Rules Of Inheritance Research Articles

Mitochondrial epigenetics brings new perspectives on doubly uniparental inheritance in bivalves

Mitochondrial epigenetics, particularly mtDNA methylation, is a flourishing field of research. MtDNA methylation appears to play multiple roles, including regulating mitochondrial transcription, cell metabolism and mitochondrial inheritance. In animals, bivalves with doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mitochondria are the exception to the rule of maternal mitochondrial inheritance since DUI also involve a paternal mtDNA transmitted from the father to sons. The mechanisms underlying DUI are still unknown, but mtDNA methylation could play a role in its regulation. Here, we investigated mtDNA methylation levels and machinery in gonads of the mussel Mytilus edulis using methods based on antibodies, enzymatic cleavage and methylome sequencing. Our results confirm the presence in mitochondria of methylated cytosines and adenines and methyltransferases and unveil a more variable cytosine methylation state among males than females. Also, spermatid mtDNA is always methylated, while only few spermatozoa present methylated mtDNA suggesting a relation between cytosine methylation and development stage of male gametes. We propose that mtDNA methylation could play a role in the different fates of the parental mtDNAs in male and female embryos in M. edulis. Our study provides novel insights into the epigenetic landscape of bivalve mtDNA and highlights the multiple roles of mtDNA methylation in animals.

Biased social chromosome transmission in males of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta.

Selfish genetic elements subvert the normal rules of inheritance to unfairly propagate themselves, often at the expense of other genomic elements and the fitness of individuals carrying them. Social life provides diverse avenues for the propagation of such elements. In the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, polymorphic social organization is controlled by a social chromosome, one variant of which (Sb) enhances its own transmission in polygyne colonies through effects on caste development and queen acceptance by workers. Whether the selfish effects of Sb extend to haploid (reproductive) males in this system is less clear. Here, we demonstrate a strong overrepresentation of the Sb social chromosome haplotype in reproductive males, relative to Mendelian expectations, in both the pupal and adult stages. We tested for the presence of selective execution of adult SB males by workers but did not detect such behavior. Combined with the presence of a strong imbalance in the haplotype frequencies already early in the pupal stage, these results indicate that the Sb supergene may distort male haplotype frequencies during larval or embryonic development. These findings are significant because they demonstrate yet another mode by which the selfish tendencies of the Sb supergene are manifested, illuminate complex interactions between Sb and the fire ant breeding system, inform the development of models of the population dynamics of Sb, and illustrate how a selfish supergene can increase in frequency in a population despite harboring deleterious mutations.

Hak Waris Anak Dari Ibu Pengganti (Surrogate Mother) Ditinjau Dari Hukum Islam

Introduction: According to Article 832 of the Civil Code, it is known that legal and illegitimate blood and the spouse with the longest life are entitled as heirs. Islamic Sharia establishes the rules of inheritance in an orderly and fair manner. When a person, male or female, is legally assigned to possess. Islam also provides for the right to transfer one's property after death to his heirs and all his relatives, without distinguishing between male and female.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to know and explain the legal position of children from surrogate mothers in terms of Islamic Law. 1). To know and explain the inheritance rights of children from surrogate mothers in terms of Islamic Law. 2). As one of the academic requirements to obtain a law degree at the Faculty of Law, Pattimura University.Methods of the Research: This research uses a type of normative juridical research that is analytical descriptive.Results of the Research: 1. The legal status of surrogate mothers in Islamic law is that in Islamic law, a child born to a surrogate mother belongs to the mother who conceived and gave birth to the child, even though the egg is not hers. Children born through this process are also assigned to pregnant and giving birth mothers, that is, mothers whose womb is rented out. A child born with surrogacy cannot be combined with a woman who has a mother egg or embryo in the child, because according to Islamic law, surrogacy is not permissible or haram. 2. The right of inheritance of the surrogate mother's child in the sense of Islamic law is the right of inheritance of a child born to a surrogate mother, because in the Qur'an it is explained that the woman who gives birth and the pregnant woman has the right to take care of her, because in the blood of the child flows the blood of the woman who contains her.

