Hierarchy Of Rules Research Articles

Skin Lesion Segmentation Using Adaptive Color Segmentation and Decision Tree

A decision tree operates as a predictive model in machine learning, utilizing a structured hierarchy of rules for the decision-making process. This model is graphically depicted through a tree-like structure, where each node symbolizes a decision point, and the ensuing branches represent the resultant outcomes of these decisions. This method proves particularly efficacious in addressing both classification and regression challenges, offering clear interpretability through its graphical illustration of the connections between input features and predicted outcomes. In the domain of image processing, color image segmentation serves as a crucial preliminary step for various applications. Specifically, the segmentation of skin lesions holds significant importance in image analysis, notably in the classification of lesions within dermoscopy images. Image segmentation involves the categorization of image pixels into uniform regions based on attributes like color, texture, and luminosity. The primary objective here is to delineate the area of interest from the healthy surrounding tissue. In methods reliant on threshold-based segmentation, the effectiveness of the segmentation hinges on the accurate selection of an appropriate threshold.

ACRES: A framework for (semi)automatic generation of rule‐based expert systems with uncertainty from datasets

AbstractTraditionally, the design of an expert system involves acquiring knowledge, in the form of symbolic rules, directly from the expert(s), which is a complex and time‐consuming task. Although expert systems approach is quite old, it is still present, especially where explicit knowledge representation and reasoning, which assure interpretability and explainability, are necessary. Therefore, machine learning methods have been devised to extract rules from data, to facilitate that task. However, those methods are quite inflexible in adapting to the application domain and provide no help in designing the expert system. In this work, we present a framework and corresponding tool, namely ACRES, for semi‐automatically generating expert systems from datasets. ACRES allows for data preprocessing, which helps in structuring knowledge in the form of a tree, called rule hierarchy, which represents (possible) dependencies among data variables and is used for rule formation. This improves interpretability and explainability of the produced systems. We have also designed and evaluated alternative methods for rule extraction from data and for calculation and use of certainty factors, to represent uncertainty; CFs can be dynamically updated. Experimental results on seven well‐known datasets show that the proposed rule extraction methods are comparable to other popular machine learning approaches like decision trees, CART, JRip, PART, Random Forest, and so on, for the classification task. Finally, we give insights on two applications of ACRES.

How Deep Neural Networks Learn Compositional Data: The Random Hierarchy Model

Deep learning algorithms demonstrate a surprising ability to learn high-dimensional tasks from limited examples. This is commonly attributed to the depth of neural networks, enabling them to build a hierarchy of abstract, low-dimensional data representations. However, how many training examples are required to learn such representations remains unknown. To quantitatively study this question, we introduce the random hierarchy model: a family of synthetic tasks inspired by the hierarchical structure of language and images. The model is a classification task where each class corresponds to a group of high-level features, chosen among several equivalent groups associated with the same class. In turn, each feature corresponds to a group of subfeatures chosen among several equivalent groups and so on, following a hierarchy of composition rules. We find that deep networks learn the task by developing internal representations invariant to exchanging equivalent groups. Moreover, the number of data required corresponds to the point where correlations between low-level features and classes become detectable. Overall, our results indicate how deep networks overcome the curse of dimensionality by building invariant representations and provide an estimate of the number of data required to learn a hierarchical task. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Hyperforce balance via thermal Noether invariance of any observable

Noether invariance in statistical mechanics provides fundamental connections between the symmetries of a physical system and its conservation laws and sum rules. The latter are exact identities that involve statistically averaged forces and force correlations and they are derived from statistical mechanical functionals. However, the implications for more general observables and order parameters are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that thermally averaged classical phase space functions are associated with exact hyperforce sum rules that follow from translational Noether invariance. Both global and locally resolved identities hold and they relate the mean gradient of a phase-space function to its negative mean product with the total force. Similar to Hirschfelder’s hypervirial theorem, the hyperforce sum rules apply to arbitrary observables in equilibrium. Exact hierarchies of higher-order sum rules follow iteratively. As applications we investigate via computer simulations the emerging one-body force fluctuation profiles in confined liquids. These local correlators quantify spatially inhomogeneous self-organization and their measurement allows for the development of stringent convergence tests and enhanced sampling schemes in complex systems.

