General Rule Research Articles

High-Performance Flexible Microwave Absorption Films with Dynamic Adjustable Macrostructures and Alterable Electromagnetic Field Polarizations.

Electromagnetic wave absorption materials that can be utilized for freewill adhering or peeling from the target substrate remain a challenge to be solved. Compared to powder-based slurry and coatings, microwave absorption films possess clear advantages for their good flexibility and machinability. However, the matching thickness and effective bandwidth of 2D microwave absorption films cannot satisfy the current application requirements. As a result, it is necessary to complete a rational structural design based on flat films. In view of the fact that common film-forming methods based on blocks or hard bases cannot be changed or replaced easily once the structural construction is done, here solvent evaporation molding combined with phase change material filling was proposed for the first time to accomplish continuous structural transformation for flexible films. Unlike the original reflection loss (RL) peaks of flat films at around 17.0 GHz, a new absorption peak near 12.25 GHz was generated thanks to the design of coherent structures, resulting in the peaks' boundary merging and effective bandwidth extension. Specifically, 4.56 GHz of absorption bandwidth (RL < -5 dB) at 1.0 mm and 4.27 GHz (RL < -10 dB) of absorption bandwidth at 2.3 mm could be obtained by arch testing under electrical field polarization. Importantly, correlations between EM field polarizations and coherent structures as well as the rules of the absorption peak generation and frequency shift related to the structural variation have all been figured out. The presented laws of EM pattern evolutions for structural films in this work lay the foundation for the applications of high-efficiency microwave absorption materials in complex surfaces and switchable scenes.

The role of verticality in Danish

ABSTRACT This article is based on an empirical observation–the preference for expressing verticality in Danish when describing motion events. Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of video-based, elicited data from native speakers of Danish in the domain of placement events (a subtype of motion events), this article supports that verticality, as a general rule, ranks highest in the hierarchy of possible semantic components that can occupy the slot for the post-verbal particle, and suggests some supporting and constraining factors that may impact the choice of making verticality explicit in Danish.

Regret for the Defeated Directive

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I argue an authoritative directive can be defeated (i.e., outweighed) by a reason it defeats (i.e., excludes), where it is rational to feel regret for failing to act as the directive demands. This is the case as, first, it is rational to feel regret when one fails to act on a binding reason, and a defeated reason is still binding unless its triggering conditions have been removed; second, an authoritative directive can be defeated by a more weighty reason it excludes if the latter is still binding; and third, there is no general rule preventing a more weighty excluded reason from defeating a directive.

CODE-ACCORD: A Corpus of building regulatory data for rule generation towards automatic compliance checking

Automatic Compliance Checking (ACC) within the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector necessitates automating the interpretation of building regulations to achieve its full potential. Converting textual rules into machine-readable formats is challenging due to the complexities of natural language and the scarcity of resources for advanced Machine Learning (ML). Addressing these challenges, we introduce CODE-ACCORD, a dataset of 862 sentences from the building regulations of England and Finland. Only the self-contained sentences, which express complete rules without needing additional context, were considered as they are essential for ACC. Each sentence was manually annotated with entities and relations by a team of 12 annotators to facilitate machine-readable rule generation, followed by careful curation to ensure accuracy. The final dataset comprises 4,297 entities and 4,329 relations across various categories, serving as a robust ground truth. CODE-ACCORD supports a range of ML and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, including text classification, entity recognition, and relation extraction. It enables applying recent trends, such as deep neural networks and large language models, to ACC.

Kezdeti lépések egy európai forenzikus tudományos térség létrehozása felé

Effective action against the cross-border crime requires close cooperation between Member states in the field of expert evidence. The author argues that this requires mutual trust, which is based – among others – on generally accepted standards and accreditations. The principle of mutual recognition also calls for the reconsideration of the role of experts, as well as the general rules of evidence.