О ПЕРВИЧНОЙ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ДИВЕРГЕНЦИИ В СИСТЕМЕ ПОПУЛЯЦИЙ НА КОЛЬЦЕВОМ АРЕАЛЕ

The article proposes and studies a discrete time model of the number dynamics and genotype frequencies in a one-dimensional ring of populations coupled by migration. We consider panmictic populations with Mendelian rules of inheritance and monolocus selection directed against heterozygotes. The model has two layers of connected maps (ensembles). The first layer describes the number dynamics in each local site, including migration from adjacent sites. The growth rates of each subpopulation depend on the genotype frequencies, which change during evolution towards one of the limiting genetic structures. The second level describes the dynamics of genotype frequencies, considering the fact that gene influx depends on the ratio of population abundance. Here, the more numerous is the population giving the migrant flow (or less numerous is the receiving population), the stronger is the gene flow. We have considered two variants of migration: constant (deterministic), in which the fraction of migrants is fixed, and random, in which the number of emigrants from the local population is chosen randomly (random drift) and is not constant. The model studies the conditions and mechanisms of differentiation by genotypes between different parts of a homogeneous range (divergence). It has been shown that with reduced fitness of heterozygotes, spatial-temporal dynamics are characterized by stripes where homozygotes predominate. Between the stripes with opposite forms (alleles), there locate the stripes with heterozygotes, their existence supporting due to migrations from opposite sites. With deterministic migration, this pattern exists for a short time and most often appears as vertical stripes. With random drift, the stripes take the form of traveling waves, which persist for a long time under certain limitations on population growth. The authors show that significant differences inevitably arising in the number and dynamics patterns in different parts of the area, are caused by divergence.

Do women face discrimination under the Islamic law of succession? An examination of the male-preferential 2:1 rule of inheritance

There is a common belief that women's rights and Islamic Sharfah law (finding its basis in the Holy Qur'an and the Prophetic teachings) are intrinsically at odds with one another. The 2:1 ratio of inheritance in favour of the male, which is enshrined in the Holy Qur'an, is the subject of this article's investigation into whether the Islamic law of succession discriminates against women. The paper explores the justification for this controversial rule, and further indicates that it is merely a general rule, not an absolute one. To address the main query of this article, a range of primary and secondary sources that cover various facets of this rule and its implementation are relied upon. The article demonstrates that, contrary to popular belief and much beyond what "modern civilisation" has provided, Sharfah law grants women far more rights than might initially be thought to exist.

How can migration unequalize inheritance: Theory and insights from Bolivia

Indian communities in Latin America, like in the Middle East and other regions of the world, tend to have rules of equal inheritance. Yet, migration can transform ex ante egalitarian rules into unequal ex post practices. In this paper, based on evidence collected at both sides of the migration link in Bolivia, we find that the unequalization process caused by migration tends to paradoxically harm poor migrants from egalitarian communities who are driven to voluntarily forfeit their inheritance. To resolve the puzzle, we propose a novel theory placed in the framework of strategic exchange but where the migration decision is endogenized: upon migration, children take into account the prospect of potentially losing access to family land if they are unable to fulfill their care obligations. Voluntary exclusion from inheritance is especially likely if the value of rural public goods is low, farm output per capita is small, and the wages in the urban modern sector are high compared to those in the informal sector. The main policy implication is the following: a more equal pattern of economic growth, along both the rural–urban and the intersectoral intra-urban dimensions, helps minimize the disruption of rural families and communities, which play an important social insurance function.