Exploring Classroom Discipline Strategies and Cultural Dynamics: Lessons from the Japanese Education System

This academic study examines classroom discipline strategies and cultural dynamics within the Japanese education system. It focuses on their effects on classroom management and cross-cultural education. The study aims to provide valuable lessons from the Japanese approach to classroom discipline, student engagement, and the influence of national factors on student-teacher relationships and communication. The main objective of the study is to highlight the fundamental rules of Japanese classrooms, emphasizing respect, hierarchy, and authority. It examines how these values shape the overall discipline and approach adopted by Japanese teachers. This will help in providing a framework for understanding unique classroom management practices in Japan. This study provides valuable insights into classroom management strategies in Japan and their relevance to cross-disciplinary education. By understanding Japanese classroom cultural dynamics and discipline strategies, educators and policymakers can gain a broader perspective. They can also adapt effective practices to create inclusive and engaging learning environments. The study also suggests avenues for future research, encouraging further exploration of cultural dynamics and their implications for education systems worldwide.

Ten-Year Review of Antihypertensive Prescribing Practices After Stroke and the Associated Disparities From the Florida Stroke Registry.

Guideline-based hypertension management is integral to the prevention of stroke. We examine trends in antihypertensive medications prescribed after stroke and assess how well a prescriber's blood pressure (BP) medication choice adheres to clinical practice guidelines (BP-guideline adherence). The FSR (Florida Stroke Registry) uses statewide data prospectively collected for all acute stroke admissions. Based on established guidelines, we defined optimal BP-guideline adherence using the following hierarchy of rules: (1) use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker as first-line antihypertensive among diabetics; (2) use of thiazide-type diuretics or calcium channel blockers among Black patients; (3) use of beta blockers among patients with compelling cardiac indication; (4) use of thiazide, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, or calcium channel blocker class as first line in all others; (5) beta blockers should be avoided as first line unless there is a compelling cardiac indication. A total of 372 254 cases from January 2010 to March 2020 are in the FSR with a diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or subarachnoid hemorrhage; 265 409 with complete data were included in the final analysis. Mean age was 70±14 years; 50% were women; and index stroke subtypes were 74% acute ischemic stroke, 11% intracerebral hemorrhage, 11% transient ischemic attack, and 4% subarachnoid hemorrhage. BP-guideline adherence to each specific rule ranged from 48% to 74%, which is below quality standards of 80%, and was lower among Black patients (odds ratio, 0.7 [95% CI, 0.7-0.83]; P<0.001) and those with atrial fibrillation (odds ratio, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.50-0.56]; P<0.001) and diabetes (odds ratio, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.61-0.68]; P<0.001). This large data set demonstrates consistently low rates of BP-guideline adherence over 10 years. There is an opportunity for monitoring hypertensive management after stroke.

Constitutional Imperatives: Examining the Urgency of Term Limits for Members of the House of Representatives

UUD NRI 1945 is the highest law in Indonesia's hierarchy of rules and regulations. One of the principles adopted by the UUD NRI 1945 is the principle of constitutionalism. Proof that the UUD NRI 1945 adheres to the principle of constitutionalism can be proven by the existence of Article 7, Article 23E, Article 24A, Article 24B, and Article 24C of the UUD NRI 1945. Meanwhile, the DPR, one of the state institutions mentioned in Chapter VII of the UUD NRI 1945, does not regulate term limits. This research explains the urgency of regulating term limits for DPR members from a constitutionalism perspective. This research is normative legal research using a statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approach. The results of this research show that the absence of regulations regarding term limits for members of The House of Representative in the UUD NRI 1945 is not in accordance with the principles of constitutionalism adopted by the UUD NRI 1945. The urgency of limiting the terms for members the House of Representative is to: (1) uphold the principles of constitutionalism, (2) prevent arbitrary actions, (3) realize legal certainty, (4) improve the implementation of democracy in Indonesia, (5) prevent authoritarianism, and (6) Carrying out regeneration.