Predicting COPD Readmission: An Intelligent Clinical Decision Support System

Background: COPD is a chronic disease characterized by frequent exacerbations that require hospitalization, significantly increasing the care burden. In recent years, the use of artificial intelligence-based tools to improve the management of patients with COPD has progressed, but the prediction of readmission has been less explored. In fact, in the state of the art, no models specifically designed to make medium-term readmission predictions (2–3 months after admission) have been found. This work presents a new intelligent clinical decision support system to predict the risk of hospital readmission in 90 days in patients with COPD after an episode of acute exacerbation. Methods: The system is structured in two levels: the first one consists of three machine learning algorithms —Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, and Multilayer Perceptron—that operate concurrently to predict the risk of readmission; the second level, an expert system based on a fuzzy inference engine that combines the generated risks, determining the final prediction. The employed database includes more than five hundred patients with demographic, clinical, and social variables. Prior to building the model, the initial dataset was divided into training and test subsets. In order to reduce the high dimensionality of the problem, filter-based feature selection techniques were employed, followed by recursive feature selection supported by the use of the Random Forest algorithm, guaranteeing the usability of the system and its potential integration into the clinical environment. After training the models in the first level, the knowledge base of the expert system was determined on the training data subset using the Wang–Mendel automatic rule generation algorithm. Results: Preliminary results obtained on the test set are promising, with an AUC of approximately 0.8. At the selected cutoff point, a sensitivity of 0.67 and a specificity of 0.75 were achieved. Conclusions: This highlights the system’s future potential for the early identification of patients at risk of readmission. For future implementation in clinical practice, an extensive clinical validation process will be required, along with the expansion of the database, which will likely contribute to improving the system’s robustness and generalization capacity.

Princip země původu v komunitárním právu (v kontextu legislativního vývoje směrnice o službách)

There is a fundamental difference between the prevailing harmonization approach and the coordination approach, on which the country of origin principle (“COP”) is based. The harmonization approach together with the principle of unitary launching of services on the market and mutual recognition is narrower and applies only to requirements on services defined by a concrete directive, white the coordination approach is connected with competence in a certain field and is not dependent on whether the field has been harmonized or not. The latter approach is therefore connected with trust in the regulation quality regardless of the accomplished harmonization. The analysis of community law leads to the result that the COP has not been implemented yet into the different market segments, while the preferred approach is the partial harmonization of questions which are considered fundamental with regard to the pursuing of generally accepted interests. COP is applied only in the form of the principle of mutual recognition and trust in the proper implementation of directives. The only exception is the field of electronic commerce where the definition of the coordinated field was introduced and the requirement of trust in the proper harmonization was replaced by the requirement of trust in the legal regulation. The application of the COP requires us to assume a generally comparable legal regulation. Comparability, but not unification, of legal orders of the member states is the basic and primary requirement that allows the application of the country of origin principle to be assessed. The above mentioned exceptions to the application of COP demonstrate that, because of the variety of national regulations, the difference in the approaches to the matter and requirements, the effective functioning of the country of origin principle is not possible. One of the key factors of the services directive proposal was the application of the COP as an instrument for the more effective realization of the free movement of services. COP was originally based on a very broad approach. Therefore the original proposal of the services directive contradicted not only other European regulations and principles but was also very difficult to enforce especially with regard to control. For effective control COP requires the activity of authorities of the country of the seat of the provider and the application of relevant provisions concerning the authorities of the country of destination. Therefore it is difficult to ensure the ensure the quality of services as the administrative and judicial authorities of the country of destination must be farniliar with 24 different legal regulations in foreign languages. The above deficiencies of the original proposal of the services directive leading especially to the problematic application of the COP on the one hand, and numerous important exceptions from the field of application of the directive and the COP on the other hand, caused serious doubts with regard to the use of the proposed regulation, especially regarding its key factor, which is the COP. The main reason for the difficult application is a very broadly designed COP leading to absolute results such as the assessment of criminal responsibility of action taken in the country of destination pursuant to the law of the country of origin. COP is a far too robust instrument to be taken as a universal qualification rule. lt is therefore necessary to use other instruments in cases of providing services, like traditional or modernized qualification rules as foreseen in Rome I and Rome II. Using the COP for the conduct of control especially of the quality of the provided services cannot work well. lt is therefore necessary to conduct the control according to the rules of the country of providing. As result the services directive turned away from the COP and replaced it with the CDP. lt is questionable however, whether the new regulation can add a certain quality value compared to the existing state. COP undoubtedly gives incentives for the development of free movement. This must to used but not to the full and exclusive extent, especially in the field of service provision. In this field it also becomes a general qualification rule and contradicts other regulations. The full application is especially not possible with regard to the control of service provision. The solution should therefore from our point of view consist in a compromise approach that with regard to access to services would allow the full application of COP while the conduct and control of service provision would turn towards the CDP. This approach requires further steps by the Community, especially with regard to the harmonization of fields which might be characterized or covered by service provision. Typical examples are consumer protection and the technical aspects of service provision.