Protection of inheritance and the rights of the legatee on the basis of the legal solutions of ancient Rome

The paper presents the rules regarding the protection of inheritance and the rights of the legatee resulting from the bequest made for him, functioning in the law of ancient Rome. For this purpose, admissible means of protecting the heir's rights were analysed, including: an action for extraction of the inheritance hereditatis petitio, rei vindicatio and the scope and rules for pursuing supplementary claims related to unauthorized possession of the inheritance. Next, the types of legacies and fideicommissions, that could be made by the testator were characterized. The principles of supplementary protection of legatees are also described. The rules of inheritance developed in the times of ancient Rome based on the construction of universal succession, the concept of legacies and the rules for the creation of supplementary claims, the scope of which depends on the good or bad faith of the holder are visible in the current regulations of numerous European legal orders, including Polish law.

Imputation of ancient human genomes

Due to postmortem DNA degradation and microbial colonization, most ancient genomes have low depth of coverage, hindering genotype calling. Genotype imputation can improve genotyping accuracy for low-coverage genomes. However, it is unknown how accurate ancient DNA imputation is and whether imputation introduces bias to downstream analyses. Here we re-sequence an ancient trio (mother, father, son) and downsample and impute a total of 43 ancient genomes, including 42 high-coverage (above 10x) genomes. We assess imputation accuracy across ancestries, time, depth of coverage, and sequencing technology. We find that ancient and modern DNA imputation accuracies are comparable. When downsampled at 1x, 36 of the 42 genomes are imputed with low error rates (below 5%) while African genomes have higher error rates. We validate imputation and phasing results using the ancient trio data and an orthogonal approach based on Mendel’s rules of inheritance. We further compare the downstream analysis results between imputed and high-coverage genomes, notably principal component analysis, genetic clustering, and runs of homozygosity, observing similar results starting from 0.5x coverage, except for the African genomes. These results suggest that, for most populations and depths of coverage as low as 0.5x, imputation is a reliable method that can improve ancient DNA studies.

Mandatory Will in Islamic Jurisprudence and Civil Law of Afghanistan

Imam Abu Hanifah did not consider a will to be obligatory on a person who left his own property except in a situation where he has a right that cannot be fulfilled in any other way except through a will. A number of jurists and hadith scholars such as Saeed Ibn Musayyib, Hassan Basri, Daoud Zahiri, Ishaq Ibn Rahwiyeh, Ibn Hazm Zahiri and Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal say that a will is obligatory for relatives who do not have the right to inherit from the heir. According to the Hanafi jurisprudence, obligatory wills in Afghanistan's civil law are not intended to secure social interests, avoiding malice and envy - for grandchildren whose father dies during the grandfather's lifetime and cannot inherit from his grandfather according to the rules of inheritance, according to the second theory of the will to non-heirs relatives in the article 2182 to 2188 considering special conditions as obligatory. Obligatory wills are recognized as prior to other wills. And the beneficiaries of obligatory wills are as follows: 1- for a person who belongs to the first class and is the son of a girl. 2- For sons and those who are related to the deceased by a male. 3- For a person who died with his father or mother in an accident. And 4- For a child whose death was pronounced while his parents were alive. The obligatory will follow some principles, namely,any principle that has made its subsidiary part of the inheritance cannot be opposed to a subsidiary whose principle is someone else's, and the division of the share of each parent (boy or girl) among its branches, which includes both sexes, is divided according to the reference, such as Haz Al-Anithan.

THE «ZHOU YI» («BOOK OF CHANGES») IN THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAR CONTEX

