Structural Rules Research Articles

Synchronization in STDP-driven memristive neural networks with time-varying topology

Synchronization is a widespread phenomenon in the brain. Despite numerous studies, the specific parameter configurations of the synaptic network structure and learning rules needed to achieve robust and enduring synchronization in neurons driven by spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) and temporal networks subject to homeostatic structural plasticity (HSP) rules remain unclear. Here, we bridge this gap by determining the configurations required to achieve high and stable degrees of complete synchronization (CS) and phase synchronization (PS) in time-varying small-world and random neural networks driven by STDP and HSP. In particular, we found that decreasing P (which enhances the strengthening effect of STDP on the average synaptic weight) and increasing F (which speeds up the swapping rate of synapses between neurons) always lead to higher and more stable degrees of CS and PS in small-world and random networks, provided that the network parameters such as the synaptic time delay tau _c, the average degree langle k rangle, and the rewiring probability beta have some appropriate values. When tau _c, langle k rangle, and beta are not fixed at these appropriate values, the degree and stability of CS and PS may increase or decrease when F increases, depending on the network topology. It is also found that the time delay tau _c can induce intermittent CS and PS whose occurrence is independent F. Our results could have applications in designing neuromorphic circuits for optimal information processing and transmission via synchronization phenomena.

BAHAN AJAR MENYAJIKAN TEKS PERSUASIF DENGAN MEDIA GAMBAR BERSERI UNTUK SISWA KELAS VIII SMP/MTS

This research is motivated by the problem of teaching materials used by teachers and students. So far, persuasive text teaching materials used in class VIII SMP/MTs are still very limited. The learning process with a lack of appropriate techniques and media is one of the factors in learning persuasive texts that are less attractive and difficult. The formulation of the problem in this study is formulated as follows. (1) How do the teaching materials present persuasive texts with serial picture media for Grade VIII students of SMP/MTs?; (2) Are teaching materials presenting persuasive texts using serialized images media appropriate to be used as alternative teaching materials for class VIII students of SMP/MTs?; (3) How is the student's response to teaching materials presenting persuasive texts with serial picture media for Grade VIII students of SMP/MTs?
 The purpose of this research is to know and describe: (1). teaching materials presenting persuasive texts with serial picture media for class VIII students of SMP/MTs; (2) the feasibility of teaching materials in presenting persuasive texts with serial picture media for class VIII students of SMP/MTs; (3) student responses to teaching materials presenting persuasive texts with serial picture media for class VIII students of SMP/MTs.
 The method used in this research is descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The data sources for this study were respondents, namely two Indonesian language teachers as validators and five students of class VIII SMP. Meanwhile, the data in this study were from previous research, reference books, and similar research journals. The techniques used are interview techniques and questionnaires or questionnaires.
 Based on the results of the study it can be concluded as follows. (1) The teaching materials are arranged in a systematic and structured manner in accordance with KD in the 2013 Curriculum. The teaching materials present persuasive texts with serial picture media including instructions for using modules, concept maps, core competencies, student worksheets
 
 and answer key sheets. Teaching materials presenting persuasive texts have two learning activities, namely examining the structure and language rules of persuasive texts and presenting persuasive texts. (2) The results of the combined validation between material experts and media experts obtained an average value of 86.50%. This value indicates that teaching materials presenting persuasive text with serial image media are very valid and appropriate to use. (3) The results of student responses or responses as a whole to teaching materials, obtained an average value of 87.5. This value indicates that the five students responded very well to teaching materials presenting persuasive texts using serial picture media.