Navigating plural legal constellations at the coal mining frontier in Mozambique

In this article, I will focus on the emergence and dynamics of different laws, standards, and norms in the context of an extractive frontier. The extractive frontier is presented as a place where multiple jurisdictions overlap and in which new governance constellations and practices emerge. This article focuses on the laws and standards related to resettlement processes and compensation for loss of residence, land, and livelihood in the surroundings of two coal mines in Tete province, Mozambique. Resettlement processes are one of the most direct ways in which populations are affected by extractive projects and often associated with human rights violations. The paper focuses on resettlement officers of the mining companies who are at the forefront of planning and implementing such processes. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, including interviews with resettlement officers and participation in their daily lives, the article details how these individuals position themselves in relation to multiple sets of laws and rules (e.g. Standards of the International Finance Corporation, state mining law and resettlement regulation, land law, human rights law) and a variety of actors (e.g. mining companies, international finance institutes, government agencies, local populations, NGOs). Resettlement officers often work with standards that surpass national law but are in their implementation of regulations also curtailed by a seemingly absent state, divergent company policies, critical civil society organisations, and global commodity markets. A focus on the everyday intricacies of the work of resettlement officers, shows their power and constraints, and the dynamics by which hierarchies of rules and laws become unsettled at the extractive frontier.

Persistent Gender and Racial Hierarchies: Marriage Migration and Mixedness in Morocco from the French Protectorate to the Present

This article presents a historical and anthropological approach to mixed marriages in Morocco, tracking the continuities and changes between the French colonial period and contemporary experiences to see how attitudes towards mixed couples changed in Morocco throughout the French protectorate, in the post-independence period and the increasingly globalised world of the 21st century. This interdisciplinary approach combines historic data (primarily from a 1949 study into mixed marriages conducted by the colonial government as well as magazines, novels and memoirs) with 52 anthropological semi-structured interviews (conducted in Morocco between 2018 and 2022) with children of mixed couples and some of their parents.We examine first how the demographic make-up of mixed couples and where they choose to settle has shifted, looking at their gender split, their countries of origin, their occupations and where they met. This has diversified considerably throughout the 20th century: the individuals come from a much larger number of countries (no longer primarily Moroccan soldiers who returned from France with French women) and Moroccan women are now more likely to travel abroad. But gender still impacts mobility as the country of settlement is still often linked to the husband’s job. We then compare how in some cases legal and religious restraints have affected which mixed couples can marry. Although European men could marry Moroccan women, the French colonial authorities sought to ban European wives or partners of Moroccan men from entering Morocco because they believed these relationships would threaten the hierarchies of colonial rules. However, in contemporary Morocco migration is considerably easier for individuals from the Global North. Today the Moroccan family law (Mudawana) states that a foreign man has to convert to Islam if he wishes to marry a Moroccan Muslim woman. What is forbidden has changed, but women’s freedom remains subject to external pressures to maintain social cohesion. Finally, we examine the emotional motivations behind choosing mixed marriages, often overlooked by studies of migration, arguing that mixed marriage in Morocco has always shown a “desire for elsewhereness” and offered a space of freedom, a way to embrace new possibilities and turn away from certain social norms. In the 20th century, in the colonial and post-independence period, many Moroccan men used mixed marriage as a way to escape traditional pressures to pay a bride price (sdaq) to a Moroccan woman’s family. Some Moroccan men also expressed colonialist ideas that European women were more “evolved” and would make better partners than Moroccan women as they were more educated because of gender inequalities in access to education. This has changed due to Moroccan women’s improved access to education. But emotions are still at the heart of these experiences of intimacy across racial, national and religious borders. Contemporary and historical couples see mixedness as imbued with new opportunities to express their desire for change, for a new way of living and for creativity. Mixed marriages provide a change to re-evaluate customs and lifestyles, but these are also deeply intimate relationships born out of emotional attachment. This article reminds readers that marriage migration is, at heart, a migration for love. This love, and the feeling of possibility it offers, can be considered a threat to existing power structures. We argue that in post-independence Morocco, mixed marriages are no longer considered a threat to political power but that they still reveal the existence of persistent racial and gender symbolic boundaries. Indeed, social perception of mixed couples has shifted from a fear of neo-imperialism to a feeling of opportunities in a globalized world, but gender and racial hierarchies still prevail as significant symbolic boundaries that shape mixed couples and attitudes towards them.