The article deals with the tradition of classical Chinese text «The Book of Changes». The relevance of the work lies in the fact that the value of "Zhou Yi" has been thoroughly studied by Chinese scientists, but for readers who do not speak Chinese, many aspects of the unique classic book are little known. It is shown that the text of «Zhou Yi» is much more meaningful than combinations of hectograms. The authors of the article point out that "Zhou Yi" was used to discuss many cultural and legal issues. The "Book of Changes" contains entries about the problems of ordering property issues. Such discussion contributed not only to the settlement of property management issues, but also consolidated the ancient tradition of following the morality and virtue. The article presents that the sphere of marriage and the family relations, based on the engagement ceremony, formed the basis of the entire future marriage system of China for many generations. The authors show that a separate chapter "Zhou Yi" is devoted to the rules of inheritance. In this section of the "Book of Changes" inheritance in the male line becomes the fundamental principle in China. This article emphasizes that much attention in the "Book of Changes" is paid to the forms, types and methods of execution and punishment, as well as the system of evidence. The article provides an analysis of the social, cultural and legal ideas of «Zhou Yi», which determined the specifics of the Chinese legal system.

A case study on genomic imprinting facilitates student learning.

Problem-based learning encourages students to deepen their understanding of a concept by working through a real-world example of course content. Case studies represent a form of problem-based learning that engages students in realistic scenarios to achieve a deeper understanding of concepts. Case studies have been shown to facilitate the learning of challenging subject matter. We hypothesized that the use of a case study would help students better learn the topic of genomic imprinting, an abstract phenomenon in molecular biology and genetics. We wrote an interrupted case study that focused on genomic imprinting. The case study consists of three short popular news articles that relate to genomic imprinting. Each article is followed by a set of two to four questions. Students read each article and discuss its associated questions in small groups and then with the entire class before moving on to the next article. We deployed the case study in an intermediate-level molecular biology course at a small, liberal arts university. We assessed student learning and attitudes toward the case study (50 pre/postmatched pairs). In four true/false assessment questions, our results showed that the students' performance on the assessment after the case study was significantly higher than their performance before the case study. Students also self-reported increased knowledge of concepts related to genomic imprinting. Finally, students were likely to agree that the case study was beneficial to their learning and was an enjoyable classroom activity. We conclude that the case study is an effective way to instruct students about the topic of genomic imprinting.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Students often struggle with the concept of genomic imprinting, in part because it violates Mendelian rules of inheritance. Students learned about genomic imprinting, and enjoyed doing it when completing this case study.

Manorial Custom and Its Role in the World of English Copyhold

The article deals with the problem of manorial custom and its role in the life of peasant world of medieval England. Manorial custom is defined as a legal phenomenon of local significance, as its socio-economic, legal and moral public norm, balancing thepowerful will of manorial lord. Peculiar regulative features of manorial custom revealed themselves in the sphere of socio-economic development and manorial jurisdiction of customary courts, in the rules of inheritance and women’s property rights including widow law, in compliance with behavioral norms. Manorial custom was based on such criteria as antiquity of legal rules, reasonableness (its correlation with everyday life and manorial economic development), permanence and continuity of reliance on the custom (its frequent usage). Historical destiny of manorial custom revealed itself in the process of coercive deformation by the powerful lord’s will, constantly growing in its significance in the period of agrarian revolution because of the market conjuncture’s changing. Its role had been gradually decreasing, and this fact (together with other circumstances) partly brought to mass expropriation of English peasantry in the period of parliamentary enclosures of 18th century.

Radnopravne posledice smrti i gubitka poslovne sposobnosti poslodavca sa svojstvom fizičkog lica

The employer may act in the legal capacity of a natural person or a legal entity. In the former case, the subject of an employment relationship is a natural person per se or a natural person in the capacity of a sole trader or a freelancer. In the latter case, given that a natural person is identified with his/her own enterprise (as they constitute one body), the question arises what happens in the event of a change in the legal status of a natural person as the employer (a holder of a sole proprietorship), which will primarily take place in the event of death or loss of legal capacity. Considering that the labour legislation of the Republic of Serbia does not provide an answer to this question, the author will address this question by seeking answers within the framework of general rules of labour, inheritance, family and company legislation. In that sense, the paper analyzes the effects of death and loss of legal capacity of an employer (a natural person) on the existing employment relations. The author aims to respond to the question whether the employer's death necessarily causes the termination of employment, or whether such employment may be continued by the employer's successors (in which case, it may be considered as the change of employer). In particular, the author focuses on the provisions of the Business Companies Act, which regulate the possibilities to continue conducting the business in the event of the sole trader's death while implicating their shortcomings, unclarities and issues they cause in the interpretation and practical application thereof. In that context, the author examines the legal grounds enabling the successor to take over the sole trader business, the subject matter of such succession, the labour law status of employees, and the possibility for the co-successors' community (a number of natural persons) to act in the capacity of the employer.