Uncertainties in the structural design of the high‐bay cold storage warehouses

AbstractThe paper presents the structural analysis and critical evaluation of the modelling process of a high‐bay cold storage warehouse structure, which is a clad rack structure, composed of cold‐formed steel members, with different profile shapes and thicknesses. A major issue of the global structural analyses of these types of steel structures is the mixed application of design rules since the design is governed by racking structural rules, seismic design rules and cold‐formed steel design rules. To manage this problem, the structure's spatial model was divided into characteristic partial models, and spring supports were used to make the behavior of the partial models more realistic. The influence of the gravity loads (self‐weight, show), horizontal loads (wind and seismic action), geometrical imperfections, and loads induced by the temperature variation on the structure was investigated in the structural design. Even the wind actions resulted as dominant, some uncertainties related to the seismic analysis of these structures are presented in the paper.

THE STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN WRITING EXPOSITORY TEXT AT THE ELEVENTH GRADE OF MAS DARUL FALAH LANGGAPAYUNG

<p>This research aimed to analyze the students’ errors in writing expository text at the eleventh grade of MAS Darul Falah, Langga Payung, Labuhan Batu Selatan. In this research, the researcher used a qualitative method. The participant of this research were eleventh grade students of MAS Darul Falah. This research were conducted by snowball sampling and the researcher only took 10 students to write expository text based on the topic they choose in sixty minutes. The data were collected by giving test to the students. The data were analyzed by using documentary technique of Miles and Huberman. It was consisted of three steps were data reduction, and data display and conclusion drawing or verification. The result of the study indicating that there are some errors that made by students such as 6 errors of auxiliary verb (13%), 3 errors of subject (7%), 4 errors of conjuction (9%), 4 errors of article (9%), 3 errors of misformation (7%), 3 errors of misordering (7%), 5 errors of preposition(11%), 4 errors of singular and plural (9%), 2 errors of possesive adjective (4%), 6 errors of lexical (13%), 5 errors of capitalization (11%). From the frequency of each error types, errors of auxiliary verb and lexical errors was the errors which most frequently produced by the students. The students made errors because of their first language (Indonesian logical thinking), or we should say the students mother tongue interference (interlingual source), some students tried to translate the words one by one from Indonesian language into English without paying attention to the English structure rules, and intralingual errors that is caused of errors resulting from complicated system of the target language itself. Besides that the students still confused to arranging the sentences correctly, it is because of the lack of knowledge, grammar, pronoun or poor vocabularies and its use.</p>

EXPLORING THE IMPACT CEO DUALITY, FIRM SIZE, AND BOARD SIZE ON CAPITAL STRUCTURE BASED ON THE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

In light of the COVID-19 epidemic, the aim of this study is to explore the influence of CEO duality, company size, and board size on capital structure with an emphasis on knowledge management. The study was done out in Bahrain over the period of a year with a cross-sectional design, concentrating on a sample of 12 companies listed in the industrial machinery industry. Data for the year 2022 was primarily derived from annual reports. The findings of the study reveal a significant and beneficial association between board size and financial leverage (LEV). It indicates that businesses with bigger boards typically display higher amounts of financial leverage. The existence of a broader board illustrates a variety of knowledge and expertise, which may enable better capital structure decision-making. The findings highlight how important it is to take board size into account while adopting a capital structure. The research also shows an effective and beneficial connection between CEO duality and financial leverage. This suggests that businesses with a CEO who doubles as the board chairman are likely to have greater amounts of financial leverage. Due to the potential concentration of decision-making power brought on by CEO duality, there may be A rise in taking chances and reliance on financing via debt. These results highlight how crucial CEO structure is in determining capital structure. The study also discovers a significant and advantageous relationship between firm size and financial leverage. Bigger businesses frequently use larger amounts of financial leverage, which may indicate that size affects capital structure decisions. The results suggest that larger companies may have more readily available financial resources, enabling them to take on greater quantities of debt to finance their activities and investments. The study's emphasis on Bahrain's industrial machinery market during the COVID-19 epidemic offers insightful information about the particular difficulties that businesses encountered in this situation. The study adds to the body of knowledge on business finance and knowledge management in times of crisis by investigating the effects of CEO duality, company size, and board size on capital structure. Overall, this study advances knowledge of the variables affecting capital structure choices in Bahrain's industrial sector.
 Based to these results, firm size, CEO duality, and board size have a big impact on how much capital a company can borrow. These findings underline the significance of taking these aspects into account when designing capital structure rules and the vital function that knowledge management plays in navigating complex and uncertain business contexts, like the COVID-19 pandemic. Our understanding of the interactions between corporate governance, company features, and capital structure decisions would be improved by additional study and analysis in this area.