The infraction of Treaties in the Hierarchies Legislative ‎Document of Afghanistan

The hierarchy of legal rules is one of the fundamental ‎components of any legal system. In fact, on this basis, the ‎status and credibility of each rule are defined and determined ‎, and the possibility of monitoring and evaluating the regular ‎and coordinated regularly function of the legal system, ‎especially through the judicial force. In the Afghan legal ‎system, the basic issue of international treaties in the ‎hierarchy of legal rules can be contemplated, because ‎according to Article 95 of the constitution of the international ‎treaties after approval in the National Council and during its ‎legal procedures, according to the law of treaties and the ‎covenants, it is also known as the rule of law in the ruling of ‎the law in order of the law in the rules of Afghanistan. ‎Although in the event of a contradiction between treaties and ‎ordinary law, Article 14 of the laws of the treaties and ‎covenants of Afghanistan can be implemented. According to ‎Article 7 of the Constitution, which requires compliance with ‎international treaties in Afghanistan and the Government of ‎Afghanistan is required to comply with them, and compliance ‎with Article 31 of the Civil Code in the hierarchy of legal rules, ‎International treaties are recognized as inferior to the ‎Constitution and above ordinary law.‎

Application of Bloom’s Taxonomy to Teaching Design of English for Specific Purpose

This paper aims to use Bloom's taxonomy to systematize English learning objectives and form a hierarchical structure of objectives from easy to difficult, so as to design interlocking teaching links and construct a teaching design framework that conforms to the rules of cognitive hierarchy. As an extension of English teaching on the basis of college General English, English for Specific Purpose (ESP) is generally designed to train and enhance students' ability via application of English in a certain field, closely following the actual demand of relevant tasks with language skills in the field as the core.

Tangut verb agreement

Abstract The Tangut language is of particular importance to the field of Sino­Tibetan Studies, notably because of its morphological conservatism, which is unexpectedly correlated with a simplification of its syllable structure, a consequence of a process Miyake (2012) called “compression”. Such conservatism is evident in the syllable qualities reconstructed, which sometimes reflect proto­ Tangut’s ancient derivational processes. Verbs also exhibit various flectional phenomena, mainly due to conversion of agreement rules and referential hierarchy rules (Silverstein 1976), in a manner reminiscent of the indexation system of languages of the rGyalrongic taxon within the Qiangic family. The present paper attempts to explain the absence of indexation in the Tangut verb, a key phenomenon in the history of verb agreement analysis. First, I recall the main rules of the Tangut verb’s agreement system, as shown by Kepping (1975) and Gong (2001). Second, cases of non­agreement are analyzed. Apart from the case of non­local contexts, we see that the absence of agreement occurs in non­finite forms resulting from a dependency pattern, such as clause chaining, topic/comment context, and semantically dependent modality.1

The Higher, More Complicated: The Neural Mechanism of Hierarchical Task Switching on Prefrontal Cortex

Cognitive control is essential to daily life. Task switching is a classical paradigm used to study cognitive control. Previous researchers have studied the representation of different abstract hierarchical rules in the prefrontal cortex and explored the process mechanisms of task switching. However, the differences between the different hierarchical levels of task switching, especially the related neural mechanisms in the prefrontal cortex, are still unclear. This review focuses on and summarizes this issue. The present study suggests that the higher the hierarchical rule shifting or task switching, the more anterior the activation is on the prefrontal cortex. In addition, a high hierarchy of rules or tasks is more abstract, which leads to a larger switching cost.