Генетическая дивергенция в системе смежных популяций при плотностно-зависимом лимитировании гаметопродукции

The paper studies the mechanisms leading to the emergence of genetic divergence (stable genetic differences) between two populations coupled by migration. We considered the classical system of panmictic populations with Mendelian rules of inheritance and monolocus selection directed against heterozygotes. In order to limit the growth of populations, we propose to assume that gamete production and total fertility (birth) decreases with population growth due to limited resources. We have proposed a non-linear discrete time model that describes the concentration dynamics of one of the alleles and each population abundance. To calculate the coordinates of all fixed points corresponding to different types of the limiting genetic structure and the abundance ratio, we have proposed a method for calculating their coordinates. It is shown that with a density-dependent birth limitation in the model, a set of fixed points corresponding to a homogeneous and heterogeneous distribution is possible. At a homogeneous distribution, both populations are monomorphic, with individuals belonging to only one genotype. At this, the limiting values of population abundance do not always coincide. With a non-homogeneous distribution, adjacent populations are polymorphic with individuals of different genotypes, but they differ significantly in the frequencies of alternative alleles and asymptotic population abundance. Bifurcations of the fixed points birth corresponding to heterogeneous distribution and genetic divergence are described. It is found that the movement towards one of the possible limiting genetic structures is accompanied by a change in the reproductive capabilities of populations.It is shown that a reduced fitness of heterozygotes in monomorphic populations results in a higher birth rate as compared to polymorphic populations obviously containing individuals with different reproductive capabilities. As a result, monomorphic and polymorphic populations correspond to different limiting abundances and cycles with different periods and oscillation phases after the loss of stability, even if the populations are completely identical.

Schools of Hindu Law: An Analytical Approach to the Rules of Inheritance

Schools of Hindu Law: An Analytical Approach to the Rules of Inheritance

Судьба завещания Антиоха Кантемира

Among the multitude of problems associated with the biography of Prince Antioch Kantemir, there is also the history of his will and its execution. The current article, based on the archival documents discovered by the author, allows us to fill this gap. In addition, the analysis of the mentioned documents and literature makes it possible to highlight a number of issues related to the practice of the Russian diplomatic service in the first half of the 18th century; norms and rules of inheritance, as well as the history of relationships between the members of the Kantemir’s family.

Molecular genetic variation of animals and plants under domestication

Domesticated plants and animals played crucial roles as models for evolutionary change by means of natural selection and for establishing the rules of inheritance, originally proposed by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel, respectively. Here, we review progress that has been made during the last 35 y in unraveling the molecular genetic variation underlying the stunning phenotypic diversity in crops and domesticated animals that inspired Mendel and Darwin. We notice that numerous domestication genes, crucial for the domestication process, have been identified in plants, whereas animal domestication appears to have a polygenic background with no obvious “domestication genes” involved. Although model organisms, such as Drosophila and Arabidopsis, have replaced domesticated species as models for basic research, the latter are still outstanding models for evolutionary research because phenotypic change in these species represents an evolutionary process over thousands of years. A consequence of this is that some alleles contributing to phenotypic diversity have evolved by accumulating multiple changes in the same gene. The continued molecular characterization of crops and farm animals with ever sharper tools is essential for future food security.

Meiotic drive in house mice: mechanisms, consequences, and insights for human biology.