Geological Evolution

Geological evolution is incomparably better known than cosmic evolution. However, geological evolution is clearly insufficiently studied within the framework of Big History. At best, it serves as a background to biological evolution. This interesting contradiction calls for more attention to be paid to geological evolution, which is either absent from Big History courses or treated in a very cursory and superficial way. The study of geological evolution as part of mega-evolution has significant peculiarities compared to cosmic and planetary evolution. At the same time, geological evolution is not sufficiently integrated into mega-evolution and general evolutionary laws and rules in the general view of Big History, although geological evolution is well studied in co-evolution with biological evolution (and vice versa). The present article attempts to make synchronous comparisons with the evolution of other planets at certain periods.

The Crime of Passive Bribery in Indonesia: A Comparison with Several Countries

This research aims to describe the form of regulation of the crime of passive bribery in countries such as the Netherlands, Malaysia and China. This is done because it sees the form of regulation of the criminal offence of passive bribery in Indonesia which experiences dualism of regulation, namely in Article 5 Paragraph (2) and Article 12 letter a of Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Corruption. This research is a normative legal research with a comparative legal approach. The results of the research show that looking at the arrangements of countries such as Malaysia, the Netherlands, and China. These countries have various forms of regulation regarding the crime of passive bribery, there are countries that regulate in special rules and are included in the legal regime of corruption crimes such as Malaysia. However, there are also countries that include it in the general rules in the Criminal Code of each country such as the Netherlands and China. However, regardless of the regulatory model, the most substantial is the certainty of each country in formulating offences and providing sanctions that are not regulated in two different provisions (legal dualism).

Unraveling the Role of Interfacial Interactions in Electrical Contacts of Atomically Thin Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides.

Van der Waals (vdW) contact has been widely regarded as one of the most potential strategies for exploiting low-resistance metal-semiconductor junctions (MSJs) based on atomically thin transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), but this method is still not efficient due to weak metal-TMD interfacial interactions. Therefore, an understanding of interfacial interactions between metals and TMDs is essential for achieving low-resistance contacts with weak Fermi level pinning (FLP). Herein, we report how the interfacial interactions between metals and TMDs affect the electrical contacts by considering more than 90 MSJs consisting of a semiconducting TMD channel and different types of metal electrodes, including bulk metals, MXenes, and metallic TMDs. We reveal that the vdW contact scheme cannot ensure the formation of low-resistance metal-TMD contacts. The interfacial coupling between metals and TMDs leads to a delicate competition between the FLP and carrier tunneling efficiency, which explains the broad experimental observations in which the weakly coupled van der Waals contacts usually show high contact resistance, while the strongly coupled metal-TMD contacts suffer from strong FLP. Benefiting from the low Schottky barrier and weak FLP, bulk Ag is a promising electrode for n-type MoS2 devices with a contact resistance of 83 Ω μm at a carrier concentration of 5.95 × 1013 cm-2, and 1T'-phase MoS2 and Sc2NO2 are identified as superior contact electrodes for p-type WSe2 devices. This work offers a general rule to exploit high-performance MSJs and clarifies the key role of interfacial coupling in the electrical contacts of TMD-based devices.