Development and modeling of combined components of the information environment

The relevance of the study is due to the problem of forming the concept of the information environment from the point of view of management. The theoretical foundations for the construction and practical application of the information environment of educational institutions are given, a model of an individual educational trajectory is designed, and the methodology for modeling the information environment of educational institutions based on systems theory is described. This is important, since the information environment helps to improve the efficiency and quality of the educational process through the implementation of information technology capabilities. An individual educational trajectory is considered as a process of making a decision by a student based on a system of individual values and personal meanings; contains a qualification model of a specialist in the world of professions and opportunities for the implementation of vital plans. The qualification model of a specialist includes a qualification portrait of a specialist, regulatory requirements – a set of linguistic assessments and a set of numerical assessments that meet the requirements of employers. As a result of the study, a systematic approach was applied, which makes it possible to determine the limitations of the system's functioning, the procedure for planning activities and the system for stimulating elements of the organization. A detailed review of the main models of interaction between the elements of the organization is made: bureaucratic, democratic participation and parity compromise. The bureaucratic model is characterized by a clear hierarchy of rules and decisions, strict regulation of job descriptions. The model of democratic participation is focused on the development of creative abilities of an employee, when, performing a particular function, he expects to achieve personal goals, directing his efforts to achieve the goals of the organization. The results of the study are aimed at an effective choice of interaction models depending on the main elements of systemic activities in educational institutions related to improving the quality of work and education

JUDICIAL ANALYSIS ON THE POSITION OF LEGAL OPINION (FATWA) OF INDONESIAN COUNCIL OF ULAMA’ (MUI) IN STATUTORY REGULATION SYSTEM OF INDONESIA

The purpose of this research is to investigate, understand, describe, analyze and get a picture of the legal position of MUI fatwas in the statutory regulation system in Indonesia based on Law No. 12 of 2011 on Making Rules and Hierarchy of Rules. The method used in this research is normative. The results show that MUI fatwas are not included in positive law and don't have permanent legal power based on Law No. 15 of 2019 on the Amendment to Law Number 12 of 2011 on Making Rules and Hierarchy of Rules, so it cannot be legally applied to all Indonesian people. Also, fatwas of MUI cannot be a legal instrument to enforce legal act or to become the basis for imposing criminal sanctions for those who violate the law. It can only become positive law if the substance is stipulated by the authorized state institutions into laws and regulations as it is outlined in Law No. 15 of 2019 on the Amendment to Law No.12 of 2011 on Making Rules and Hierarchy of Rules.

Evaluating approval-based multiwinner voting in terms of robustness to noise

Approval-based multiwinner voting rules have recently received much attention in the Computational Social Choice literature. Such rules aggregate approval ballots and determine a winning committee of alternatives. To assess effectiveness, we propose to employ new noise models that are specifically tailored for approval votes and committees. These models take as input a ground truth committee and return random approval votes to be thought of as noisy estimates of the ground truth. A minimum robustness requirement for an approval-based multiwinner voting rule is to return the ground truth when applied to profiles with sufficiently many noisy votes. Our results indicate that approval-based multiwinner voting can indeed be robust to reasonable noise. We further refine this finding by presenting a hierarchy of rules in terms of how robust to noise they are.

Analysis of socio-economic spatial structure of urban agglomeration in China based on spatial gradient and clustering

Research background: Previous studies on the economic and social development of urban agglomerations mostly focus on a single primacy comparative analysis and efficiency evaluation. Spatial structure differentiation is an important feature of urban agglomeration. The lack of economic and social analysis on the spatial structure makes it impossible to determine the development positioning of each city in the urban agglomeration, which affects the sustainable economic devel-opment ability of these areas.&#x0D; Purpose of the article: The objective of the article is to analyze the spatial development law and experience of urban agglomeration, this study explores the practice of economic and population spatial structure of city areas in China. For this purpose, CPUA and its central city Zhengzhou was taken as an example, the spatial gradient structure of example was analyzed.&#x0D; Methods: Using economic and population data of 32 cities in this region, growth pole theory, and pole-axis theory, the economic and population spatial structure of urban agglomeration, the spatial gradient structure of central cities in urban agglomerations were analyzed with the method of cluster about radiation index.&#x0D; Findings &amp; value added: (1) In the process of the formation of CPUA, the geo-graphical spatial pattern plays a decisive role in economic and social development. This is an experience from developing countries. (2) CPUA presents a gradient development pattern with Zhengzhou as the center, and economic and social development gradually radiates to the metropolitan area, the core development area, and the character development demonstration area. (3) The economic and social gradients of Zhengzhou, the central city, present the hierarchy rules and characteristics which are driven by the Beijing-Guangzhou-Railway axis and the Longhai-Railway axis. (4) The central city of Zhengzhou still presents insufficient primacy in regional development, which shows that Zhengzhou accounts for 6% of the population of the Central Plains Economic Zone and 14% of GDP, and insufficient agglomeration. Different countries at different stages of economic development have different urban agglomeration development models. The conclusions from China provide new decision-making ideas and methods for spatial structure research and development strategy analysis of urban agglomerations.