Development of the IACS Unified Strength Requirements for Hatch Covers—UR S21

International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) is responsible for many of the ship strengthrules including both generally applicable Unified Strength Requirements (UR-S) and other rules specific for various ship types. For historical reasons, there have been different structural strength requirements regarding hatch covers, hatch coamings, and related structures in IACS UR S21, S21A, and CSR (Common Structural Rules for bulk carriers and oil tankers). This paper presents the work carried out to improve the related rules and thereby the development of the unified strength requirements for hatch covers. Firstly, related IACS rules are reviewed and compared, and some major improvements to the buckling formulations are proposed for improved accuracy. Secondly, with UR S35 being developed as a unified buckling toolbox, the unified strength requirements for hatch covers—UR S21 (Rev.6, complete revision)—are developed with a standardized interface of reference to UR S35 for buckling assessment. Finally, the numerical calculations of typical stiffened panels and full hatch covers are carried out for rule verification and consequence assessment, which demonstrates that more rational hatch cover designs can be achieved based on UR S21 (rev 6).

Whither Criminal Cartel Enforcement in the EU?

Cartels have been a persistent problem in the European internal market and despite strong enforcement, cartels continue to exist and be discovered by the Commission. This article proposes that the optimal way to deal with cartels requires the imposition of criminal sanctions against corporates and responsible executives. This is not a novel proposal in itself: the US has had criminal sanctions against cartels for over a century and the UK for a decade. But the EU’s unique regulatory and governance structure requires that such a proposal must have a stronger evidentiary basis and must take into account its governance structure. This article does so by analysing statistics on cartel enforcement in the EU and the US to show that fines have not been able to sufficiently deter cartels. Second, normative reasoning based on harm theory, morality of criminalisation and public choice theory is employed to indicate that cartel activities are criminal in nature and that penalising them as such would not amount to overcriminalisation. Third, objective analysis is used to dissect the limitations of fines: when used in isolation they do not target the wrongdoers, are suboptimal and impose social costs. Fourth, it is shown that combining fines with criminal sanctions can help us redress these issues and improve the deterrence levels significantly. Lastly, principles are proposed to ensure that such a proposal considers the varying gravity of cartel activities, and is in sync with the EU’s rule of law and governance structure and the Commission’s leniency programme.

A two-way coupled FSI ship hard grounding dynamics model

In the maritime sector, ship grounding incidents continue to be a serious problem that may lead to oil spills, capsizing, severe property damage, and even fatalities. Grounding accidents are currently understood utilizing inadequate statistical datasets, probabilistic grounding scenarios, and deterministic computational crashworthiness methodologies due to a lack of practical tools and techniques. The implementation of multiphysics assessment techniques is essential for the development of improved ship safety standards. This involves the use of rapid models for structural integrity rules and damage stability regulations. Taimuri et al., (2022) [1] introduced a rapid two-way coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model that seeks to efficiently examine accidental loads following a ship hard grounding event to fulfil such a requirement. The current study offers an overview of the algorithm and its limitations.

The Corresponding Expression of Chinese Directional Verbs in Uyghur Language

Directional verbs have always been a difficult point in teaching, translating and learning Chinese grammar. Scholars at home and abroad have done a lot of research on them, but most of them focus only on directional verbs or only on individual words in Chinese-Uyghur directional verbs. There is little systematic and comprehensive research on the corresponding expressions of Chinese-Uyghur directional verbs. Based on previous studies and the theoretical foundation of comparative linguistics, this paper discusses the corresponding expression rules of directional verbs in Uyghur from four aspects: the grammatical meaning of simple directional verbs, compound directional verbs and directional verbs, and the difference between directional verbs and object positions. Through comparative analysis, the structural patterns and rules of different languages will be found, which will provide a certain scientific basis for the learning of Chinese-Uyghur languages and also play a certain auxiliary role in second language teaching.