Effects of Hypergravity on Phase Evolution, Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Materials: A Review

In a hypergravity environment, the complex stress conditions and the change in gravity field intensity will significantly affect the interaction force inside solid- and liquid-phase materials. In particular, the driving force for the relative motion of the phase material, the interphase contact interaction, and the stress gradient are enhanced, which creates a nonlinear effect on the movement mode of the phase material, resulting in a change in the material’s behavior. These changes include increased stress and contact interactions; accelerated phase separation; changes in stress distribution; shear force and phase interface renewal; enhanced interphase mass transfer and molecular mixing; and increased volume mass transfer and heat transfer coefficients. These phenomena have significant effects on the synthesis, structural evolution, and properties of materials in different phases. In this paper, the basic concepts of hypergravity and the general rules of the effects of hypergravity on the synthesis, microstructure evolution, and properties of materials are reviewed. Based on the development of hypergravity equipment and characterization methods, this review is expected to broaden the theoretical framework of material synthesis and mechanical property control under hypergravity. It provides theoretical reference for the development of high-performance materials under extreme conditions, as well as new insights and methods for research and application in related fields.

Manipulating Fano Coupling in an Opto-Thermoelectric Field.

Fano resonances in photonics arise from the coupling and interference between two resonant modes in structures with broken symmetry. They feature an uneven and narrow and tunable lineshape and are ideally suited for optical spectroscopy. Many Fano resonance structures have been suggested in nanophotonics over the last ten years, but reconfigurability and tailored design remain challenging. Herein, an all-optical "pick-and-place" approach aimed at assembling Fano metamolecules of various geometries and compositions in a reconfigurable manner is proposed. Their coupling behavior by in situ dark-field scattering spectroscopy is studied. Driven by a light-directed opto-thermoelectric field, silicon nanoparticles with high-quality-factor Mie resonances (discrete states) and low-loss BaTiO3 nanoparticles (continuum states) are assembled into all-dielectric heterodimers, where distinct Fano resonances are observed. The Fano parameter can be adjusted by changing the resonant frequency of the discrete states or the light polarization. Tunable coupling strength and multiple Fano resonances by altering the number of continuum states and discrete states in dielectric heterooligomers are also shown. This work offers a general design rule for Fano resonance and an all-optical platform for controlling Fano coupling on demand.

General PID tuning rules for stable second-order plus dead time processes: a model-based approach

General PID tuning rules for stable second-order plus dead time processes: a model-based approach

Screening a library of temperature-sensitive mutants to identify secretion factors in Staphylococcus aureus.

Protein secretion is an essential cell process in bacteria, required for cell envelope biogenesis, export of virulence factors, and acquisition of nutrients, among other important functions. In the Sec secretion pathway, signal peptide-bearing precursors are recognized by the SecA ATPase and pushed across the membrane through a translocon channel made of the proteins SecY, SecE, and SecG. The Sec pathway has been extensively studied in the model organism Escherichia coli, but the Sec pathways of other bacteria such as the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus differ in important ways from this model. Unlike in E. coli, a subset of precursors in S. aureus contains a YSIRK/GXXS (YSIRK) motif in an extended signal peptide. These proteins are secreted into the cross-wall compartment bounded by invaginating septal membranes during cell division. To gain insights into the factor(s) and mechanism(s) enabling protein secretion and spatial specificity in S. aureus, we isolated and screened a collection of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. These efforts identified at least one secA(ts) allele as well as mutations in the secG and pepV genes. A SecA pull-down experiment identified SecDF, all ribosomal proteins, several chaperones and proteases, as well as PepV, validating the genetic screen in identifying candidate cofactors of SecA in S. aureus.IMPORTANCEAll organisms use the Sec pathway for protein secretion, and key components of this pathway are essential for viability. The discovery of conditional loss-of-function mutants played an important role in defining the genetic basis of protein secretion in model organisms. In turn, the identification of Sec components facilitated mechanistic studies and revealed general rules for protein secretion but did not answer species-specific intricacies. Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, restrict the secretion of some proteins into the septal membranes that bind their division site at mid-cell. Here, we screen a library of conditional temperature-sensitive mutants to define components of the Sec pathway of S. aureus and factors that may regulate its activity.

