving the labor safety of drivers of technological vehicles

The purpose of this work was to analyze existing ways to improve the labor safety of drivers of technological vehicles and other vehicles, and to develop proposals for its effective improvement. To do this, an analysis of existing means of ensuring road safety was carried out in the following areas: improving the Rules of the Road, optimizing the work schedule of drivers, increasing the legal liability of drivers for violations of traffic rules, the use of driver condition monitoring systems, the use of automotive traffic control systems and advanced emergency braking. The results of the work performed showed that in each of the areas there are certain ways to improve them, which will improve the safety of drivers of technological and other vehicles. Keywords safety, control, emergency braking, fatigue, driver, transport, traffic

Modeling the Antiviral Activity of Ginkgo biloba Polyphenols against Variola: In Silico Exploration of Inhibitory Candidates for VarTMPK and HssTMPK Enzymes.

The aim of this study is to use modeling methods to estimate the antiviral activity of natural molecules extracted from Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of variola which is a zoonotic disease posing a growing threat to human survival. The recent spread of variola in nonendemic countries and the possibility of its use as a bioterrorism weapon have made it a global threat once again. Therefore, the search for new antiviral therapies with reduced side effects is necessary. In this study, we examined the interactions between polyphenolic compounds from Ginkgo biloba, a plant known for its antiviral activity, and two enzymes involved in variola treatment, VarTMPK and HssTMPK, using molecular docking. The obtained docking scores showed that among the 152 selected polyphenolic compounds; many ligands had high inhibitory potential according to the energy affinity. By considering Lipinski's rules, we found that Liquiritin and Olivil molecules are the best candidates to be developed into drugs that inhibit VarTMPK because of their high obtained scores compared to reference ligands, and zero violations of Lipinski's rules. We also found that ginkgolic acids have good affinities with HssTMPK and acceptable physicochemical properties to be developed into drugs administered orally. Based on the obtained scores and Lipinski's rules, Liquiritin, Olivil, and ginkgolic acids molecules showed interesting results for both studied enzymes, indicating the existence of promising and moderate activity of these polyphenols for the treatment of variola and for possible multi-targeting. Liquiritin has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on various inflammation- related diseases such as skin injury, hepatic inflammatory injury, and rheumatoid arthritis. Olivil has been shown to have antioxidant activity. Olivil derivatives have also been studied for their potential use as anticancer agents. Ginkgolic acids have been shown to have antimicrobial and antifungal properties. However, ginkgolic acids are also known to cause allergic reactions in some people. Therefore, future studies should consider these results and explore the potential of these compounds as antiviral agents. Further experimental studies in-vitro and in-vivo are required to validate and scale up these findings.

Letter of PTAAARMIGAN (Patent and Trademark Attorneys, Agents, and Applicants for Restoration and Maintenance of Integrity in Government) to OMB/OIRA re Paperwork Reduction Act violations of DOCX rule (Sep. 5, 2024)

Letter of PTAAARMIGAN (Patent and Trademark Attorneys, Agents, and Applicants for Restoration and Maintenance of Integrity in Government) to OMB/OIRA re Paperwork Reduction Act violations of DOCX rule (Sep. 5, 2024)

Attention deficit disorders in adults

Among the disorders that are most extensively investigated in medicine, especially in pediatrics, ADHD is considered a neuro-psychiatric disorder with multifactorial development, based on genetic predisposition and neurobiological disruptions. Epidemiological data indicate a global prevalence of 5.29% among individuals under 18 years of age, and recent analysis documents a prevalence of 2.5% in adults.1 Although previously it was considered that it remits in childhood or during adolescence, long-term studies on the term of children and prospective studies on adults with ADHD have shown that the disorder persists even into adulthood.2 In general, problems related to ADHD include, for children, a higher risk of poor school performance, lower academic achievements, lower grades, school suspensions, and extracurricular difficulties. In the case of adolescents, they may experience strained relationships with family, school dropout, aggression, conduct problems, and substance experimentation and abuse. In the case of adults, there may be accidents related to driving and violations of traffic rules, social difficulties in relationships, marriage, and employment.2 ADHD and comorbid depression are frequently reported, with prevalence rates in individuals with ADHD ranging from 18.6% to 53.3%.3 Similarly, studies have documented comorbidity between ADHD and depressive disorders with rates ranging from 9% to 16%, with a median rate of 7.8%.4