Rules For Use Research Articles

Digital technologies – the missing link between climate action transparency and accountability?

ABSTRACT The rise of digital technologies poses opportunities and challenges for transparency and accountability in climate governance. This paper examines their impact on information flows and accountability in the context of climate outcomes, analyzing three case examples (World Bank Climate Warehouse, Climate TRACE, and OpenClimate) to assess the potential of digital solutions to improve data availability and reliability, particularly for non-state actors (NSAs). Using Ostrom's ‘rules in use’ framework, we explore how digital technologies shape transparency outcomes, highlighting challenges and unintended consequences. We analyze how these initiatives frame, design, and implement their rules for digital approaches to define their participants’ data collection, purpose, and access rules, all of which are crucial aspects impacting transparency and accountability for the Paris Agreement. Our findings reveal uncertainties in the rules' operationalization for these digital technologies that undermine their potential to enhance transparency. Three key issues emerge: (1) establishing appropriate rules to govern data quality for accuracy and credibility; (2) addressing power imbalances to foster inclusive and equitable transparency; and (3) aligning rules in use across digitally-enabled solutions to promote coordination and facilitate polycentrism in the post-Paris climate regime. These insights shed light on the role of digital approaches in bridging transparency and accountability gaps, emphasizing the need for careful rule design and coordination for effective implementation in global climate governance. KEY POLICY INSIGHTS Digital technologies have the potential to generate new modes of transparency within the Paris climate governance system, particularly at the level of non-state and subnational actors. By comparing three case examples employing digital technologies to improve climate data, we evaluate various formal and informal ‘rules in use’ for generating data and facilitating sharing across actors and initiatives to enhance transparency and accountability. To leverage the potential of digital technologies in advancing transparency and accountability in climate governance, policymakers should prioritize the alignment of rules in use, address power imbalances, and ensure the creation of appropriate rules governing data quality and structure.

Analysis on Hedging and Risk Management of Options and Futures

Options play an irreplaceable role in today's financial markets This article begins with an introduction to the meaning and rules of use of options, where a party who owns an option has the right, but not the obligation, to buy or try to sell an asset at a particular price on or before a specific date. As the price of the underlying changes, the option price changes along with it, providing an opportunity to hedge risk and speculate. In the face of different market conditions, this article proposes different options strategies that enable investors to choose the right combination of options to mitigate risk and get more returns under different circumstances. Maximize gains or minimize losses by taking advantage of the different properties of call and put options and the effects of the combination. Finally, this article draws conclusions on the characteristics of futures in risk management and the implications for investors or companies.

KEPASTIAN HUKUM DALAM ASPEK PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN TERHADAP INFORMASI KEAMANAN PRODUK DAN PENCANTUMAN LABEL KATEGORI PANGAN

Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection of the Republic of Indonesia explains that consumer rights include the right to comfort, security and safety in consuming goods and services. protection for consumers must be a serious concern by the government, especially for food products circulating in the community, so that consumers and society in general do not become victims of irresponsible producers. Business actors are prohibited from producing and/or trading goods and/or services as stipulated in Article 8 Paragraph (1) letter i UUPK, namely not placing labels or making descriptions of goods containing the name of the goods, size, net or net weight/content, composition, rules for use, date of manufacture, side effects, name and address of business actor and other information for use according to applicable laws and regulations.
 This study aims to find out how the consumer protection law is applied to expired food products and how to monitor and prevent expired food / food and beverage products circulating in the community. To support this research, data collection techniques were used in the form of interviews and literature studies. The results of the study show that the application of consumer protection laws has not been carried out optimally where entrepreneurs as providers of goods and services pay less attention to their obligations and consumer rights as well as the community does not pay much attention to their rights as consumers. The role of BBPOM towards consumers and guidance to business actors is a form of legal protection for the community through the process of outreach, guidance, inspection and supervision of the distribution of food products circulating at consumer shopping centers or facilities.
 Keywords: Food Safety, Label, Legal Certainty

Editorial: Toyota Production System practices asFast‐and‐Frugalheuristics

Editorial: Toyota Production System practices as<scp>Fast‐and‐Frugal</scp>heuristics

Sociolinguistic Pedagogical Implications of EFL Issues: A Case Study of Saudi Universities