Structural performance and design of S960 ultra-high strength steel non-slender welded I-sections subjected to combined loading

The structural performance of S960 ultra-high strength steel non-slender welded I-sections subjected to combined loading is studied in the present paper. Nonlinear finite element (FE) models were first created and validated with reference to test results collected from the literature, and then used for conducting parametric studies to derive numerical data over an extensive spectrum of cross-sectional geometries, aspect ratios, as well as loading combinations. Given the lack of existing design rules for S960 ultra-high strength steel structures, the suitability of the current provisions for lower strength steels given in the European, Australian and American specifications to S960 ultra-high strength steel was assessed based on the generated numerical data. It was found that (i) the European code and Australian standard can accurately predict the strengths of Class 1 and 2 (i.e. compact) S960 ultra-high strength steel welded I-sections subjected to both strong- and weak-axis combined loading, but results generally in conservative strength predictions for Class3 I-sections, and (ii) the American specification yields accurate strength predictions for S960 ultra-high strength steel welded I-sections subjected to strong-axis combined loading, but leads to conservative strength predictions for weak-axis combined loading. Finally, the continuous strength method (CSM) was applied to the studied S960 ultra-high strength steel non-slender welded I-sections subjected to combined loading and found to offer significantly improved design consistency and accuracy relative to the current codified provisions. The reliability of the latter design method was also confirmed by means of statistical analyses.

Seismic isolation analysis and design of a plane irregular building structure in high earthquake intensity area

Taking the large commercial complex building of Changzhou Golden Eagle Plaza as the research object, this paper analyzes various parameters of typical special-shaped space structure under different isolation schemes under the conditions of earthquake protection, rare earthquake and extremely rare earthquake, compares three isolation layer design combinations of rubber isolation bearing, lead isolation bearing, rubber isolation bearing + lead isolation bearing, and studies the influence of different isolation layer arrangement schemes on the steel core and mass center of the building structure. The results show that the reasonable isolation design can obtain the reasonable arrangement pattern and rule of the plane irregular building structure in a high seismic intensity area by comparing and analyzing the arrangement schemes of different types and forms of isolation bearings in the isolation structure model.

A Study on the Adsorption Mechanism and Compactness of the TFS Coating Interfacial Layer

Chrome-plated plates, also known as tin-free plates (TFS), are the latest substrates for coating plates. The coating plate cannot be separated from the TFS during the stamping and extension process, and the interface layer of the TFS coating plate cannot produce pores to ensure good corrosion resistance and the appearance of the metal packaging cans. This requires the TFS coating plate interfacial layer to have good adsorption and compactness. In this paper, the molecular simulation model of the interfacial layer interaction of the TFS coating plate was established by using molecular mechanics simulation, Monte Carlo simulation, and molecular dynamics simulation, and the influential rules of chromium oxide crystalline structure, coating functional group type, and coating pressure on the adsorption and compactness of interfacial layer were analyzed and verified by experiments. The results show that the adsorption is stronger when the surface of the TFS is a chromium oxide (110) crystalline surface and contains hydroxide ions. The adsorption of polyester polyurethane coating and polyether polyurethane coating for and the adsorption of polyester polyurethane coating functional groups is stronger than polyether functional groups, and the adsorption of other functional groups is ranked by the same method. The interfacial layer compactness increases with an increase in coating pressure. For this experimental sample, the value of the film pressure sensor is 18,940 g when meeting the requirements of adsorption and compactness of the interfacial layer of the TFS coating plate, which can be extended for other coating plates.