DSB's General Rules in Dealing with Tariffs on Similar Imported Products and Their Implications for Domestic Practices: Taking the WTO Chilean Wine Duty Case as an Entry Point

The principle of national treatment ensures that foreign nationals receive(natural persons, legal persons, or things) economic treatment comparable to that given to a states nationals. In international trade, national treatment is reflected primarily in the taxation of imported goods of the same kind (including but not limited to substitutable and directly competitive goods). A lack of uniform standards exists in defining similar goods, and the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) mainly considers the identification of similar products in terms of their use, substitution elasticity, physical characteristics, consumer preferences, sales channels, prices, tariff categories, etc., and at the same time, it needs to take into account the potential competition. On the other hand, the identification of different taxes is mainly based on the different tax principle, and the determination of different taxation is mainly judged by whether it is more than a minor difference and whether it provides protection for domestic production. This lack of codified standards contributes to disputes regarding the application of the national treatment principle. Through the introduction and analysis of the Chilean Wine Duty case combined with the opinions of the Panel and the Appellate Body, this paper will try to draw the general rules of the DSB in dealing with similar cases, and use them to guide China's future practice, to playing the role of a large developing country on the road of international trade

Mountain sickness: physiological challenges, diagnosis and treatment

INTRODUCTION. The first descriptions of altitude sickness were made in (1540-1600). Nowadays, different cities in the world are at high altitude, for example Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China occupies an area of almost 2.5 million inhabitants km2, with an average elevation of over 4,500 m. Altitude sickness should be a major concern for anyone who normally resides at sea level. METHOD. A search for information was carried out in the period August-December 2024 in the SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, PubMed-MedLine databases, the Google Scholar search engine, as well as in the ClinicalKeys services. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2 ) decreases with altitude, which produces progressive tissue hypoxia. The normal compensatory response to hypobaric hypoxia is called acclimatization. Its main characteristic is increased ventilation. The ability to acclimatize varies widely among individuals and depends on many factors, including the degree of hypoxic stress (rate of ascent, altitude reached), the intrinsic ability of the individual to compensate for the decrease in PaO2, and extrinsic factors. Progressive ascent produces greater hypoxic stress, requiring greater degrees of physiological and behavioral adaptations to preserve function. The more rapid the ascent and the higher the altitude, the greater the stress. Below 1500 m, symptoms of high altitude illness are generally not manifest. From approximately 1500 to 2500 m, symptoms are generally mild, if experienced at all. From approximately 2500 m, mild to moderate symptoms become quite common among unacclimatized visitors after a rapid ascent. As a general rule, people who normally reside below 1500 m should avoid an abrupt ascent to altitudes above 2800 m for sleeping. Sedative-hypnotics should be avoided during acclimatization. Abstinence from alcohol is safest

ZT-SDN: An ML-Powered Zero-Trust Architecture for Software-Defined Networks

Zero Trust (ZT) is a security paradigm aiming to curtail an attacker’s lateral movements within a network by implementing least-privilege and per-request access control policies. However, its widespread adoption is hindered by the difficulty of generating proper rules due to the lack of detailed knowledge of communication requirements and the characteristic behaviors of communicating entities under benign conditions. Consequently, manual rule generation becomes cumbersome and error-prone. To address these problems, we propose ZT-SDN , an automated framework for learning and enforcing network access control in Software-Defined Networks. ZT-SDN collects data from the underlying network and models the network “transactions’’ performed by communicating entities as graphs. The nodes represent entities, while the directed edges represent transactions identified by different protocol stacks observed. It uses novel unsupervised learning approaches to extract transaction patterns directly from the network data, such as the allowed protocol stacks and port numbers and data transmission behavior. Finally, ZT-SDN uses an innovative approach to generate correct access control rules and infer strong associations between them, allowing proactive rule deployment in forwarding devices. We show the framework’s efficacy in detecting abnormal network accesses and abuses of permitted flows in changing network conditions with real network datasets. Additionally, we showcase ZT-SDN’s scalability and the network’s performance when applied in an SDN environment.