In this study, the sociolinguistic pedagogical implications of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) issues in Saudi universities have been considered. Future EFL instructors require education that acknowledges linguistic, socio-historical, cultural, and pedagogical aspects. Areas of improvement in explaining instructors' vital role in changing language education are highly concentrated in language proficiency and technology. Investigating in the significant influence of sociolinguistic characteristics on the educational context and the growth and use of EFL results in raising social and cultural awareness, enabling students to know how to interpret the surrounding environment. In this study report, we describe the close relationship between social and educational settings, and the classroom environment as suitable factors for fostering sociolinguistic competence in EFL learners. The desired outcomes were to explore whether culture and education could be viewed as two inseparable independent parameters and whether EFL learners needed to master the cultural rules of use and rules of discourse. EFL instructors believe that teaching a language in its natural context is the best way to teach the language. The authors used a questionnaire to collect data from Saudi university staff members. A significant conclusion was reached about the sociolinguistic pedagogical implications of EFL issues. Responses to the questionnaire were analysed by SPSS. The use of a socio-pedagogical approach to teaching EFL can have a positive impact on EFL issues. It is recommended that EFL instructors in Saudi universities take a socio-pedagogical approach to teach the language and that universities provide teachers and students with adequate resources to help them understand the language.

Adequacy of Normative-Legal Framework for Engaging the Military Forces of the Republic of Serbia in Emergency Situations

Engagement of military forces of the Republic of Serbia is determined by the national legislation. The operationalisation of engagement of military forces of the Republic of Serbia is regulated in more detail by strategic-doctrinal documents of the National Security system and rules of use of the Serbian Armed Forces. However, engagement of military forces in peacetime (emergency situations) is specific, from the point of view of ambient conditions for use, i.e. dimensions of the operational environment in which military forces are used. Consequently, clearly defined procedures and methodologies for use of military forces are necessary, which nominally requires precise normative-legal determinants. The existence of adequate normative-legal determinants of engagement of military forces in emergency situations is a problem that is being researched in the paper. The solution to the problem, that is, the goal of the work, is achieved by applying the basic method used in the research is the method of content analysis. A special instrument-sheet for content analysis was constructed for its application. A total of 66 normative-legal documents were examined, which can be divided into four groups: laws; regulations; decrees and decisions; and assessments and instructions. The research, at the level of scientific description, led to the following results: the normative-legal framework of the Republic of Serbia enables the use of military forces in emergency situations; the existing legislation is not adequately regulated, so it is necessary to regulate the use of military forces more closely, with a focus on regulating connections and relations at different levels of coordination of entities and forces of disaster risk reduction and emergency management systems.

Pharmacists in antibiotic resistance prevention education at Makassar Mandai Market

Antibiotics are drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections. The thing that must be considered by pharmacists is the use of antibiotics without a doctor's prescription where if used incorrectly it will cause the problem of antibiotic resistance in a population. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase public basic knowledge of current treatment by providing drug information or education to the community. This activity was carried out by gathering 50 respondents to conduct interviews (pre-test and post-test) and public education on the theme of antibiotic resistance. Based on the results obtained, the community's understanding in terms of the use of antibiotics is increasing regarding the rules for use and when to use antibiotics. The public understands for free buying antibiotics without a doctor's prescription is a bad choice and there are people who based knowledge on antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial resistance, or drug resistance addition. Public understanding of the use of antibiotics is still low. This was proven when people bought antibiotics freely anywhere.

ERROR ANALYSIS IN TRANSLATING INDEFINITE ARTICLE ON MODIFIED AND NON-MODIFIED NOUN

Indefinite article in the surface may seem unimportant but it has uniqueness. Indefinite article “a” or “an” in a noun phrase can differentiate the number of noun without using plural mark. Besides, it cannot be used with certain nouns. Regarding this rule, it should be easy because there is a clear border. However, students of this research still could not acknowledge the rule of use of indefinite article. In another word, the goal of this research is to reveal the translation of indefinite article followed by noun or noun phrase and the classification of errors they make. The respondents are the fifth semester students of English Education Department in IAIN Bone. The sample of this research is 20 students from English education department who have been taught the material of article as registered in 2019/2020 academic year. The sentences translated by respondents are retrieved from book A Practical English Grammar (Thomson Martinet, 1986) and from website https://www.vedantu.com/english/omission-of-article. Sentences are shared through Whatsapp text as well as the answers from the students. The data are analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method. The result of this research is that students still make error in translating the noun phrase in which they are still not able to differentiate the translation of noun or noun phrase with article or they should omit it.