On Synonymy in Proof-Theoretic Semantics: The Case of \(\mathtt{2Int}\)

We consider an approach to propositional synonymy in proof-theoretic semantics that is defined with respect to a bilateral G3-style sequent calculus \(\mathtt{SC2Int}\) for the bi-intuitionistic logic \(\mathtt{2Int}\). A distinctive feature of \(\mathtt{SC2Int}\) is that it makes use of two kind of sequents, one representing proofs, the other representing refutations. The structural rules of \(\mathtt{SC2Int}\), in particular its cut rules, are shown to be admissible. Next, interaction rules are defined that allow transitions from proofs to refutations, and vice versa, mediated through two different negation connectives, the well-known implies-falsity negation and the less well-known coimplies-truth negation of \(\mathtt{2Int}\). By assuming that the interaction rules have no impact on the identity of derivations, the concept of inherited identity between derivations in \(\mathtt{SC2Int}\) is introduced and the notions of positive and negative synonymy of formulas are defined. Several examples are given of distinct formulas that are either positively or negatively synonymous. It is conjectured that the two conditions cannot be satisfied simultaneously.

A Hybrid Mode Membrane Computing Based Algorithm with Applications for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Membrane computing is a branch of natural computing which has been extended to solve various optimization problems. A hybrid mode membrane-computing-based algorithm (HMMCA) is proposed in this paper to solve complex unconstrained optimization problems with continuous variables. The algorithmic framework of HMMCA translates from its distributed cell-like membrane structure and communication rule. A non-deterministic evolutionary programming method and two computational rules are applied to enhance the computational performance. In a numerical simulation, 12 benchmark test functions with different variables are used to verify the algorithmic performance. The test results and comparison with three other algorithms illustrate its effectiveness and superiority. Moreover, a case study on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system parameter optimization problem is applied to validate its practicability. The results of the simulation and comparison with seven other algorithms demonstrate its practicability.

PEMBELAJARAN MEMPRODUKSI TEKS EKSPLANASI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE NATURE LEARNING PADA PESERTA DIDIK

This research was conducted because of the low ability of students in writing, one of which is in producing explanatory texts by palying attention to the structure and linguistic rules. Factors that can cause this are the lack of students in imagining and the inffectiveness of the learning methods used by educators. One of the learning methods that can increase students imagination in writing explanatory texts is the nature learning method. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a pretest and final test design and a control group. The results showed that the ability of students increased in learning to produce explanatory texts by paying attention to the structure and linguistic rules. There was an increase in the average pretest score from 46,35 to 87,92 in the experimental class posttest. There is a significant difference between the learning outcomes the learning outcomes of students in the experimental and control class, with the average value of the experimental class posttest of 87,92 while in the control class it is 58,92.

Ancient transcriptional regulators can easily evolve new pair-wise cooperativity

Cells regulate gene expression by the specific binding of transcription regulators to cis-regulatory sequences. Pair-wise cooperativity between regulators-whereby two different regulators physically interact and bind DNA in a cooperative manner-is common and permits complex modes of gene regulation. Over evolutionary timescales, the formation of new combinations of regulators represents a major source of phenotypic novelty, facilitating new network structures. How functional, pair-wise cooperative interactions arise between regulators is poorly understood, despite the abundance of examples in extant species. Here, we explore a protein-protein interaction between two ancient transcriptional regulators-the homeodomain protein Matα2 and the MADS box protein Mcm1-that was gained approximately 200 million y ago in a clade of ascomycete yeasts that includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By combining deep mutational scanning with a functional selection for cooperative gene expression, we tested millions of possible alternative evolutionary solutions to this interaction interface. The artificially evolved, functional solutions are highly degenerate, with diverse amino acid chemistries permitted at all positions but with widespread epistasis limiting success. Nonetheless, approximately ~45% of the random sequences sampled function as well or better in controlling gene expression than the naturally evolved sequence. From these variants (which are unconstrained by historical contingency), we discern structural rules and epistatic constraints governing the emergence of cooperativity between these two transcriptional regulators. This work provides a mechanistic basis for long-standing observations of transcription network plasticity and highlights the importance of epistasis in the evolution of new protein-protein interactions.