Meiotic drive occurs when one allele at a heterozygous site cheats its way into a disproportionate share of functional gametes, violating Mendel's law of equal segregation. This genetic conflict typically imposes a fitness cost to individuals, often by disrupting the process of gametogenesis. The evolutionary impact of meiotic drive is substantial, and the phenomenon has been associated with infertility and reproductive isolation in a wide range of organisms. However, cases of meiotic drive in humans remain elusive, a finding that likely reflects the inherent challenges of detecting drive in our species rather than unique features of human genome biology. Here, we make the case that house mice (Mus musculus) present a powerful model system to investigate the mechanisms and consequences of meiotic drive and facilitate translational inferences about the scope and potential mechanisms of drive in humans. We first detail how different house mouse resources have been harnessed to identify cases of meiotic drive and the underlying mechanisms utilized to override Mendel's rules of inheritance. We then summarize the current state of knowledge of meiotic drive in the mouse genome. We profile known mechanisms leading to transmission bias at several established drive elements. We discuss how a detailed understanding of meiotic drive in mice can steer the search for drive elements in our own species. Lastly, we conclude with a prospective look into how new technologies and molecular tools can help resolve lingering mysteries about the prevalence and mechanisms of selfish DNA transmission in mammals.

Simple and complex dynamics in the model of evolution of two populations coupled by migration with non-overlapping generations

Purpose is to study the mechanisms leading to genetic divergence (stable genetic differences between two adjacent populations). We considered the following classical model situation. Populations are panmictic with Mendelian rules of inheritance. The action of natural selection (differences in fitness) on each of population is the same and is determined by the genotypes of only one diallel locus. We assume that adjacent generations do not overlap and genetic transformations can be described by a discrete time model. This model describes the change in the concentration of one of the alleles in each population and the ratio (weight) of first population to the total size. Methods. We used the analogue of saddle charts to construct parametric portraits showing the domains of qualitatively different dynamic modes. The study is supplemented with phase portraits, basins of attraction and bifurcation diagrams. Results. We found that the model dynamic regimes qualitatively coincide with the regimes of a similar model with continuous time, but only for a weak migration. With a strong coupling, fluctuations of the phase variables are possible. We showed that the genetic divergence is possible only with reduced fitness of heterozygotes and is the result of a series of bifurcations: pitchfork bifurcation, period doubling, or saddle-node bifurcation. After these qualitative changes, the dynamics become bi- or quadstable. In the first case, the solutions corresponding to the genetic divergence are unstable and are just a part of the transient process to monomorphic state. In the second case, the divergence is stable and appears as 2-cycle for a strong migration coupling. Conclusion. In neighboring populations, movement towards an asymptotic genetic structure (monomorphism, polymorphism or divergence) can be strictly monotonous or in the form of damped unstable or undamped stable fluctuations with a period of 2 for biologically significant parameters. For insignificant parameters, we found a complex dynamics (chaos) that consist of divergent fluctuations around fixed points and quasi-random transitions between them.

Patah Titie dalam Kewarisan

The problem in this study is how the practice of inheritance "patah titie" in Tangse District Pidie, how it impacts, and how the review of Islamic law on the practice. The method used in this study is qualitative method that uses observation, interview and documentation as data collection techniques. The results showed that the practice of "patah titie" that developed in tangse society often caused prejudice and inequality among the community. The impact that often arises as a result of the practice of "patah titie" is strife, strain until the breakup of family relationships. While the review of Islamic law shows that the practice of "patah titie" that applies among tangse people is basically not forbidden in Islam, because in Islamic law "patah titie", known as hijab andmahjub, it's just that people do not understand about it so as to cause problems. The author concludes that the practice of "patah titie" is in no way in violation of the rules of Islamic inheritance, because the problems and gaps that occur among the community is the result of the negligence of the community itself in understanding and studying the actual inheritance law recommended in Islam. The author's advice should give a small part of the inheritance to the heirs of the "patah titie" to protect and protect the family from disputes and disputes.