Issues related to business-academic communication and language strategy in the Azerbaijani language

Modern globalization, the development of the mother tongue in the world, the improvement of its norms of speech culture does not only serve the purpose of raising the level of this language use. The increasing expansion of the international integration environment, the borderless dissemination of information, the expansion of inter-country public, social, cultural, and economic relations make the strategic opportunities of the language take a new dimension. Speech culture, being the most important and leading part of the general culture of people, is one of the components. In addition to the culture of speech, writing is included in this concept alongside culture. A person who acquires such a high quality is a social member of the society. Speech culture is a practical field of linguistics, language as a means of communication learns how to use it. Therefore, speech culture is not considered a theoretical, but a practical field of linguistics. That is, speech culture, first of all, as a means of communication through language of philology, the rules of use, the field studied on the basis of science is required. At the same time, ıt is used to express the quality of this or that speech manifestation depending on a concept. This is the speech of every representative of the people, it is a different use of the means of communication, it is the speech of different people.

Audit lead selection and yield prediction from historical tax data using artificial neural networks.

Tax audits are a crucial process adopted in all tax departments to ensure tax compliance and fairness. Traditionally, tax audit leads have been selected based on empirical rules and randomization methods, which are not adaptive, may miss major cases and can introduce bias. Here, we present an audit lead tool based on artificial neural networks that have been trained and evaluated on an integrated dataset of 93,413 unique tax records from 8,647 restaurant businesses over 10 years in the Northern California, provided by the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration (CDTFA). The tool achieved a 40.1% precision and 58.7% recall (F1-score of 0.42) on classifying positive audit leads, and the corresponding regressor provided estimated audit gains (MAE of $155,490). Finally, we evaluated the statistical significance of various empirical rules for use in lead selection, with two out of five being supported by the data. This work demonstrates how data can be leveraged for creating evidence-based models of audit selection and validating empirical hypotheses, resulting in higher audit yields and more fair audit selection processes.

How does the dental benefits act encourage Australian families to seek and utilise oral health services?

This study aimed to analyse the content of the Dental Benefits Act 2008 as a foundation for the Child Dental Benefits Schedule (CDBS) to determine how the Act encourages Australian families to seek and utilise oral health services. This was a qualitative narrative document analysis conducted in 2022. Data was collected by searching formal websites for retrieving documents that reported the Australian Dental Benefits Act. The eligibility of the retrieved documents was assessed based on authenticity, credibility, representativeness, and meaningfulness of the data. A seven-steps procedure was applied for framework analysis. The content of the Dental Benefits Act 2008 provides directions on the three categories of operational, collective, and constitutional rules. Operational rules at the level of oral health providers and the population, as the service end users, can be demonstrated as rules in use in a mutual interaction with the collective and constitutional rules. The consequence of governing the rules at the community level can easily define how the oral health services are provided and utilised. The response is sent to the government level for better regulation of oral health service delivery and utilisation. Then, with interaction and advocacy with the diverse range of stakeholders and interdisciplinary partnerships, with community groups, non-government sectors and councils, the rules can be transformed, adopted, monitored, and enforced. Another mechanism of response has occurred at the providers' and users' level and to the operational rules to community groups and stakeholders via advertising and promoting the utilisation and provision of oral health services. This study integrates the perspective of politicians with those of policy makers to reconsider the role and significance of the rules based on the triple collaborations among oral health users and oral service providers, the community, and the stakeholders as well as the government. A comprehensive attention is still needed in future revisions of the Dental Benefits Act 2008 according to the contextual factors, socioeconomic and geographical attributes of the population for better implementation of de facto rules and more effective outcomes of the interventions. It is recommended that further research be undertaken utilising a mix-method approach for a holistic view prior to further revisions of the Act or proposal of probable upcoming schemes.

Does the Ethos of Law Erode? Lawyers’ Professional Practices, Self-Understanding and Ethics at Work

Furthering an integrative ethics-as-practice framework, this paper explores the professional practices, self-understanding and ethics of lawyers working in the Germanic legal context. Existing studies of the legal profession often argue that changing conditions in law have led to a ‘constrained morality’ and an ‘erosion of ethos’ among lawyers. While the current study acknowledges shifts in lawyers’ ethos, it challenges the claim of an erosion or ‘lack’ of morality. The narratives of the interviewed practitioners rather suggest that socio-discursively constituted professional practices, identity and ethics are complex and contingent. Focusing on the ‘moral rules in use’ and how lawyers negotiate ethical matters ‘from within’ evokes ongoing ambiguities and struggles inscribed in ethical (self-)positions, pointing, as such, to the limits of assessing lawyers’ conduct as ‘ethical’ or ‘unethical’. The study thereby extends both normative and practice-based business and professional ethics studies.