Noether\u2019s theorem in statistical mechanics

Noether’s calculus of invariant variations yields exact identities from functional symmetries. The standard application to an action integral allows to identify conservation laws. Here we rather consider generating functionals, such as the free energy and the power functional, for equilibrium and driven many-body systems. Translational and rotational symmetry operations yield mechanical laws. These global identities express vanishing of total internal and total external forces and torques. We show that functional differentiation then leads to hierarchies of local sum rules that interrelate density correlators as well as static and time direct correlation functions, including memory. For anisotropic particles, orbital and spin motion become systematically coupled. The theory allows us to shed new light on the spatio-temporal coupling of correlations in complex systems. As applications we consider active Brownian particles, where the theory clarifies the role of interfacial forces in motility-induced phase separation. For active sedimentation, the center-of-mass motion is constrained by an internal Noether sum rule.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING AND ARCHITECTONICS OF POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE INSTITUTIONS

In the process of modernization, based on the development of the potential of public administration and the growth of social capital, an open type of interaction between the state and society is formed, where institutions act as the necessary conductors of direct and reverse signals within the framework of a flexible political and administrative system. It is pointed out that institution building in order to minimize the risks of falling into institutional traps should take into account the peculiarity of the institutional architecture, which is determined by the hierarchy of formal rules, and provide for the complication of the procedure for changing institutions as their rank grows. Taking into account the hierarchy of rules makes it possible to track the change in the role of formal / informal institutions, when a decrease in the level of the rules of the institutional architecture increases the importance of informal institutions in the management process. It is argued that informal norms play a large role in the functioning of the political market. The state as a subject of management is interested in the formalization of emerging informal practices. The stability and predictability of managerial influences grow when formal institutions absorb informal ones. Two ways of changing the architecture of institutions as a result of such a takeover are considered. The first, administrative-legal way: the gradual consolidation of informal practices as generally recognized in formal institutions, that is, the legalization of informal restrictions.The second way consists naturally in the conditions of a low level of the political and administrative potential of the state: informal practices are embedded in the mechanism of action of formal institutions and destroy them from the inside, creating the effect of subversive institutions, which creates favorable conditions for institutional traps on the way to the formation of political and administrative institutions of modernization. In addition, a situation is possible when formal and informal rules and norms interact as independent (autonomous) entities, and then, as a result, a certain type of institutional environment is formed, which differs in the way of interaction between formal and informal institutions.

A machine learning-based malicious bot detection framework for trend-centric twitter stream

There is an increase in evidence about the generation of social media content by autonomous entities called bots. These automated entities may be computerized algorithms or a human-assisted account to boost a trend or control political campaigns. People do not create bots due to malicious intent always. Several bots are benign and often play helpful roles. Detection of these bots have many implications. Most techniques available to date perform bot detection at the account level. This paper aims to uncover social bots that are active in trending events on Twitter. We have designed an automated malicious bot detection framework to serve this purpose. Our main contributions include converting unlabelled Twitter extracted trend-centric dataset to labelled dataset using semi-supervised machine learning techniques. Selection of attributes useful for bot classification using Entropy and Information Gain. Formulation of rule hierarchy after feature selection and threshold estimation of respective features. We have finalized the suspected bots after applying the rule hierarchically on the initial dataset. In addition to this, validation of the alleged bots given by the proposed framework is performed by plotting timeline tweets of suspected users, acts as an enhancement. This model is useful for bot detection in trend-centric Twitter stream. The research carried out will serve as an advancement to the successful detection of bots in trend-centric datasets.