Wave Load and Strength Analysis of Truss-Floating Box Aquaculture Vessel

There are no specific codes or rules for designing a new truss-floating tank aquaculture vessel developed in recent years. Moreover, relevant rules for ships and offshore structures are usually referred to in different design stages. However, the floating way and the structure of the truss-floating tank aquaculture vessel are different from those of any ship or offshore platform. According to the code of ship or ocean engineering, there will be significant errors in the design. Firstly, loads of vessels at different sea conditions are calculated using SESAM software. The stresses of the truss-floating tank aquaculture vessel are numerically simulated in accordance with the maximum loads. Furthermore, the global longitudinal strength can be evaluated. The sensitivity of the vessel’s strength to wave parameters is analysed. The research results can provide a valuable reference for designing a truss-floating tank aquaculture vessel.

Geometry of the Mexican mendicant temples and its relationship with the damage caused by the earthquake of September 19, 2017

The geometric configuration of the structure of the nave of conventual temples built by mendicant orders in Mexico during the 16th century and its relationship with the damage caused by the September 19, 2017, earthquake is studied. The area of study is the convent complexes of Morelos state, where the Franciscan, Dominican and Augustinian mendicant orders built their first architectural works outsaid the Mexico City. The type of vault, arrangement and proportions of the architectural plan of the nave and its structural elements were considered. With these data and with the support of traditional structural rules, it was possible to classify the nave of the church and relate basic geometric indicators with the damage produced by earthquakes. This empirical method allows us to identify one of the possible causes of the damage level related to the geometry of the structure and can serve as basis for rigorous and detailed studies that consider other factors influencing seismic behavior.

Perbandingan Fonologi Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Thailand

Research aims to explore the comparison between Indonesian and Thai languages, focusing on structure, phonology, and grammar rules. The methodology involves historical and cultural analysis to understand their influences. Phonetic examination compares pronunciation of phonemes. The study also investigates morphological aspects like word formation, inflection, and affixation. Syntactic analysis examines sentence structures, grammar, and phrase roles. The findings provide a comprehensive overview of linguistic differences, alongside cultural and historical impacts. Implications include contributions to interlanguage understanding, development of teaching methods, and cross-cultural translation. This research serves as a foundation for linguistic practitioners, translators, and language instructors to comprehend and leverage the differences and similarities between both languages.

Post-fire cross-sectional behaviour of hot-rolled austenitic stainless steel channel section stub columns under combined compression and minor-axis bending

The present paper reports experimental and numerical investigations into the post-fire cross-sectional behaviour and residual resistances of hot-rolled austenitic stainless steel channel section stub columns under combined compression and minor-axis bending. An experimental programme included heating, soaking and cooling of specimens as well as post-fire initial local geometric imperfection measurements and minor-axis eccentric compression tests on fourteen specimens. The minor-axis eccentric compression test results were used in a parallel numerical modelling programme for validation of finite element models, which were then adopted to perform a series of parametric studies to generate further numerical data. Since there are no existing design rules for stainless steel structures after exposure to elevated temperatures, the relevant codified ambient temperature design interaction curves in combination with post-fire material properties were evaluated for their applicability to eccentrically loaded hot-rolled austenitic stainless steel channel section stub columns after exposure to elevated temperatures. The evaluation results revealed that the design interaction curves given in the European code and American specification led to rather conservative and scattered resistance predictions, which were attributed to the conservative end points and inefficient shapes. To address the shortcomings, new design interaction curves anchored to more accurate end points and having more efficient shapes were developed and resulted in more accurate and consistent resistance predictions than their codified counterparts. The reliability of the new design interaction curves was also confirmed by means of statistical analyses.