Evaluasi Kelengkapan Administratif dan Farmasetis Resep di Poliklinik Anak Rumah Sakit Karanggede Sisma Medika Boyolali

Prescription screening is one of the pharmaceutical services carried out by reviewing prescriptions according to administrative, pharmaceutical and clinical requirements. Administrative and pharmaceutical requirements ensure the legality of prescriptions, correct identification and successful treatment of patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the administrative and pharmaceutical completeness of prescriptions at the Children's Polyclinic Karanggede Sisma Medika Hospital Boyolali. This research was carried out in an observational descriptive manner with retrospective data from prescriptions at the Children's Polyclinic at Karanggede Sisma Medika Boyolali Hospital for the period July – September 2021, with a total sample of 215 prescription sheets. The complete administrative prescription data includes the patient's name, medical record number, gender, date of birth, doctor's name, doctor's initials and date of prescription. Complete prescription pharmaceutical data include the name of the drug, the dosage form, the strength of the preparation, the dosage unit, the amount of the drug, the rules for use and how to use it. The data were analyzed quantitatively to determine the percentage of administrative completeness, pharmaceutical completeness, and both. The study was conducted with 215 prescriptions. The results of this study showed that 43.72% of prescriptions were administratively complete which consisted of 100% of the patient's names. As many as 60% are complete pharmaceutically consisting of the name of the drug, the form of the drug and the amount of the drug by 100%, and 28.37% complete both.

110 Pulmonary Embolism and Cancer – Can the PERC Rule Still Apply?

Pulmonary Embolism (PE) in cancer is a controversial topic, with experts in several fields at odds regarding prophylactic anticoagulation, predictive models, and risk stratification. The Wells and Geneva Scores both include cancer as a high risk condition, though alone, cancer does not place an individual in the high risk category. The Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria (PERC score) is an accepted decision rule for use in the emergency department (ED) on low-risk patients. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of the PERC rule when applied retrospectively to a cohort of ED patients who were ultimately diagnosed with PE.

Governance and human rights implications of ASEAN's Smart Cities Network: a knowledge commons analysis

AbstractLaunched in April 2018, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' Smart Cities Network (ASCN) initiative raises important issues regarding the tensions between achieving smart city objectives on the one hand and protection of human rights on the other. The aim of this paper is to explore these tensions using a Knowledge Commons Framework analysis. I first analyse the three key pillars of the ASCN pilot city knowledge commons – knowledge resources, community attributes and governance ‘rules in use’ – using human rights criteria. I the apply the lessons of this analysis to two fundamental aspects of human experience in smart city contexts – mobility through transport systems and access to essential services through energy supply.

How should autonomous vehicles drive? Policy, methodological, and social considerations for designing a driver

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are being developed, tested, and commercialized around the world. While skilled human drivers can rely on their experience and common sense to navigate complex driving situations that involve trade-offs between competing objectives, AVs are engineered systems, which may handle complex scenarios based on driving principles articulated at the time of system design. This raises the question of what constitutes proper driving behavior in a complex driving scenario. Many jurisdictions point to existing rules of the road as a description of good driving and, by requiring AVs to follow such rules, hope to improve the safety and efficiency of the transportation system. This paper discusses the desirability of a comprehensive definition of AV behavior, reviews subnational, national, and international regulatory developments that seek to define how AVs might drive, and discusses the tensions between safe, lawful, and efficient driving. Locally defined rules of the road can serve as a guide to a comprehensive driving behavior specification. However, translating rules of the road, which are legal documents written in natural language, to formal rules for use by computers deployed on AVs is a challenging task. In particular, the pervasive appeals to judgment that are present in many rules of the road do not easily lend themselves to the precise formalization of conditions and quantification of values that computers use to make decisions. This work also considers the effect that formalizing behavior for adoption by AVs might have on the general driving culture, and especially on the relationship between existing classes of road users. To highlight the challenges associated with formalizing the rules of the road, this work reports on an experiment where two teams independently translated two rules of the road into formal rules to instruct AVs or to verify the correctness of AV behavior. The study results emphasize the desirability of new technical and political structures to mediate a shared understanding of the rules of the road. The harmonization of behavioral expectations has the potential to improve the safety and efficiency of AV deployments, as well as the broader transportation system.

ЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ЮРИДИЧНОЇ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ СУЧАСНОГО ЗАКОНОДАВСТВА

The article examines the linguistic aspects of legal terminology of modern legislation. The concepts, main features and functions of legal terms are defined. The peculiarities of the functioning of legislative terms are revealed. The meaning of definitions in legislative acts is analyzed. It is established that definiteness is one of the main features and characteristics of a legal term. Legislative definitions must be unambiguous, clear, concise, logically and linguistically correct, general and cover the most essential characteristics of the subject or phenomenon. Linguistic problems related to the use of legal terminology in the texts of normative legal acts are singled out. Emphasis is placed on the adaptation of modern national legislation to EU law. Among the main linguistic issues of legal terminology are the problems of legal translation of legislative terms; unmotivated use of foreign borrowings in the translation of EU legislation; inconsistency of legal terms with the norms of the Ukrainian literary language, unmotivated ways of word formation, lack of uniformity of terms used in the original and translation of one of the EU legislative acts, homonymy and polysemy of terms and their ambiguous application in Ukrainian and EU legislation. It is emphasized that the adequacy of the translation of legal terminology is extremely important for the legal function of the regulatory function. The rules of use of foreign terms in normative-legal acts are offered. The peculiarities of the role of legal terminology in the functioning of law are revealed. It is concluded that the unification, systematization and streamlining of legal terminology will facilitate the process of integration of domestic legislation into the European legal system.

Profile Of Antihypertensive Drug Use At Clinic M Surabaya

Hypertension is an increase in systolic blood pressure of more than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of more than 90 mmHg on two measurements with an interval of five minutes in a state of sufficient rest/quiet. The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of the use of antihypertensive drugs at Clinic M Surabaya for the period July-December 2021. This study was conducted by collecting data retrospectively from July-December 2021 by screening and classifying antihypertensive drug prescriptions based on age and gender, drug class , generic name of the drug, dosage of the drug, rules for taking the drug. The number of samples that met the inclusion criteria were 552 recipes. From the study results, it was known that the patients with the most age were in the 56-65 year age group by 29.9%. Female patients were 51.1% more than male patients, namely 48.9%. The group of drugs that are often prescribed is the Calcium Channel Blocker group of 73.2%. The generic name of the drug that is often prescribed is Amlodipine as much as 72.9%, with a dose of 5 mg (59.1%) and the rule of use is 1 time a day after meals (27.2%).

Algorithms, data, and platforms: the diverse challenges of governing AI

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI) poses a set of interwoven challenges. A new general purpose technology likened to steam power or electricity, AI must first be clearly defined before considering its global governance. In this context, a useful definition is technology that uses advanced computation to perform at human cognitive capacity in some task area. Like electricity, AI cannot be governed in isolation, but in the context of a broader digital technology toolbox. Establishing national and community priorities on how to reap AI’s benefits, while managing its social and economic risks, will be an evolving debate. A fundamental driver of the development and deployment of AI tools, of the algorithms and data, are the dominant Digital Platform Firms (DPFs). Unless specifically regulated, DPF's set de facto rules for use of data and algorithms. That can shift the borderline between public and private, and result in priorities that differ from those of the public sector or civil society. Governance of AI and the toolbox is a critical component of national success in the coming decades, as governments recognize opportunities and geopolitical risks posed by the suite of technologies. However, AI pries open a Pandora's box of questions that sweep across the economy and society engaging diverse communities. Rather than strive towards global agreement on a single set of market and social rules, one must consider how to pursue objectives of interoperability amongst nations with quite different political economies. Even such limited agreements are complicated following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

The role of patients in the governance of a sustainable healthcare system: A scoping review.

Patients, healthcare providers and insurers need a governance framework to establish the ‘rules of use’ to deliver more responsible use of services. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of frameworks and analyze the definitions of patient accountability to identify themes and potential gaps in the literature. Fifteen bibliographic databases were searched until July 2021. This included: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Web of Science, HealthSTAR, Scopus, ABI/INFORM Global, Cochrane Library, ERIC, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Sociological s, Worldwide Political Science s and International Political Science s. Searches were also completed in Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria included articles focused on accountability of patients, and exclusions included articles that were not available, not written in English, with missing information, and commentaries or editorials. In total, 85530 unique abstracts were identified, and 27 articles were included based on the inclusion criteria. The results showed that patient accountability is rarely used and poorly defined. Most studies focused on what patients should be held to account for and agreed that patients should be responsible for behaviours that may contribute to adverse health outcomes. Some studies promoted a punitive approach as a mechanism of enforcement. Most studies argued for positive incentives or written agreements and contracts. While many studies recognized the value of patient accountability frameworks, there was a concern that these frameworks could further exacerbate existing socioeconomic disparities and contribute to poor health-related behaviours and outcomes (e.g., stigmatizing marginalized groups). Shared models of accountability between patients and healthcare providers or patients and communities were preferred. Before committing to a patient accountability framework for improving patient health and sustaining a healthcare system, the concept must be acceptable and reasonable to patients, providers, and society as a whole.