Under-strain Synergistic Oscillatory Twisting Manipulates the Bifunction in Rubrene Crystal.

Photophysical properties of condensed systems generally originate from collective contributions of all components in their stochastically fluctuated structures and are strongly influenced under strain of chromophores. To precisely identify how the stochastically fluctuated monomers synergistically manipulate the properties, we propose a statistic strategy over sufficient ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) samplings and for the first time uncover that synergistic oscillatory twisting (SOT) of neighboring under-strain monomers manipulates the bifunction of rubrene crystal. The under-strain trunk SOT can regulate both singlet fission (SF) and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), enabling their coexistence and dominance switching by dynamically modulating the matching of excitation energies. A general rule is that small amplitude of SOT maintains the crystal TTA, while the large one boosts SF and the SF function occurs only when two neighboring monomers simultaneously have the twisting angles larger than the critical one. Temperature can govern the twisting amplitudes, thus manipulating the bifunction. These findings rationalize the experimentally observed temperature-modulated bifunction of rubrene crystal from statistical insights and proposes a combined strain-fluctuation strategy for engineering the bifunctionality of materials.

The Role of Husband with Disabilities in Providing for the Family through the Act of Begging: An Islamic Law Perspective

This research examines the phenomenon of husbands with disabilities who provide for their families through the act of begging in Sidorejo Hilir Urban Village from the perspective of Islamic law. The main objective of this research is to analyze the practice of husbands with disabilities fulfilling financial support obligations and to explore the local community’s views on this phenomenon. This research uses a juridical-empirical approach with a qualitative method. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews with four husbands with disabilities and several residents and community leaders. Secondary data were collected from a literature study of Islamic legal sources, such as the Qur’an, Hadith, and books of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The results showed that physical limitations and barriers to access to decent work forced husbands with disabilities to beg in order to fulfil their family financial support obligations. From Islamic law’s perspective, begging can be justified due to the condition of dharuriyyat (necessity), although this permissibility is temporary and situational. The Sidorejo Hilir Urban Village community shows various views, ranging from empathy and tolerance to criticism that emphasizes the importance of independence. This research concludes that the condition of dharuriyyat justifies begging as an exception to the general rule while still prioritizing the principle of izzah (self-dignity). The implication of this research is the need for strategic steps, especially from the government and related institutions, to create inclusive economic empowerment programs for persons with disabilities so that they can escape the condition of dharuriyyat and fulfil their financial support obligations more dignifiedly.

Replica wormholes and entanglement islands in the Karch-Randall braneworld

The Karch-Randall braneworld provides a natural set-up to study the Hawking radiation from a black hole using holographic tools. Such a black hole lives on a brane and is highly quantum yet has a holographic dual as a higher dimensional classical theory that lives in the ambient space. Moreover, such a black hole is coupled to a nongravitational bath which is absorbing its Hawking radiation. This allows us to compute the entropy of the Hawking radiation by studying the bath using the quantum extremal surface prescription. The quantum extremal surface geometrizes into a Ryu-Takayanagi surface in the ambient space. The topological phase transition of the Ryu-Takayanagi surface in time from connecting different portions of the bath to the one connecting the bath and the brane gives the Page curve of the Hawking radiation that is consistent with unitarity. Nevertheless, there doesn’t exit a derivation of the quantum extremal surface prescription and its geometrization in the Karch-Randall braneworld. In this paper, we fill this gap. We mainly focus on the case that the ambient space is (2+1)-dimensional for which explicit computations can be done in each description of the set-up. We show that the topological phase transition of the Ryu-Takayanagi surface corresponds to the formation of the replica wormhole on the Karch-Randall brane as the dominant contribution to the replica path integral. For higher dimensional situations, we show that the geometry of the brane satisfies Einstein’s equation coupled with conformal matter. We comment on possible implications to the general rule of gravitational path integral from this equation.